iosr-JDMS   Volume-25 ~ Issue-4 ~ April 2026

Abstract: Background: The foramen magnum (FM) is a critical anatomical structure at the cranial base, transmitting the medulla oblongata, vertebral arteries, meninges, and spinal roots of the accessory nerve. Its anatomical characteristics are clinically and anthropologically significant due to its location at the craniovertebral junction. The morphometric knowledge of the FM is necessary to rule out malformation, herniation, achondroplasia and any compressions to the vital structures passing through it......

Keywords: Foramen magnum, morphometry, herniation, achondroplasia

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[4]. D.E. Ogolo Et Al. Morphometric Evaluation Of The Foramen Magnum In The West African Population: Implications For Neurosurgical Interventions. Brain Disorders. 2024;14:1-6. DOI: Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Dscb.2024.100140
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Abstract: Background: Morphine remains one of the most important opioid analgesics for the management of moderate to severe pain, particularly in oncological, hospital, and palliative care settings. However, its clinical use is intrinsically associated with the risk of tolerance, dependence, and drug-seeking behavior, posing significant challenges for healthcare professionals and institutions. This study aimed to analyze, from an integrative perspective, the pharmacological basis of morphine, the neurobiological mechanisms of opioid dependence, and the behavioral patterns associated with morphine-seeking in healthcare services.....

[1]. Murphy PB, Anekar A. Morphine. Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing; 2023.
[2]. Anekar AA, Cascella M. WHO Analgesic Ladder. Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing; 2023.
[3]. Nadeau SE, Et Al. Opioids And Chronic Pain. Frontiers In Pain Research. 2021;2:721357
[4]. Volkow ND, Michaelides M, Baler R. The Neuroscience Of Drug Reward And Addiction. Physiological Reviews. 2019;99(4):2115–2140.
[5]. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology Of Addiction: A Neurocircuitry Analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(8):760–773.

Abstract: Facial soft-tissue injuries are common in emergency department and carry substantial aesthetic, functional, and psychological implications. Early management prioritizes life-saving measures, yet the quality of initial wound handling strongly influences long-term quality of life. Understanding differences between patient and clinician perceptions of healing is essential for optimizing treatment and counselling. This study evaluated aesthetic outcomes using patient- and observer-rated POSAS scores and assessed functional sequelae over a 3-month period following facial soft-tissue trauma.......

Key Word: Aesthetic, scarring, disfigurement, functional impairment.

[1]. Gaur U, Rajan M, Dvivedi S. Profile Of Patients With Soft Tissue Injuries Of Face. Indian J Appl Res 2016;6:406-7.
[2]. Braun TL, Maricevich RS. Soft Tissue Management In Facial Trauma. Semin Plast Surg 2017;31:73-9.
[3]. Crecelius C. Soft Tissue Trauma. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2013;21:49-60.
[4]. El-Orabi RA, El-Hadidy MR, El-Sabbagh AH. Assessment And Management Of Immature Facial Scars By Non-Surgical Methods. Chinese Journal Of Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery 2022;4:67-73.
[5]. Durani P, Mcgrouther DA, Ferguson MW. Current Scales For Assessing Human Scarring: A Review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:713-20.

Abstract: Background: Papillary muscles are essential for mitral valve function, with their morphology and the attachment of chordae tendineae influencing valve competence. Understanding their variations is critical for clinical and surgical practice. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 27 formalin-fixed human cadaveric hearts obtained from the Department of Anatomy, RIMS, Imphal. Left ventricles were opened along the left border to expose papillary muscles. The number, shape, and morphological patterns of papillary muscles were recorded........

Keywords: Papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, left ventricle, mitral valve anatomy.

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