iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-9 ~ September 2025

Abstract: surgical precision, predictability, and patient outcomes. In recent years, the field has evolved significantly, with robotic systems being increasingly integrated into dental practices.This article presents a detailed overview of the current state of robotics in implant dentistry, covering its clinical applications, surgical workflows, advantages, and inherent.....

Keywords: Robotics, Yomi, Robot assisted implant placement, Accuracy, Precision, Haptic feedback, Virtual reality

[1]. Omid Panahi, Sevil Farrokh And Amirreza Amirloo. Robotics In Implant Dentistry: Current Status And Future Prospects; Scientific Archives Of Dental Sciences (ISSN: 2642-1623) Volume 7 Issue 9
[2]. Daria Pisla, Vasile Bulbucan, Mihaela Hedesiu, Calin Vaida Paul Tucan , Cristian Dinu, Doina Pisla, Ionut Zima, Rares Mocan. A Vision-Guided Robotic System For Safe Dental Implant Surgery; J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 6326
[3]. Dr Baishali Ghosh, Dr Prachi Mundara, Dr Soumitra Ghosh, Dr Preeti Goel, Dr Samiran Das, Dr Sayan Majumdar. Advent Of Robotics In Dental Implantology;Review Article 2024 Volume 40
[4]. Kaitlyn P. Huynh , Gibran Mangui.From Tradition To Technology: Robotic Artificial Intelligence In Dental Implantology; Review Cureus 16(11)
[5]. Biao Yan, Wenlong Zhang, Lijing Cai, Lingxiang Zheng, Kaiyang Bao, Yuming Rao, Lin Yang, Weitao Ye, Peifeng Guan, Wei Yang, Jiang Li And Rongqian Yang. Optics-Guided Robotic System For Dental Implant Surgery; Chinese Journal Of Mechanical Engineering2022 35:55

Abstract: Background: Orthodontic mini implants, also known as temporary anchorage device are used for absolute anchorage to treat variety of malocclusions. However, the rate of failure of these orthodontic mini implants are high therefore, there is an increase need for their reinsertion and methods are required to increase their stability upon reinsertion. Aim: To evaluate....

Keywords: New orthodontic mini implant, Retrieved Orthodontic mini implant, Platelet Rich Plasma, Implant Stability Quotient, Maximum Insertion Torque, Primary Stability

[1]. Higley LB. Anchorage In Orthodontics. Am J Orthod. 1969;55(6):791–4
[2]. Papadopoulos MA, Tarawneh F. The Use Of Miniscrew Implants For Temporary Skeletal Anchorage In Orthodontics: A Comprehensive Review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiolendod . 2007;103(5):E6-15
[3]. Consolaro A, Romano FL. Reasons For Mini-Implants Failure: Choosing Installation Site Should Be Valued. Dental Press J Orthod.2014;19(2):18–24.
[4]. Park J, Cho HJ. Three-Dimensional Evaluation Of Interradicular Spaces And Cortical Bone Thickness For The Placement And Initial Stability Of Microimplants In Adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136(3):314.E1-12; Discussion 314-5.
[5]. Baser B, Ozel MB. Comparison Of Primary Stability Of Used And Unused Self-Tapping And Self-Drilling Orthodontic Mini-Implants. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2024;33(5):483–9.

Abstract: Non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) remains the foundation of periodontal treatment. Recent advances — including minimally invasive instrumentation, biologic adjuncts, periodontal endoscopy, biomarker-based diagnostics, metabolomics, and photonic therapies — are reshaping non-surgical approaches. This review summarizes evidence published between 2022 and 2025, highlighting clinical applicability, benefits, and limitations of current innovations.

[1]. Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Lang NP. Surgical And Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy. Periodontol 2000. 2013;62(1):59-86.
[2]. Mehta J, Et Al. Minimally Invasive Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy Of Intrabony Defects: A Multicentre Cohort Study. J Clin Periodontol. 2024;51(3):345-353.
[3]. Kučič AC, Et Al. Minimally Invasive Non-Surgical Therapy (MINST) In Stage III Periodontitis: Six-Month Results Of A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(5):2075-2087.
[4]. Al-Abbadi R, Et Al. Effectiveness Of Adjunctive Hyaluronic Acid In Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy Among Type-2 Diabetics. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:210.
[5]. Kornman KS. Host Modulation Therapy For Periodontal Diseases. Ann Periodontol. 1997;2(1):234-243

Abstract: External cervical resorption (ECR) is a challenging and often aggressive dental pathology characterized by the progressive loss of hard dental tissues at the cervical region of teeth. Early detection and correct diagnosis are essential to preserve the structure and function of the involved tooth. This case report presents a tooth with ECR, detailing diagnostic....

Keywords: External Cervical Resorption; Diagnosis; Classification; CBCT; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; Biodentine; Treatment Outcome

[1]. Lewusz-Butkiewicz K, Kaczor-Wiankowska K, Kulas-Bałaban A, Szmidt-Kądys M. Treatment Of External Cervical Resorption And Its Late Complication: A Case Report. Iranian Endodontic Journal. 2022;17(1):48-51. Journal Of Medical Sciences
[2]. Minimally Invasive Intervention In External Cervical Resorption: A Case Report With Six-Year Follow-Up. PMC. PMC
[3]. Multiple Idiopathic External Cervical Root Resorption In Patient Treated Continuously With Denosumab: A Case Report. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22:129. Biomed Central
[4]. Treatment Of External Cervical Resorption – A Case Report With 4-Year Follow-Up. Pomeranian Journal Of Life Sciences. 2024. Sciendo
[5]. External Cervical Resorption: A Case Report And Brief Review Of The Literature, And Treatment Algorithms. Journal Of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2021;22(3):298-303. The JCDP+1

Abstract: Condylar hyperplasia (CH) is an uncommon developmental disorder characterized by progressive enlargement of the mandibular condyle, leading to facial asymmetry, malocclusion, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. A 40-year-old male presented with a 7-year history of gradually increasing mandibular deviation to the right side, associated with difficulty in mastication and limited mouth opening. His history revealed trauma to the jaw...

[1]. Saravana C. Bharathi Et Al., Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia: A Case Report And Review Of Literature, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2014;4(1):67–70.
[2]. Avapati P. Pravallika Et Al., Condylar Hyperplasia: Case Report And Literature Review, J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2023;22(4):916–926.
[3]. L.E. Almeida Et Al., Condylar Hyperplasia: An Updated Review Of The Literature, Korean J Orthod. 2015;45(6):333–340.
[4]. Mandibular Condylar Hyperplasia: Diagnosis And Management. Case Report, Scielo Brasil.
[5]. Active Condylar Hyperplasia: An Evaluation Of Surgical Therapy, Intechopen.

Abstract: Background: Buruli ulcer (BU), caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is a debilitating necrotizing skin disease. The Ivo River wetlands in Ishiagu, Nigeria, are a suspected environmental reservoir, but empirical data is scarce. This study aimed to detect M. ulcerans in this region and correlate its presence with local physicochemical water and soil conditions to understand....

Keywords: Mycobacterium ulcerans; Buruli ulcer; Environmental reservoir; Ivo River; Physicochemical parameters.

[1] Fokou, P.V.T., Kissi-Twum, A.A., Yeboah-Manu, D.,Appiah-Opong, R., Addo, P., Yamthe, L.R.T.Mfopa, A.N., Boyom, F. F. & Antimycobacterial INGREDIENTS FROM PLANTS USED IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE TO TREAT Buruli ULCER International Journal OF Mycobacteriology 2020; 5,S204–S205
[2] Sandle T Incidences AND Treatments FOR Buruli Ulcer. Journal OF Ancient Diseases, Prevalence AND Remedies 2015; 3: E122. DOI:10.4172/2329-8731.1000E122
[3] Nwachukwu, N.O., Ejiofor, I.U. & Onwuchekwa, E.C. Burden OF Mycobacterium ULCERANS Disease (Buruli ULCER) In Ogbaru District, Anambra State, Nigeria International Journal OF Medical Science AND Clinical Invention 2018; 5(10), 4104-4107, Doi:10.18535/IJMSCI/V5I10.06
[4] Onwuchekwa, E.C., Ekeleme, U.G., Onu-Osi, O.& Osezele, O.P. Buruli Ulcer (Acha-ERE): Pathogenesis AND Manifestation. Journal OF Advances IN Microbiology 20191; 5(3): 1-5, 2019; Article NO.Jamb.48132
[5] Otuh, P.I., Soyinka, F.O., Ogunro, B.N., Akinseye, V., Nwezza, E.E., Iseoluwa-Adelokiki, A.O. & Adeyemo, O.K. Perception AND INCIDENCE OF Buruli ULCER IN Ogun State, South West Nigeria: Intensive EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY AND PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION RECOMMENDED, Pan African Medical Journal. 2018; 29:166.
DOI:10.11604/PAMJ.2018.29.166.10110

Abstract: Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an emerging but under-recognized infection in tropical and subtropical regions. It has diverse clinical manifestations and can mimic other infectious diseases, often leading to diagnostic delays and high mortality. We present the case of a 40-year-old male without comorbidities who developed multiple soft tissue abscesses involving the limbs and scrotum. The diagnosis was confirmed by culturing....

Keywords: Melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Whitmore’s disease, Multiple Abscess

[1]. Whitmore A, Krishnaswami CS. An Account Of The Discovery Of A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease Occurring Among The Population Of Rangoon. Indian Med Gaz. 1912;47:262–7.
[2]. Cheng AC, Currie BJ. Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, And Management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(2):383–416.
[3]. Wiersinga WJ, Virk HS, Torres AG, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ, Dance DAB, Et Al. Melioidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:17107.
[4]. Currie BJ, Ward L, Cheng AC. The Epidemiology And Clinical Spectrum Of Melioidosis: 540 Cases From The 20-Year Darwin Prospective Study. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(11):E900.
[5]. Vidyalakshmi K, Lipika S, Vishal S, Damodar S, Chakrapani M. Emerging Clinico-Epidemiological Trends In Melioidosis: Analysis Of 95 Cases From Western Coastal India. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(7):E491–7.

Abstract: Introduction: Fetal heart rate monitoring during labor and delivery is important to assess the fetal wellbeing and to predict the outcome. Intrapartum fetal monitoring is done to identify the early signs of fetal hypoxia. The two most common methods of monitoring fetal heart rate are cardiotocography (CTG) and intermittent auscultation. The cut-off of low umbilical cord blood base deficit is ≥12.0 mmol/L. Fetal oxygenation is dependent upon maternal.....

Keywords: Meconium stained liquor, base deficit, fetal distress.

[1]. Parer JT, Livingston EG. What Is Fetal Distress? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:1421–5, Discussion 5–7.
[2]. Kumar N, Suman A, Sawant K. Relationship Between Immediate Postpartum Umbilical Cord Blood Ph And Fetal Distress. Int J Contemp Pediatr 2016;3(1):113–19.
[3]. Martin Jr CB. Normal Fetal Physiology And Behavior, And Adaptive Responses With Hypoxemia. Sem Perinatol 2008;32:239–42.
[4]. Murray M. Antepartal And Intrapartal Fetal Monitoring. 3rd Ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC; 2007.
[5]. Ferreira CS, Melo A, Fachada AH. Umblical Cord Blood Gas Analysis, Obstetric Performance And Perinatal Outcome. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2018; 40(12): 740-48.

Abstract: Background: Mandibular fractures are common maxillofacial injuries with variable etiologies and management options. There is a need for preliminary data from smaller cohorts to guide clinical practice and future studies. Aim: To conduct a pilot study assessing clinical features, fracture patterns, management approaches, and outcomes in patients with mandibular fractures. Methods: Twelve patients with mandibular fractures were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, etiology, fracture sites, imaging....

[1]. Ellis E, Moos KF, El-Attar A. Ten Years Of Mandibular Fractures: An Analysis Of 2,137 Cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;59(2):120-9.
[2]. Rowe NL, Killey HC. Fractures Of The Facial Skeleton. 2nd Ed. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone; 1968.
[3]. Dingman RO, Natvig P. Surgery Of Facial Fractures. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1964.
[4]. Panesar K, Susarla SM. Mandible Fractures. Semin Plast Surg. 2021;35(3):205-10.
[5]. Pickrell BB, Serebrakian AT, Maricevich RS. Mandible Fractures. Semin Plast Surg. 2017;31(2):100-7.

Abstract: The long-term success of Fixed Partial Dentures (FPDs) is significantly hampered by parafunctional behaviors including bruxism and clenching. These behaviors may result in temporomandibular joint issues, abutment tooth destruction, and prosthetic failure. To guarantee the longevity of prosthetics and patient comfort, patients with suchbehaviors must be effectively managed. With an emphasis on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment concerns, this paper examines methods for effectively managing FPD patients who display parafunctional behaviour.

Keywords: parafunctional habits, bruxism, fixed dental prosthesis

[1]. Alharby A, Alzayer H, Almahlawi A, Alrashidi Y, Azhar S, Sheikho M Et Al. Parafunctional Behaviors And Its Effect On Dental Bridges. J Clin Med Res. 2017;10(2):73.
[2]. Perel ML. Parafunctional Habits, Nightguards, And Root Form Implants. Implant Dent. 1994 Winter;3(4):261-3.
[3]. Jukić A. Functional Aspects Of Esthetic Fixed Prosthodontic Therapy [Master’s Thesis]. Zagreb: University Of Zagreb, School Of Dental Medicine; 2025.
[4]. Kobs G, Bernhardt O, Kocher T, Meyer G. Oral Parafunctions And Positive Clinical Examination Findings. Stomatologija. 2005 Jan 1;7(3):81-3.
[5]. Johansson A, Omar R, Carlsson GE. Bruxism And Prosthetic Treatment: A Critical Review. Journal Of Prosthodontic Research. 2011;55(3):127-36.

Abstract: A passive and precise fit between the implant supra-structure and the implant abutment is crucial for long-term success and durability, significantly reducing prosthetic complications. Accuracy and technique in implant dentistry play a vital role in achieving this goal. To fabricate precise implant-supported prostheses, it is essential to understand implant materials and different types of copings. The choice of implant impression technique depends on the type of prosthesis and implant placement level.........
Key Word: Dental Implants, Techniques, Steps, Modifications, Jig methods, Digital impressions.

[1]. Dental Implants- A Guide For General Practitioners (MICHAEL NORTON)
[2]. Dental Implants –The Art And Science ( CHARLES BABBUSH)
[3]. Misch᾿S Contemporary Implant Dentistry 4th Edition ( RANDOLPH R. RESNIK)
[4]. Eames WB,Sieweke JC,Wallace SW,Rogers LB Elastomeric Impression Materials: Effect Of Bulk On Accuracy.J Prosthet Dent. 1979; 41: 304-307
[5]. Shankar YR, Sahoo S, Krishna MH, Kumar PS, Kumar TS, Narula S. Accuracy Of Implant Impressions Using Various Impression Techniques And Impression Materials. Journal Of Dental Implants. 2016; 6(1):29.

Abstract: Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) are a widely used form of reversible contraception. Despite their proven efficacy and safety, complications such as uterine perforation, migration, and ectopic pregnancy, although rare, may result in serious morbidity. We present a case of a 24-year-old P2L2 female referred for hysteroscopic removal of a missed Cu-T who subsequently presented with heavy vaginal bleeding and right iliac fossa pain. Imaging revealed a migrated Cu-T embedded in the anterior myometrium near the cesarean scar and a right tubo-ovarian mass with hemoperitoneum.......

Keywords: Intrauterine contraceptive device, migration, ectopic pregnancy, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy

[1]. Fassett MJ, De La Cruz A, Krashin J, Wang X. Risks Of Uterine Perforation And Expulsion Associated With Intrauterine Devices. Obstet Gynecol. 2023;142(2):506-15. Doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005317
[2]. Haw J, Dasari P, Vuppalapati S, Et Al. A Synchronous Tubal And Caesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy In A Patient With An Intrauterine Device: A Case Report And Literature Review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2024. Doi:10.1002/Uog.28854
[3]. Shah K, Desai H, Parmar R, Sinha M. An Unusual Case Of Spontaneous Fracture And Vesical Transmigration Of Intrauterine Contraceptive Device. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2023;73:544-6. Doi:10.1007/S13224-022-01735-1
[4]. Almatary A, Ahmed M, Hassan M, Et Al. Open Surgical Retrieval Of Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Device Perforating The Ileum: A Case Report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2023;109:108635. Doi:10.1016/J.Ijscr.2023.108635
[5]. Faruqi A, Ghosh S, Mukherjee S. Migrated Intrauterine Device And Ectopic Pregnancy: A Rare Case Report. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2019;69(Suppl 1):S75-8. Doi:10.1007/S13224-018-1180-6

Abstract: Background: Anterior dental crossbite is a common malocclusion observed during the mixed dentition phase, often resulting from abnormal eruption patterns, retained primary teeth, or space deficiencies. If not addressed early, it can lead to complications such as enamel wear, periodontal issues, and emporomandibular joint dysfunction.Aim: To document and evaluate the clinical management of anterior single-tooth crossbite using different interceptive
approaches tailored to individual patient needs during the mixed dentition stage.....

Keywords: Anterior crossbite, Mixed dentition, Pediatric dentistry, Interceptive orthodontics, Catlan’s appliance, Expansion screw, Tongue blade therapy, Occlusal correction

[1]. Thilander B, Pena L, Infante C, Parada SS, De Mayorga C. Prevalence Of Malocclusion And Orthodontic Treatment Need In Children And Adolescents In Bogota, Colombia. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):153–67.
[2]. Major PW, Glover KE. Treatment Of Anterior Cross-Bites In The Early Mixed Dentition. J Can Dent Assoc. 1992;58(7):574–6.
[3]. Park JH, Bayome M, Park JU, Kook YA. Treatment Of Anterior Crossbite Using Modified Catlan's Appliance. Aust Orthod J. 2013;29(1):105–10.
[4]. Borrie FR, Bearn DR. Early Correction Of Anterior Crossbites: A Systematic Review. J Orthod. 2011;38(3):175–84.
[5]. Elham SJ. Correction Of Anterior Dental Crossbite Using A Composite Inclined Plane. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2003;27(4):305–7.

Abstract: Background: The high cost of ophthalmic equipment is a significant barrier to eye care access globally, particularly in low-resource settings. Traditional manufacturing methods involve extended production times and high costs, limiting scalability. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) presents a viable alternative for the low-cost, rapid fabrication of customized ophthalmic devices, though its full potential is constrained by technical and regulatory challenges.....

Key Word: 3D Printing; Ophthalmic Equipment; Additive Manufacturing; Low-Cost; Customization.

[1] Fakhoury Y, Ellabban A, Attia U, Sallam A, Elsherbiny S. Three-Dimensional Printing In Ophthalmology And Eye Care: Current Applications And Future Developments. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(24):1395.
[2] Zhang C, Anzalone NC, Faria RP, Pearce JM. Open-Source 3D-Printable Optics Equipment. Plos One. 2013;8(3):E59840.
[3] Hoelzel B. Additive Manufacturing Of HDPE Using Selective Laser Sintering [Internet]. Core; 2019 [Cited 2024 May 15]. Available From: Https://Core.Ac.Uk/Download/215213289.Pdf
[4] Hata K, Ikeda H, Nagamatsu Y, Masaki C, Hosokawa R, Shimizu H. Development Of Dental Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)-Based Resin For Stereolithography Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel). 2021;13(24):4430.
[5] Gabriel Alionte C, Marian Ungureanu L, Mihai Alexandru T. Innovation Process For Optical Face Scanner Used To Customize 3D Printed Spectacles. Mater Plast. 2022;59(2):147-158.

Abstract: Meralgia paresthetica (MP) is a sensory mononeuropathy caused by entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN), presenting with burning pain, numbness, or tingling in the anterolateral thigh. We present a case of a 55-year-old female with classic symptoms of MP, responded partially to conservative management, confirmed via diagnostic nerve block using 1% lignocaine, and successfully managed with therapeutic perineural injection of 5% dextrose. The case highlights the diagnostic utility of local anesthetic blocks and supports the emerging role of dextrose prolotherapy in peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes.

Keywords: Meralgia paresthetica, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block, lignocaine, 5% dextrose injection, nerve entrapment, prolotherapy

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Abstract: The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in dental crown fabrication marks a groundbreaking advancement in contemporary dentistry, merging digital technologies with machine learning to produce restorations that are more precise, efficient, and customized than traditional methods1. Conventional crown design depends heavily on manual modelling, skilled technician input, and repeated modifications—practices that are often time-intensive, laborious, and prone to human error. In contrast, AI-driven crown fabrication utilizes high-resolution digital scanning, automated design algorithms, and advanced manufacturing processes to optimize every phase—from capturing the digital impression to manufacturing the final crown1,2........

Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI), Dental crown fabrication, 3D deep learning, CAD/CAM, Digital scanning, Automated design algorithms, Morphology, Biomechanics, Prosthodontics, Transformation, Clinical advantages, Material efficiency, Environmental impact.

[1]. Hyun-Jun Kong And Yu-Lee Kim. Application Of Artificial Intelligence In Dental Crown Prosthesis : A Scoping Review, BMC Oral Health (2024)24:937.
[2]. Briganti G ,Le Moine O Artificial Intelligence In Medicine : Today An Tomorrow .Front Med(Lausanne) 2020 ,7:27
[3]. Shan T, Tay FR, Gu L. Application Of Artificial Intelligence In Dentistry .J Dent Res . 2021,100:232 -44
[4]. Serif Baklaci ,What Is AI Dental Crown Design ? How Does It Work ? Craniotech March 2025
[5]. Feng Luo, Guang Hong And Qianbing Wan .Artificial Intelligence In Biomedical Applications Of Zirconia .Frontiers In Dental Medicine 19 August 2021.

Abstract: Background: Retention is a critical phase of orthodontic treatment aimed at preserving the results achieved during active therapy. Fixed lingual retainers are widely preferred over removable appliances due to their superior stability and reduced reliance on patient compliance. Conventional two-stranded stainless-steel retainers have been the standard choice, but they are prone to debonding and plaque accumulation. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a high-performance thermoplastic with favorable biomechanical and biocompatible properties, has recently been introduced as a retainer material....

Key Word: Fixed lingual retainers, PEEK, orthodontic retention, stability, survival rate, periodontal health, OHIP-14.

[1]. Fudalej PS, Renkema A-M. A Brief History Of Orthodontic Retention. Br Dent J [Internet]. 2021;230(11):777–80.
[2]. Renkema AM. Permanent Retention From The Long-Term Perspective (Doctoral Dissertation, Sl: Sn).
[3]. Al-Moghrabi D, Johal A, O’Rourke N, Donos N, Pandis N, Gonzales-Marin C, Et Al. Effects Of Fixed Vs Removable Orthodontic Retainers On Stability And Periodontal Health: 4-Year Follow-Up Of A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop [Internet]. 2018;154(2):167-174.E1.
[4]. Katsaros C, Livas C, Renkema A-M. Unexpected Complications Of Bonded Mandibular Lingual Retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop [Internet]. 2007;132(6):838–41.
[5]. Littlewood SJ, Kandasamy S, Huang G. Retention And Relapse In Clinical Practice. Aust Dent J [Internet]. 2017;62 Suppl 1:51–7.