iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-8 ~ August 2025

Abstract: Understanding both the external and internal anatomy of teeth is crucial for effective dental practice. Dental anomalies are commonly observed and can complicate treatment procedures. Similar to other teeth, the mandibular first molars may also exhibit anatomical irregularities. One particular variation is the occurrence of an additional root located distolingually. Radix Entomolaris (an extra lingual root) is often present in the mandibular first and third molars. In contrast, its occurrence in second molars is just 3% among the Indian population. A comprehensive understanding of root canal anatomy and its variations is essential for clinicians to manage such cases effectively. This study aims to present a series of cases involving mandibular molars with three roots, which is a rare clinical finding.

Key Word: mandibular molar, radix entomolaris, variation.

[1] Thomas BJ, Nishad A, Paulaian B, Sam JE. Case Reports And Clinical Guidelines For Managing Radix Entomolaris. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2016 Oct;8(Suppl 1):S160-S163. Doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.191949. PMID: 27829770; PMCID: PMC5074022.
[2] Abuabara A, Schreiber J, Baratto-Filho F, Cruz GV, Guerino L. Análise Da Anatomia Externa No Primeiro Molar Superior Por Meio Da Tomografia Computadorizada Cone Beam. RSBO. 2008 Aug;5(2):38-40.
[3] Barker BC, Parson KC, Mills PR, Williams GL. Anatomy Of Root Canals. III. Permanent Mandibular III. Permanent Mandibular Molars. Aust Dent J. 1974; 19:403-13.
[4] Bolk L. Welcher Gebiβreihe Gehören Die Molaren An? Z Morphol Anthropol. 1914; 17:83.
[5] Carabelli G. Systematisches Handbuch Der Zahnheilkunde. 2. Ed. Viena: Braumuller Und Seidel; 1844. P. 114. 5. Carlsen O, Alexandersen V. Radix Entomolaris: Identification And Morphology. Scan J Dent Res. 1990; 98:363-73.

Abstract: Statement of problem The aim of this study is to test the bond strength of different ceramic repair systems to zirconia after various surface treatments which will help the clinician choose the most effective intraoral repair system and surface treatment for the restoration of fractured zirconia restoration.
Purpose The purpose.....

[1] Coffman, Curt &Amp; Visser, Chris &Amp; Soukup, Jason &Amp; Peak, Michael. (2018). Crowns And Prosthodontics: Principles And Practice.
[2] Wilson NA,Whitehead SA,Mjor IA,Wilson NH.Reasons For The Placement And Replacement Of Crowns In General Dental Practice.Primary Dental Care.2003 Apr(2):539.
[3] Kimmich M, Stappert CF. Intraoral Treatment Of Veneering Porcelain Chipping Of Fixed Dental Restorations: A Review And Clinical Application. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144(1):31-44.
[4] Yoo JY, Yoon HI, Park JM, Park EJ. Porcelain Repair - Influence Of Different Systems And Surface Treatments On Resin Bond Strength. J Adv Prosthodont. 2015;7(5):343-348.
[5] Ozer F, Mante FK, Chiche G, Saleh N, Takeichi T, Blatz MB. A Retrospective Survey On Long-Term Survival Of Posterior Zirconia And Porcelain-Fused-To-Metal Crowns In Private Practice. Quintessence Int. 2014 Jan1;45(1):31-8

Abstract: Articaine, a hybrid amide-ester anesthetic introduced in 1976, has gained prominence due to its rapid onset, superior bone penetration, and dual metabolism, which reduces systemic toxicity. Its unique structure—featuring a thiophene ring and an ester side chain—enhances lipid solubility and tissue diffusion, making it particularly effective in dental infiltrations. Despite its widespread adult use, lidocaine remains the preferred anesthetic among many pediatric dentists, especially in India and the U.S. This comprehensive review evaluates the pharmacology, mechanism of action, efficacy, safety profile, and clinical applications of articaine in pediatric dentistry. Studies demonstrate that articaine provides comparable or superior anesthetic efficacy to lignocaine, particularly in buccal......

Keywords: Articaine, Articaine 4%, Articaine 2%, Articaine in Pediatric Dentistry, Local anesthetic, Anesthesia

[1] Malamed SF. Handbook Of Local Anesthesia. 6th Ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2013. P. 74–76.
[2] Marc Snoeck (2012) Articaine: A Review Of Its Use For Local And Regional Anesthesia, Local And Regional Anesthesia, , 23-33, DOI: 10.2147/LRA.S16682
[3] Local Anaesthetics - Classification, Chemistry, Mechanism Of Action, Local Actions, Systemic Actions, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Individual Compounds, Uses, Techniques | Pharmacology [Internet]. Pharmacy180.Com. Available From: Https://Www.Pharmacy180.Com/Article/Local-Anaesthetics-1121/
[4] Malamed SF, Gagnon S, Leblanc D. Efficacy Of Articaine: A New Amide Local Anesthetic. Journal Of The American Dental Association (1939) [Internet]. 2000 May 1 [Cited 2021 Feb 18];131(5):635–42. Available From:
Https://Pubmed.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/10832257/
[5] Malamed SF, Gagnon S, Leblanc D. Articaine Hydrochloride: A Study Of The Safety Of A New Amide Local Anesthetic. J Am Dent Assoc 2001; 132: 177-85.

Abstract: Background: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are a complex set of conditions affecting the jaw joint and associated structures, often presenting with pain, joint sounds, and limited mandibular movement. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), rich in growth factors and anti-inflammatory properties, has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for TMD. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of intra-articular PRP injections for the management of temporomandibular joint disorders.......

Key Word: minimally invasive therapy, arthrocentesis, intra-articular injection, prp, temporomandibular joint disorder: minimally invasive therapy, arthrocentesis, intra-articular injection, prp, temporomandibular joint disorder

[1]. Michael M. Helland. Anatomy And Function Of The Temporomandibular Joint . The Journal Of Ortho Paed And Sports Physical Therapy. 1980, 1:3. 10.2519/Jospt.1980.1.3.145
[2]. Hanci M, Karamese M, Tosun Z, Aktan T, Duman S: Savacin.Intra-Articular Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection For The Treatment Of Temporomandibular Disorders And A Comparison With Arthrocentesis. Journal Of Cranio Maxilla Facial Surgery. 2015, 43:162-6. 10.1016/J.Jcms.2014.11.002
[3]. Bousnaki M, Koidis P: Platelet-Rich Plasma For The Therapeutic Management Of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Systematic Review. International Journal Of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery. 2017, 47:188-198.10.1016/J.Ijom.2017.09.014
[4]. Lipton JA, Ship JA, Larach-Robinson D. Estimated Prevalence And Distribution Of Reported Orofacial Pain In The United States. J Am Dent Assoc. 1993, 124:115-21. 10.14219/Jada.Archive.1993.0200
[5]. Altuntas Z, Savaci N And Altuntas M: Treatment Of Tendon, Muscle And Ligament Injuries And Degenerative Joint Disorders With Homologous Platelet Rich Plasma Injection. Journal Of Aesthetic & Reconstructive Surgery. 2018, 4:2-7. 10.4172/2472-1905.100041

Abstract: Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a significant outcome of diabetes mellitus, affecting over 15% of individuals with diabetes during their lifetime. DFUs significantly impairs a patient's overall quality of life (QoL) by compromising their physical and mental health, social functioning, and financial stability. Aim: This study aims in assessing the overall quality of life in diabetic foot ulcer patient, identifying most affected domain using multidimensional approach. Methods: This is a Retrospective......

Key Word: Diabetic foot ulcer, Quality of Life, Complications, Outcomes

[1] Roglic, G., 2016. WHO Global Report On Diabetes: A Summary. International Journal Of Noncommunicable Diseases, 1(1), Pp.3-8.
[2] Deshmukh, C.D., Jain, A. And Nahata, B., 2015. Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci, 3(3), Pp.224-230.
[3] Olokoba, A.B., Obateru, O.A., Olokoba, L.B., Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review Of Current Trends, Oman Med J., 27(4): 269–273 (2012)
[4] Kostev, K., Jockwig, A., Hallwachs, A. And Rathmann, W., 2014. Prevalence And Risk Factors Of Neuropathy In Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes In Primary Care Practices: A Retrospective Database Analysis In Germany And UK. Primary Care Diabetes, 8(3), Pp.250-255.
[5] Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R., King, H. Global Prevalence Of Diabetes: Estimate For The Year 2000 And Projections For 2030. Diabetes Care, 127(5):1047-1053 (2004)

Abstract: Introduction: Hyponatremia is frequently observed in critically ill patients, including those with sepsis. Its prognostic value in sepsis, however, remains unclear. Objective: To assess the prevalence and prognostic implications of hyponatremia in patients admitted with sepsis.
Methods:.......

Key Word: Hyponatremia, Sepsis, Prognostic indicator, Mortality, Hospital stay, Ventilator requirement, Inflammatory markers, Sodium levels, Total leukocyte count (TLC)

[1] Adrogué HJ, Tucker BM, Madias NE. Diagnosis And Management Of Hyponatremia: A Review. Jama. 2022 Jul 19;328(3):280-91.
[2] Llitjos JF, Carrol ED, Osuchowski MF, Bonneville M, Scicluna BP, Payen D, Randolph AG, Witte S, Rodriguez-Manzano J, François B, Sepsis Biomarker Workshop Group. Enhancing Sepsis Biomarker Development: Key Considerations From Public And Private Perspectives. Critical Care. 2024 Jul 13;28(1):238.
[3] Sygitowicz G, Sitkiewicz D. Molecular Mechanisms Of Organ Damage In Sepsis: An Overview. Brazilian Journal Of Infectious Diseases. 2021 Jan 15;24:552-60.
[4] Borges A, Bento L. Organ Crosstalk And Dysfunction In Sepsis. Annals Of Intensive Care. 2024 Dec;14(1):1-1.
[5] Long MT, Leiendecker ER, Dollerschell JT, Tokarcyzk A, Coursin DB. Endocrine Issues In Neurocritical Care. Intextbook Of Neurointensive Care: Volume 1: Neuroanatomy, Diagnostic Assessment, Disease Management 2024 Oct 22 (Pp.603-625). Cham: Springer International Publishing

Abstract: Objective: To compare the depth of cure (DOC) and microhardness of three different posterior bulk-fill composites using the Vickers hardness test. Materials and Methods: Three commercially available posterior bulk-fill composites - GC EverX Posterior, 3M ESPE Filtek Bulk Fill, and SDI Aura Bulk Fill - were evaluated. Thirty samples were prepared and tested for depth of cure and microhardness.......

Key Word: Bulk-fill composites, Depth of cure, Microhardness, Vickers hardness, Composite resin, Light curing

[1] Ilie N. Resin-Based Bulk-Fill Composites: Tried And Tested, New Trends, And Evaluation Compared To Human Dentin. Mater Basel Switz. 2022 Nov 15;15(22):8095.
[2] Ibrahim MS, Alkhalefah AS, Alsaghirat AA, Alburayh RA, Alabdullah NA. Comparison Between Different Bulk-Fill And Incremental Composite Materials Used For Class II Restorations In Primary And Permanent Teeth: In Vitro Assessments. Mater Basel Switz. 2023 Oct 13;16(20):6674.
[3] Bompolaki D, Lubisich EB, Fugolin AP. Resin-Based Composites For Direct And Indirect Restorations: Clinical Applications, Recent Advances, And Future Trends. Dent Clin. 2022 Oct 1;66(4):517–36.
[4] Luo Q, Kitchen M. Microhardness, Indentation Size Effect And Real Hardness Of Plastically Deformed Austenitic Hadfield Steel. Materials. 2023 Jan 28;16(3):1117.
[5] Garoushi S, Vallittu P, Lassila L. Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Restorative Composite Resin With Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Matrix. Dent Mater J. 2007;26(6):651–655. Doi:10.4012/Dmj.26.651

Abstract: Objective(s): This study aims to evaluate the fracture resistance in endodontically treated molars with an MOD preparation using three different post techniques. Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted mandibular molars were selected and divided into 4 groups of 20 teeth each. Group 1(Composite): MOD cavity restored with resin composite restoration. Group 2 (Vertical Post): MOD cavity restored with vertical fiber post......

Key Word: Fracture resistance, Horizontal post, Ribbond, reinforcement

[1] Douglas, W.H. (1995) Methods To Improve Fracture Resistance Of Teeth. In Vanherle, G. And Smith, D.C., Eds., International Symposium On Posterior Composite Resin Restorative Materials, Peter Szulc Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 433-441. - References - Scientific Research Publishing
[2] Dalpino, Paulo, Francischone, Carlos, Ishikiriama, Aquira, Et Al. Fracture Resistance Of Teeth Directly And Indirectly Restored With Composite Resin And Indirectly Restored With Ceramic Materials,. American Journal Of Dentistry, Vol. 15, No. 6, Pp. 389–394,; 2002.
[3] MP. Newman, P. Yaman, J. Dennison, M. Rafter, E.Billy. Fracture Resistance Of Endodontically Treated Teeth Restored With Composite Posts. J. Prosthet. Dent: 360- 367.; 2003.
[4] Scotti N, Forniglia A, Michelotto Tempesta R, Comba A, Saratti CM, Pasqualini D, Et Al. Effects Of Fiber-Glass-Reinforced Composite Restorations On Fracture Resistance And Failure Mode Of Endodontically Treated Molars. Journal Of Dentistry. 2016 Oct;53:82–7.
[5] Salameh Z, Ounsi HF, Aboushelib MN, Sadig W, Ferrari M. Fracture Resistance And Failure Patterns Of Endodontically Treated Mandibular Molars With And Without Glass Fiber Post In Combination With A Zirconia–Ceramic Crown. Journal Of Dentistry. 2008 Jul;36(7):513–6.Burstone CJ, Kuhlberg AJ. Fiber-Reinforced Composites In Orthodontics. Journal Of Clinical Orthodontics . Journal Of Clinical Orthodontics: 24: 271-79.; 2000.

Abstract: Introduction Sensation of hearing a sound in the absence of an external stimulus or a sound sensation in the absence of an external or internal acoustical source or electrical stimulation. 1 It affects 25% of the general populations. tinnitus can be classified as pulsatile and non- pulsatile.2 Materials And Methods.......

Key Word: Tinnitus; Arterial Hypertension; Sensory Neural Hearing loss

[1] Heller AJ. Classification And Epidemiology Of Tinnitus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am (2003) 36(2);239-48
[2] Mc Ferran D, Phillips J: Tinnitus And Hyperacusis: Scott- Brown’s Otorhinolaryngology Head And Neck Surgery: Editor: 8 Th Edition: Vol 2 Pediatrics, The Ear, And Skull Base Surgery :Us: CRC Press ,2021
[3] Shargorodsky J, Curhan GC, Farwell WR. Prevalence And Characteristics Of Tinnitus Among US Adults. Am J Med (2010) 123 (8); 171-8
[4] Langguth B,Kreuzer PM, Kleinjung T, De Ridder D: Tinnitus : Causes And Clinical Management. Lancet Neurol (2013)12 (9):920-30
[5] Tunkel De, Bauer Ca, Sun GH, Rosenfeld RM, Chandrasekhar Ss, Cunningham Er, Jr: Clinical Practice Guideline: Tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (2014)151(2 Suppl):S1-40

Abstract: Introduction: We present a rare case of intralobar pulmonary sequestration associated with a gastric duplication cyst, came to our tertiary care center. Case Details: A 30-year-old female presented with left-sided chest pain and intermittent cough and cold for one year. Contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) showed a well-defined lesion in the posterobasal segment of left lower lobe. There is no communication with the tracheobronchial tree. The lesion received arterial supply from an aberrant branch of descending thoracic.......

Key Word: Pulmonary sequestration; Gastric duplication cyst; Foregut duplication; Intralobar sequestration; Congenital anomaly.

[1] Liu XH, Luo CS, Zhang RY, Et Al. Imaging And Pathological Characteristics, Treatment, And Prognosis Of Pulmonary Sequestration—A Retrospective Study Of 13 Cases. Clin Respir J. 2023.
[2] Janapareddy KK, Peters NJ, Samujh R, Et Al. Intralobar Sequestration Associated With Gastric Enterogenous Cyst: Gastric Lung!! Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023;39(4):539–42.
[3] Foregut Duplication Cysts: A Report Of Two Cases With Emphasis On Embryogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(1):130–5.
[4] Muriana P, Negri G, Giuliani M, Et Al. Minimally-Invasive Surgery For Concurrent Intralobar Pulmonary Sequestration And Bronchogenic Cyst In An Adult: A Case Report. Shanghai Chest. 2022; 6:18.
[5] Hanna C, Sharma PG, Mustafa MM, Et Al. Concurrent Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformations: Extralobar Pulmonary Sequestration And Bronchogenic Cyst. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2021; 52:54

Abstract: Traumatic dental injuries to anterior teeth can have profound aesthetic, functional, and psychological impact, especially in young adults. Avulsion injuries with subgingival fracture lines present a unique restorative challenge due to violation of the biologic width and difficulty in achieving adequate retention for definitive restorations. This case report describes the conservative management of an 18-year-old woman who sustained avulsion and complicated crown-root fracture of the maxillary left central incisor following a road traffic accident. The tooth was repositioned, endodontic therapy initiated, and controlled orthodontic extrusion performed using a.......

Key Word: Avulsion injury, Orthodontic extrusion, Subgingival fracture, Anterior trauma, Conservative treatment

[1]. Arora KS, Kaur K, Dahiya S. Management Of Subgingivally Fractured Maxillary Anterior Tooth: A Multidisciplinary Approach. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(7):E231036. Doi:10.1136/Bcr-2019-231036
[2]. Koyuturk AE, Malkoc S. Orthodontic Extrusion Of Subgingivally Fractured Incisor Before Restoration: A Case Report With 3-Years Follow-Up. Dent Traumatol. 2005;21(3):174-178. Doi:10.1111/J.1600-9657.2005.00291.
[3]. Macedo GV, Diaz PI, De O Fernandes CA, Ritter AV. Forced Eruption Of A Fractured Tooth Using A Simple Fixed Orthodontic Appliance: A Clinical Report. J Prosthet Dent. 2008;100(4):254-259. Doi:10.1016/S0022-3913(08)60214-7
[4]. Gupta V, Juneja S, Kumar S, Goyal T. Orthodontic Extrusion Of Subgingivally Fractured Tooth Using A Removable Appliance: An Alternative Treatment To Re-Establish Biological Width. Indian J Dent Res. 2014;25(5):678-681. Doi:10.4103/0970-9290.147112
[5]. Nanda R, Uribe F. Forced Eruption: Biomechanical Considerations. In: Nanda R, Uribe F, Eds. Biomechanics In Orthodontics: Principles And Practice. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016:245-256.

Abstract: Sick sinus syndrome is a type of heart rhythm disorder. It affects the heart's natural pacemaker (sinus node), which controls the heartbeat. Sick sinus syndrome causes slow heartbeats, pauses (long periods between heartbeats) or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). Sick sinus syndrome is relatively uncommon. The risk of developing it increases with age. Many people with sick sinus syndrome eventually need an implanted device called a pacemaker to keep the heart in a regular rhythm. Sick sinus syndrome may also be called sinus node dysfunction or.......

Key Word: SSS (sick sinus syndrome), Difficult airway, Temporary pacing, TORS (Trans-oral robotic surgery), Transcutaneous pacing, CA tongue, Awake Fibreoptic intubation, Radiated neck

[1] Mayo Clinic [Internet]. [Cited 2025 Jun 30]. Sick Sinus Syndrome-Sick Sinus Syndrome - Symptoms & Causes. Available From: Https://Www.Mayoclinic.Org/Diseases-Conditions/Sick-Sinus-Syndrome/Symptoms-Causes/Syc-20377554
[2] Satoh K, Ishizuka A, Ohashi A, Kumagai M, Joh S. Anesthetic Management Of A Patient With Sick Sinus Syndrome During General Anesthesia For Maxillofacial Surgery. Open J Anesthesiol. 2015 Apr 15;5(4):53–6.
[3] Alex S, Saneesh JP, Rao R, Upadya M. Anaesthetic Management Of A Patient With Sick Sinus Syndrome For Exploratory Laparotomy. South Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2010 Sep 23;16(6):24–6.
[4] Al-Attas AA, Alhrkan NA, Alwatid MA, Zaman SM, Salawaty MF, Mansour NA. Sick Sinus Syndrome And Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Connection Or Coincidence? A Case Report And Literature Review. Oman Med J [Internet]. 2023 [Cited 2025 Jul 1]; Available From: Https://Omjournal.Org/Articledetails.Aspx?Cotype=2&Aid=3475
[5] Resident, Department Of Anesthesiology, MGM College And Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, INDIA., Singh M, Jambure N, Assistant Professor,Department Of Anesthesiology, MGM College And Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, INDIA. Anaesthetic Management Of A Patient With Sick Sinus Syndrome For Vaginal Hysterectomy. Medpulse Int J Anesth. 2018;8(2):105–7

Abstract: Background: Dry eye disease prevalence is a multifactorial disorder with symptoms of redness, irritation, photophobia. Pathophysiology of dry eye disease is influenced by large range of factors including environmental, hormonal systemic and topical medications. In this study efforts have been made to increase awareness about this condition using early diagnostic tools. Materials and Methods: In this prospective observational study, 125 patients recruited consecutively based on clinical presentation. Subjective assessment of dry eye symptoms was performed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire consisting.......

Key Word: Dry eyes, Risk profile, Early diagnosis

[1] Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, Caffery B, Dua HS, Joo CK, Et Al. TFOS DEWS II Definition And Classification Report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):276–83.
[2] Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, Jalbert I, Lekhanont K, Malet F, Et Al. TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):334–65.
[3] Bron AJ, De Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, Et Al. TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):438–510.
[4] Messmer EM. The Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, And Treatment Of Dry Eye Disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(5):71–81.
[5] Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Dana MR. Epidemiology Of Dry Eye Syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2002;506(Pt B):989–98.

Abstract: Background -Vital tooth bleaching, a prevalent cosmetic dental procedure, significantly enhances smile aesthetics with minimal invasiveness. This technique effectively lightens natural tooth shade, boosting patient confidence without compromising tooth structure, unlike invasive alternatives such as veneers or crowns. Tailored by dental professionals, bleaching processes adjust bleaching agent concentrations to optimize results while mitigating sensitivity risks. Supervised by qualified practitioners, safety is ensured, contributing to long-lasting whitening effects, particularly with appropriate post-treatment care. Both in-office treatments and take-home kits provide convenient options for patients, enhancing accessibility. Vital tooth bleaching emerges as a cost effective solution for patients seeking a brighter smile, encompassing aesthetic enhancement, customization, safety, durability, convenience, and affordability.

Key Word: Microabrasion, Bleaching, Vital tooth.

[1]. Maiti N, Das UK. Vital tooth bleaching: A case report. The Journal. 2014;2(1):25.
[2]. Akshita Panchal., et al. “Enamel Micro abrasion: An Effective Method for Improving Esthetics - A Case Series". Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 6.5 (2022): 19-23.
[3]. Goel Aditi., et al. “Microabrasion - A Conservative Approach for Mild to Moderate Fluorosis - A Case Report”. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10 (2021): 2334-2337.
[4]. De Silva Gottardi M, Brackett MG, Haywood VB. Numberof in-office light activated bleaching treatments neededto achieve patient satisfaction. Quintessence Int. 2006;37:115-120.
[5]. Luk K, Tam L, Hubert M. Effect of light energy on peroxide tooth bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc.2004;135(2):194-201

Abstract: Background: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen in intensive care units worldwide. Understanding local resistance patterns and risk factors is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies and infection control measures. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital over 18 months. Culture and sensitivity data from......

Key Word: Acinetobacter baumannii, Multidrug resistance, Intensive care unit, Nosocomial infections, Antimicrobial resistance.

[1]. Janahiraman S, Aziz MN, Hoo FK, P'ng HS, Boo YL, Ramachandran V, et al. Resistance patterns of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an ICU of a tertiary care hospital, Malaysia. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(6):1383-1388.
[2]. Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(3):318-327.
[3]. Peleg AY, Seifert H, Paterson DL. Acinetobacter baumannii: emergence of a successful pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(3):538-582.
[4]. Garnacho-Montero J, Amaya-Villar R. Multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: epidemiology and management. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23(4):332-339.
[5]. Falagas ME, Bliziotis IA, Siempos II. Attributable mortality of Acinetobacter baumannii infections in critically ill patients: a systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studies. Crit Care. 2006;10(2):R48.

Abstract: Introduction– Vaginal cancer is extremely uncommon and most types of this cancer are secondary from other sites such as the cervix or uterine endometrium. Due to the rarity of this gynecological cancer, studies are limited about treatment modality and most of them have recommended pelvic and vaginal radiotherapy rather than radical surgery......

Key Word: Vaginal squamous cancer, Radiotherapy, total hysterectomy bilateral salpingoophorectomy..

[1]. Fedus T,Ras R,Ksiazek M, et al.Primary vaginal squamous cell carcinoma with bladder involvement in uterine prolapsed patient:case report. Medicine (Baltimore).2017; 96(50):e8993.
[2]. Kalampokas E,Kalampokas T,Damaskos C.Primary vaginal melanoma,a rare and aggressive entity.A case report and review of the literature.In vivo. 2017; 31(1):133-9.
[3]. Leadley S,Briggs A,O Connell BJ,Brincat CA.Vaginal cancer in a patient with complicated prolapse history:a case report.Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg.2014;20(5):295-6.
[4]. S. Rajaram,A. Maheswari,A. Srivastava,Staging for vaginal cancer,Best.Pract.Res.Clin.Obstet.GYNAECOL.29(6) (2015) 822-832.
[5]. A.S Shetty, C.O. Menias,MR imaging of vulvar and vaginal cancer,Magn.Reson.Imaging Clin. N. Am.25 (3) (2017) 822-832..