iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-9 ~ September 2025

Abstract: Orthodontically induced root resorption (OIRR) is a biologically driven complication of orthodontic treatment that often progresses silently yet poses long-term risks to dental integrity. This narrative review explores the inflammatory mechanisms underlying OIRR, including clastic cell activation and cementum repair limitations. Key patient-related, treatment-related, and tooth-specific risk factors are examined, with emphasis on force magnitude, appliance type, and root morphology....

Keywords: Orthodontically induced root resorption, CBCT, biomechanics, AI diagnostics, appliance design, inflammation.

[1]. Graber LW, Vanarsdall RL, Vig KW, Huang GJ. Orthodontics: Current Principles And Techniques. (No Title). 1994 Sep 20.
[2]. Norton LA, Burstone CJ. The Biology Of Tooth Movement. CRC Press; 1988 Nov 30.
[3]. Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption. Part I: The Basic Science Aspects. The Angle Orthodontist. 2002 Apr;72(2):175-9.
[4]. Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption. Part II: The Clinical Aspects. The Angle Orthodontist. 2002 Apr;72(2):180-4.
[5]. Yassir YA, Mcintyre GT, Bearn DR. Orthodontic Treatment And Root Resorption: An Overview Of Systematic Reviews. European Journal Of Orthodontics. 2021 Aug 1;43(4):442-56.

Abstract: Over the past few decades there has been a remarkable progress and evolution in materials used for maxillofacial prosthetics, transforming the rehabilitation of craniofacial defects. Early materials such as wood, ivory, and vulcanite have been replaced by polymethylmethacrylate and silicone elastomers 1,2. These materials exhibited improved physical and mechanical properties like flexibility form and integration with surrounding tissues. Modern advancements include high-performance polymers like polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and silicone composites engineered.........

[1]. Kumar G, Sharma S, Verma P, Singh R, Khindria SK. Material And Technological Advancements In Prosthodontics. Cureus. 2025;17(3):E42635.
[2]. Racles C, Racovita S, Prisacariu V, Rusu D, Ichim M. Silicones For Maxillofacial Prostheses: Properties And Modifications. Dent J (Basel). 2024;12(1):22.
[3]. Cevik P, Ozkurt-Kayahan Z, Koc O. Use Of PEEK As A Framework Material For Maxillofacial Silicone Prosthesis: A Review. Polymers (Basel). 2023;15(12):2694.
[4]. Ali EA, El-Tokhy HM, El-Anwar MI, Abdelraouf RM, Elshahawy W. Nano-Cellulose Reinforced Maxillofacial Silicone: Effect On Mechanical Properties. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2023;18(5):658–666.
[5]. Tarba C, Manescu A, Lăzărescu G, Petre A, Ciocan L. Advances In Direct 3D-Printed Maxillofacial Soft Prostheses. Appl Sci. 2023;13(4):1701

Abstract: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a unique ginglymoarthrodial joint, is central to mastication, speech,
esthetics, and oral function. Unlike other synovial joints, it is lined with fibrocartilage and contains a mobile
disc that cushions mechanical stress while coordinating bilateral mandibular movement. Temporomandibular
disorders (TMDs) are multifactorial in origin, influenced by biomechanical, genetic, psychological, and
behavioral factors. Symptoms commonly include pain, restricted mandibular movement, and joint sounds. The
role of occlusion and orthodontic......

[1]. David CM, Elavarasi P. Functional Anatomy And Biomechanics Of Temporomandibular Joint And The Far-Reaching Effects Of Its
Disorders. J Adv Clin Res Insights. 2016;3:101–6. Doi:10.15713/Ins.Jcri.115.
[2]. Okeson JP. Evolution Of Occlusion And Temporomandibular Disorder In Orthodontics: Past, Present, And Future. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop . 2015;147(5):S216–23. Doi:10.1016/J.Ajodo.2015.02.007.
[3]. Okeson J. Management Of Temporomandibular Disorders And Occlusion. Missouri: Elsevier; 2013.
[4]. Carrara SV, Conti R, Barbosa J. Termo Do 1º Consenso Em Disfunção Temporomandibular E Dor Orofacial. Dent Press J Orthod.
2010;15(3):114–20. Doi:10.1590/S2176-94512010000300014.
[5]. Piao Y, Kim S, Yu H. Five-Year Investigation Of A Large Orthodontic Patient Population At A Dental Hospital In South Korea.
Lorean J Orthod. 2016;46(3):137–45..

Abstract: Localized gingival proliferative lesions are among the most frequently encountered oral cavity pathologies, typically exhibiting a reactive rather than neoplastic etiology. The diagnostic challenge arises due to the overlapping clinical presentations of several entities, including inflammatory fibroma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF), and pyogenic granuloma. Among these, POF is relatively uncommon. Its histopathological heterogeneity has contributed to significant ambiguity in its nomenclature and classification within the spectrum of reactive gingival lesions.

Keywords: gingival hyperplasia; sessile growth; peripheral ossifying fibroma; epulis; excisional biopsy; pyogenic granuloma; oxytalan fibers; periodontal ligament; fibrous; benign; cementum.

[1]. Bhaskar, S. N., & Jacoway, J. R. (1966). Peripheral Fibroma And Peripheral Fibroma With Calcification: Report Of 376 Cases. Journal Of The American Dental Association (1939), 73(6), 1312–1320. Https://Doi.Org/10.14219/Jada.Archive.1966.0375
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Abstract: Large cell prostate neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) stands as a rare and exceptionally aggressive malignancy. This case report details a 68 year old morrocan male who presented with intermittent gross hematuria and perineal pain persisting for six months. PSA level was 90 ng/ml, a digital rectal examination revealed a substantial and indurated prostate mass. Cystoscopy revealed a large and irregular prostate that invaded the bladder trigone. The patient underwent transurethral resection of the prostate and histological analysis of the shavings......

Keywords: Prostate neuroendocrine tumor, Large cell carcinoma, immunohistochemical markers, synaptophysin, chromogranin A

[1]. Singam P, Hong GE, Ho C, Hee TG, Jasman H, Inn FX, Et Al.. Nocturia In Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Evaluating The Significance Of Ageing, Co-Morbid Illnesses, Lifestyle And Medical Therapy In Treatment Outcome In Real Life Practice. Aging Male (2015) 18(2):112–7. Doi: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1011614 [Pubmed] [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
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Abstract: Fitness tracking has entered a new era with the introduction of smart rings—sleek, wearable devices that monitor our health with precision. Offering a more comfortable and less intrusive alternative, smart rings are worn on the finger, where their proximity to blood vessels allows for more accurate data on health metrics like heart rate, blood oxygen levels, and even blood pressure. This technical report dives into the technology behind smart rings, examining their daily metrics and the ease with which they integrate into daily routines. One notable advancement has been the development of a ring-based blood pressure monitor that uses photoplethysmography.....

Keywords: Biometric rings; Wearable technology; health tracking; fitness

[1]. Browne JD, Boland DM, Baum JT, Ikemiya K, Harris Q, Phillips M, Et Al. Lifestyle Modification Using A Wearable Biometric Ring And Guided Feedback Improve Sleep And Exercise Behaviors: A 12-Month Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Frontiers In Physiology [Internet]. 2021;12:777874. Available From: Https://Pubmed.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/34899398/
[2]. Kim J, Chang SA, Seung Woo Park. First-In-Human Study For Evaluating The Accuracy Of Smart Ring Based Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement. Journal Of Korean Medical Science [Internet]. 2024 Jan 1;39. Available From:
Https://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Pmc/Articles/PMC10789523/#:~:Text=The%20ring%2Dtype%20smart%20wearable%20BP%20monitoring%20device%20measures%20and
[3]. Morimoto, M.; Nawari, A.; Savic, R.; Marmor, M. Exploring The Potential Of A Smart Ring To Predict Postoperative Pain Outcomes In Orthopedic Surgery Patients. Sensors 2024, 24, 5024. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/S24155024 (1)
[4]. Raemont N. The 5 Best Smart Rings Of 2022 [Internet]. ZDNET. 2024. Available From: Https://Www.Zdnet.Com/Article/Best-Smart-Ring/
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Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of Etidronic acid(9%), Etidronic acid 18%, Liquid EDTA and Chitosan in removing calcium ions from the root canal lumen and evaluation of dentin microhardness. Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted single-rooted premolars were selected and divided into 5 groups of 15 teeth each. Group 1: Etidronic Acid 9%,Group 2: Etidronic Acid 18%,Group 3: Liquid EDTA,Group 4: Chitosan,Group 5:Normal Saline. Each sample was decoronated from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and root canal preparation......

Keywords: Chelating ability, Chitosan, Dentin microhardness, EDTA, Etidronic acid, Vickers hardness number.

[1]. Endod,2002 Jan;28(1):17-9; Time-Dependent Effects Of EDTA On Dentin Structures
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[4]. Gokturk H, Ozkocak I, Buyukgebiz F. Effect Of Different Chelating Agents On The Bond Strength Of A Silicone-Based Root Canal Sealer To Root Dentin. J Conserv Dent. 2020;23:158-62.
[5]. Ballal NV, Kandian S, Mala K, Bhat KS, Acharya S. Comparison Of The Efficacy Of Maleic Acid And Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid In Smear Layer Removal From Instrumented Human Root Canal: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. J Endod. 2009;35:1573-.

Abstract: Introduction: Loss of mandibular continuity due to surgical resection results in mandibular deviation, impaired mastication, speech difficulties, and esthetic compromise. Guiding flange prostheses are effective in retraining mandibular movements and reestablishing functional occlusion in hemimandibulectomy patients. Case Report: A 41-year-old male, previously treated for squamous cell carcinoma with left hemimandibulectomy, inferior maxillectomy, modified.......

Keywords: Hemi-Mandibulectomy, Guiding Flange Prosthesis, Mandibular Deviation, Maximum Intercuspation

[1]. Bandodkar S, Arya D, Singh SV, Chand P. Guide Flange Prosthesis For Management Of Hemimandibulectomy. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2021 May-Aug;12(2):289-293.
[2]. Pramod K Chahar, Abir Sarkar, E Mahesh Gowda, Poonam Prakash, Vijaya Kumar R, Prashant Awasthi. Rehabilitation Of Hemi-Mandibulectomy Patient With Twin Occlusion Prosthesis. International Journal Of Contemporary Medicine Surgery And Radiology. 2019;4(1): A24-A26.
[3]. Patil PG, Patil SP. Guide Flange Prosthesis For Early Management Of Reconstructed Hemimandibulectomy: A Case Report. J Adv Prosthodont 2011;3:172-6.
[4]. Babu S, Manjunath S, Vajawat M. Definitive Guiding Flange Prosthesis: A Definitive Approach In Segmental Mandibulectomy Defect. Dent Res J 2016;13:292-5..

Abstract: Introduction: Gallstones and alcohol are the two main causes of acute pancreatitis (AP). Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a rare etiology, responsible for less than 5% of cases, through hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia induces pancreatic inflammation via premature activation of trypsinogen and precipitation of calcium salts in the pancreatic ducts. Consequently, AP can reveal an underlying PHPT. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 78-year-old female, hypertensive and with a prior cholecystectomy, admitted for epigastric pain of pancreatic type. Laboratory tests showed elevated lipase, repeated significant hypercalcemia......

[1]. Bai HX, Giefer M, Patel M, Orabi AI, Husain SZ. The Association Of Primary Hyperparathyroidism With Pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(8):656-61.
[2]. Biondi A, Persiani R, Marchese M, Cananzi F, D’Ugo D. Acute Pancreatitis Associated With Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Updates Surg. 2011;63(2):135-8.
[3]. Desmedt V, Desmedt S, D’heygere E, Vereecke G, Van Moerkercke W. Hypercalcemia Induced Pancreatitis As A Rare Presentation Of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2021;84(2):367-70.
[4]. Rashmi KG, Kamalanathan S, Sahoo J, Naik D, Mohan P, Pottakkat B, Et Al. Primary Hyperparathyroidism Presenting As Acute Pancreatitis: An Institutional Experience With Review Of The Literature. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2022;13(4):47-56.
[5]. Diallo I, Fall CA, Ndiaye B, Mbaye M, Diedhiou I, Ndiaye AR, Et Al. Primary Hyperparathyroidism And Pancreatitis: A Rare Association With Multiple Facets. Int Scholarly Res Notices. 2016;2016:7294274.

Abstract: Background: Gliomas are inherently serious and potentially life-threatening conditions. They increase intracranial pressure through mass effect, shifting of brain structures, compression against the skull, and infiltration or destruction of healthy neural tissue. This rise in intracranial pressure, disrupts normal cerebral function, often leading to the emergence of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Gliomas, as the predominant primary brain tumors, frequently disrupt.......

Keywords: Electroencephalogram, Braintumor, Glioma, Interictalepileptiform discharges, Slow wave discharges, Abnormal EEG.

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[2]. Cetin O.E Et.Al.Epilepsy Related Brain Tumors. British Epilepsy Association;2016:93-97.
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Clinical Electroencephalography.1975;(6):23-28.
[5]. Rashid A, Tahir S, Ch Saleem A, Qureshi I.M. Detection Of Brain Tumor In EEG Signals Using Independent Component Analysis. International Journal Of Applied Mathematics,Electronics And Computers.2014;3(2):7

Abstract: Comprehensively, Minimal invasive dentistry combines the functional and aesthetic aspects to design minimally invasive treatments and do not compromise the aesthetic, psychological, or physiology aspects of patients. MICD mainly emphasized on patients benefits. Conventional treatment always focuses on the objective factors of minimally invasive dentistry, while MICD brought the attention to the subjective factors of patient psychology. The concept of MIPP involves clinical procedure that focuses on the use of minimally invasive treatments to achieve a high standard......

Keywords: Minimal invasive dentistry, preservation, esthetics, function.

[1]. Munshi AK, Hegde A, Shetty P.Clinical Evaluation Of Carisolv® In The Chemico-Mechanical Removal Of Carious Dentin. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2001; 26(1): 49-54.
[2]. Faccin ES, Ferreira SH, Kramer PF, Ardenghi TM / Feldens CA. Clinical Performance Of Art Restorations In Primary Teeth: A Survival Analysis. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2009; 33(4): 295–298.
[3]. Gu F, Bresciani AE, Barata TJ, Fagundes MF, Navarro SH, Dickens JC, Fenno MC, Peters A. In Vivo Acid Etching Effect On Bacteria Within Caries-Affected Dentin. Caries Res 2010; 44: 472–477.
[4]. Bresciani E, Wagner WC, Navarro MFL, Dickens SH, Peters MC. In Vivo Dentin Microhardness Beneath A Calcium-Phosphate Cement. J Dent Res 2010; 89(8): 836-841.
[5]. Cardoso MV, Neves A, Mine A, Coutinho E, Landuyt KV, Munck JD, Meerbeekbv. Current Aspects On Bonding Effectiveness And Stability In Adhesive Dentistry. Aus Dent J 2011; 56:(1 Suppl): 31–44.

Abstract: The success of endodontic therapy depends fundamentally on accurate diagnosis of pulpal and periapical conditions. Conventional diagnostic tests—such as percussion, palpation, and thermal/electric pulp testing—have been widely employed for decades. However, they are inherently limited by subjectivity, variability in patient responses, and an inability to directly measure pulp vascularity, which is the true determinant of pulp vitality. The evolution of diagnostic modalities in dentistry has introduced advanced imaging techniques and biological vitality tests including.....

Keywords: Endodontic diagnosis, Pulp vitality, Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Pulse oximetry, Laser Doppler Flowmetry, Optical Coherence Tomography.

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Abstract: Photography has become an indispensable component of dental practice, serving clinical, academic, and medico-legal purposes. From its early use in simple documentation to the integration of advanced digital imaging systems, photography has undergone a remarkable transformation in dentistry. This review highlights the historical evolution of dental photography, its basic principles, and its critical applications across various dental specialties, including orthodontics, prosthodontics, periodontics, and restorative dentistry. The significance of standardized photography.....

Keywords: Dental photography, Orthodontics, Record keeping, Digital imaging, Documentation, Clinical communication

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Abstract: Zinc (Zn²⁺) An essential trace element in the human body, it plays a vital role in more than 300 enzymatic reactions and is essential for immune system function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and cell division . [1] [2]Zinc is abundant in various human tissues. Adult zinc is typically between 1.4 and 2.3 grams. mostly ,
concentrated in muscles (60%), bones (30%), liver, prostate, and eyes[2] [3]. So that In developed countries, this delicate element often receives insufficient attention due to the rarity of cases of severe zinc deficiency........

[1]. L. A. S. C. S. M. Chasapis CT, C. Chasapis, A. Loutsidou, C. Spiliopoulou And M. Stefanidou, "Zinc And Human Health: An Update," Arch. Toxicol, P. 521–34, 2012.
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[3]. C. Pfeiffer And E. Braverman, "Zinc, The Brain And Behavior. Biol. Psychiatry," P. 513–532, 1982
[4]. C. Chasapis And Et Al, "Zinc And Human Health: An Update," Arch Toxicol, P. 521–534, 2012
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[6]. M. Maares And H. Haase , "A Guide To Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview And Recent Advances Of In Vitro Intestinal Models," Nutrients, P. 762, 2020.

Abstract: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, including a significant proportion of the Indian population. While Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy remains the gold standard for OSA treatment, oral appliance therapy (OAT) has emerged as a viable alternative or adjunctive treatment option. This review aims to provide an overview of the prosthodontic management of OSA, including the etiology.....

Keywords: Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Prosthodontic Management, Oral Appliance Therapy, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Sleep Disorder.

[1]. Ravichandran M, Rajasegaran R, Govindaraj V. Prevalence Of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Risk And Its Association With Anthropometric Indices Of Cardiometabolic Risks And Cognition In Young And Middle-Aged Adults. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol [Internet]. 2024 Mar 30;68:42.
[2]. Sateia MJ. International Classification Of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition: Highlights And Modifications. Chest . 2014 Nov;146(5):1387–94.
[3]. Sert Kuniyoshi FH, Zellmer MR, Calvin AD, Lopez-Jimenez F, Albuquerque FN, Van Der Walt C, Et Al. Diagnostic Accuracy Of The Berlin Questionnaire In Detecting Sleep-Disordered Breathing In Patients With A Recent Myocardial Infarction. Chest. 2011 Nov;140(5):1192–7.
[4]. Zhao C, Viana Jr A, Ma Y, Capasso R. Insights Into Friedman Stage II And III OSA Patients Through Drug- Induced Sleep Endoscopy. J Thorac Dis. 2020 Jul;12(7):3663–72.
[5]. Friedman M, Hamilton C, Samuelson CG, Lundgren ME, Pott T. Diagnostic Value Of The Friedman Tongue Position And Mallampati Classification For Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Meta-Analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013 Apr;148(4):540–7...

Abstract: Introduction : Glomus tumors, while typically subungual, rarely present in extradigital locations, especially in pediatric patients. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge and rarity of a glomus tumor in vastus lateralis muscle. Case Report : An 11-year-old with chronic thigh pain and progressive muscle atrophy was evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed.....

Keywords: Case report, glomus tumor, glomus body, extradigital, vastus lateralis muscle..

[1]. Lui Tun Hing. MBBS (HK), FRCS (Edin), FHKAM, FHKCOS, Mak, Siu Ming, Mbchb, Fhkcpath, FHKAM (Pathology), FRCPA. Glomus Tumor Of The Great Toe. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2014;53(3):360–363. Https://Doi.Org/10.1053/J.Jfas.2013.05.011.
Https://Www.Clinicalkey.Es/Playcontent/1-S2.0-S1067251613002214
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[5]. Harvey JA, Walker F. Solid Glomus Tumor Of The Pterygoid Fossa: A Lesion Mimicking An Epithelial Neoplasm Of Low-Grade Malignancy. Hum Pathol. 1987;18:965-966..

Abstract: Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming surgical care by providing advanced predictive analytics and decision support. In gastrointestinal (GI) surgeries, AI holds promise for preoperative risk assessment and postoperative complication forecasting. This study evaluates the utility of a generative AI tool (ChatGPT-4) for predicting surgical outcomes in GI surgery patients at a tertiary center. Methodology: In this observational study (AIIMS Rajkot, Jan–Dec 2024), 200 patients undergoing elective GI surgeries.....

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; ChatGPT; Generative AI; Surgical outcomes; Gastrointestinal surgery; Postoperative complications

[1]. Tasci B, Dogan S, Tuncer T. Artificial Intelligence In Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Systematic Review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2025;17(8):109463.
[2]. Wang J, Tozzi F, Ganjouei AA, Et Al. Machine Learning Improves Prediction Of Postoperative Outcomes After Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2024;28(6):956-965.
[3]. Turan EI, Baydemir AE, Şahin AS, Et Al. Effectiveness Of Chatgpt-4 In Predicting Postoperative ICU Admission: A Prospective Multicentric Study. Minerva Anestesiol 2025;91(4):259-267.
[4]. Badia JM, Casanova-Portolés D, Membrilla E, Et Al. Evaluation Of Chatgpt-4 For The Detection Of Surgical Site Infections From Electronic Health Records After Colorectal Surgery: A Pilot Diagnostic Accuracy Study. J Infect Public Health 2025;18(2):102627.
[5]. Smith RL, Bohl JK, Mcelearney ST, Friel CM, Barclay MM, Sawyer RG, Foley EF. Wound Infection After Elective Colorectal Resection. Ann Surg 2004;239:599-605.

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a major global health concern, strongly associated with metabolic, renal, and skeletal complications. Body mass index (BMI), glycaemic control, and serum creatinine are key indicators for assessing overall health and disease burden, particularly in postmenopausal women. This study aims to compare body mass index (BMI), glycaemic status, and serum creatinine levels between diabetic and non-diabetic postmenopausal women.....

Keywords: BMI,Glycaemic Status, Serum Creatinine, Diabetic

[1]. Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, Stein C, Basit A, Chan JC, Mbanya JC, Pavkov ME. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2022 Jan 1;183:109119.[2].
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19· 2 million participants. Lancet (London, England). 2016 Apr 2;387(10026):1377.
[3]. Jayedi A, Soltani S, Motlagh SZ, Emadi A, Shahinfar H, Moosavi H, Shab-Bidar S. Anthropometric and adiposity indicators and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Bmj. 2022 Jan 18;376.
[4]. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Gaglia JL, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes—2023. Diabetes care. 2023 Jan 1;46(Supplement_1):S19-40.
[5]. De Boer IH, Caramori ML, Chan JC, Heerspink HJ, Hurst C, Khunti K, Liew A, Michos ED, Navaneethan SD, Olowu WA, Sadusky T. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group..

Abstract: Introduction: Menopause is a natural biological transition marking the end of a woman’s reproductive years, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55. This period is often accompanied by a wide range of physical, psychological, and emotional symptoms that can significantly affect quality of life. This study aims to assess the prevalence and types of postmenopausal symptoms among women in the hilly areas of the Chattogram Division.....

Keywords: Postmenopausal Symptoms, Hilly Populations, Khagrachari Hill Tract, Quality of Life

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