Abstract: diagnostic frameworks, most notably the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). These systems have played a crucial role in standardizing diagnostic criteria, facilitating communication among clinicians and researchers, and guiding treatment development. However, mounting empirical and clinical evidence has increasingly highlighted fundamental limitations of categorical diagnosis in capturing the complexity of psychological distress (Krueger & Eaton, 2015).
One of...
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