IOSR-JHSS   Volume-30 ~ Issue-12 ~ December 2025

Abstract: Youth’s attendance in Africa inland churches are in large numbers, however, there has been a major concern with regards to their participation in Church programs in the Africa inland churches (AIC) in Kisumu County. Most of the church programs are being led by elderly people ignoring the role of the youth. This means that the present and future leaders are not being mentored for continuity of church leadership. The purpose of this study was to assess youth participation in church programs from the perspective of AIC churches in Kisumu County. The study....

Key Words : Leadership, AIC youth programs, and church participation

[1]. AIC-Kenya Constitution Revised Edition 2018.
[2]. Alan, A. (2015). The Generation Of Young Secualr Christian: The Response Of The Youth Ministry. The Worldview Of Jesus.
[3]. Bailey, M. & Reddon, G. (2013). Mediating Faith: Religion And Social Culture In The 21st Century. Lancaster: Equinox. [4]. Barna Group (2013), “Three Spiritual Journeys Of Millennials,” Posted May 9, 2013, Https://Www.Barna.Org/Barna-Update/Teens-Nextgen/612-Three-Spiritual-Journal.
[5]. Chiroma, N. H., & Cloete, A. (2015). Mentoring As A Supportive Pedagogy In Theological Training. HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies 71(3).

Abstract: Translanguaging has emerged as a powerful pedagogical strategy in multilingual classrooms, offering students the opportunity to leverage all their linguistic resources for learning. This paper investigates how translanguaging practices shape learners’ metalinguistic awareness and literacy development across both dominant and marginalized languages. Drawing on sociocultural and cognitive-linguistic frameworks, the study examines classroom.....

Keywords: Translanguaging; Multilingual classrooms; Metalinguistic awareness; Literacy development; Sociocultural pedagogy; Language identity; Cognitive linguistics; African languages

[1]. Baker, C. (2011). Foundations Of Bilingual Education And Bilingualism. Multilingual Matters.
[2]. Bialystok, E. (2011). Reshaping The Mind: The Benefits Of Bilingualism. Canadian Journal Of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Expérimentale, 65(4), 229–235.
[3]. Boroditsky, L. (2011). How Language Shapes Thought. Scientific American, 304(2), 62–65.
[4]. Canagarajah, S. (2011). Codemeshing In Academic Writing: Identifying Teachable Strategies Of Translanguaging. The Modern Language Journal, 95(3), 401–417.
[5]. Creese, A., & Blackledge, A. (2010). Translanguaging In The Bilingual Classroom: A Pedagogy For Learning And Teaching? Modern Language Journal, 94(1), 103–115.

Abstract: Spiritual formation can be understood through the use of an analogous comparison to natural or biological ecology. As in nature with plant life, spiritual formation involves growth. In contrast, spiritual formation is fostered by the Word of God, the Holy Spirit, and the Christian community. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the vital role that the Word of God, the Holy Spirit, and the members of the body of Christ play in the spiritual formation of Christians. Spiritual formation is a work of the Holy Spirit. The fruit of love, worship of Christm.....

Keywords: Christian, Spiritual Formation, Love, Worship, Faith, Community, Digital

[1]. Armstrong, J. H. (2004). Introduction. Reformation And Revival, 13(3), 7-8.
[2]. Asumang, A. (2016). Fostering Spiritual Formation At A Distance: Review Of The Current Debates, And A Biblically Grounded Proposal For Maximizing Its Effectiveness As Part Of Ministerial Formation. Conspectus, 22(1), 2-32.
[3]. Buchanan, E. A. (1997). Virtual Theological Education: Cybertraining For Evangelization And Discipleship. Faith And Mission, 14(2), 28-43.
[4]. Campbell, H. A., & Garner, S. (2016). Networked Theology: Negotiating Faith In A Digital Culture. Grand
[5]. Rapids: Baker Academic.

Abstract: The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first mass movement of pan-India and also Gandhi’s first step into the Indian freedom struggle. With this movement, he demonstrated the strength of the masses when they are united, guided, and follow a policy of non-violence. A new leaf turned with this movement, as the struggle for India’s freedom from British rule was no longer confined to a smaller section; rather, it witnessed broad popular participation..

Keywords: Non-cooperation, Gandhi, Mass Movement, Khilafat, Swaraj

[1]. C. Bamford, Histories Of The Non-Cooperation And Khilafat Movements, Deep Publications. Delhi, 1974
[2]. Bipan Chandra, India’s Struggle For Independence, Penguin Books, Haryana, 1987
[3]. M. S. Namboodiripad, A History Of Indian Freedom Struggle, Social Scientist Press, Trivandrum, 1986
[4]. S. S. Caveeshar, The Non-Cooperation In Indian Politics, Discovery Publishing House, Delhi, 1988
[5]. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885 - 1947, Macmillan, 1983

Abstract: For decades, a substantial number of workers from Bihar have sought employment opportunities in Gulf countries, primarily in construction, service, and manual labor sectors. This paper explores the complex relationship between labor migration to the Gulf and its implications for education and development of migrant families.....

Keywords: Education, Labor migration, Remittances, Skill acquisition, Technical degrees

[1]. De Haan, A., & Rogaly, B. (2002). Introduction: Migrant Workers And Their Role In Rural Change. Journal Of Development Studies, 38(5), 1-14.
[2]. Deshingkar, P., Kumar, S., Chobey, H. K., & Kumar, D. (2006). The Role Of Migration And Remittances In Promoting Livelihoods In Bihar. Overseas Development Institute, London, 1-47.
[3]. Goi, Ministry Of External Affairs, Http://Mea.Gov.In/Images/Attach/Nris-And-Pios_1.Pdf.
[4]. Government Of India, Ministry Of External Affairs (MEA), “Population Of Overseas Indians” (Compiled In December, 2018), Https://Mea.Gov.In/Images/Amb1/Ru2885_Anxx121.Pdf.
[5]. Khalid Koser, (2007), International Migration: A Very Short Introduction‘, New York: Oxford University Press