IOSR-JHSS   Volume-30 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2025

Abstract: The study offers a comprehensive review of literature on decentralisation, examining its evolution and implementation across global, national, and state contexts. It explores the key dimensions of decentralisation—such as administrative, fiscal, and political aspects—and evaluates performance outcomes associated with these processes. The review also considers relevant government policies that have shaped decentralisation initiatives over time. Special emphasis is placed........

Key Word: Decentralized Planning, Community Development Programme (CDP), Kerala Development Plan, Local Self Government Institutions (LSGIs), Productive Sector.

[1] Anandajayasekeram, P.,Van Rooyen,C.J, Rukuni, M.,Marassas,C.,&D’haese, M(2004) Agricultural Project Planning And Analysis: A Sourcebook. University Of Pretoria, South Africa. Approach, L.F.(1996) A Flexible Tool For Participatory Development.
[2] Balan P P, (Ed) (2016) Approach Paper Five Year Plan (2002, 2007, 2012, 2017), Kerala State Planning Board, Gok. Local Governance &Local Planning Kila.
[3] Balan, P P., George, S., & Raghavan, M T (2014). Decentralisation Participatory Planning And Development In Kerala
[4] Bandyopadhyay, D (1997). People’s Participation In Planning: Kerala Experiment. Economic And Political Weekly, 2450-2454.
[5] Bank, A.D. (2017). Guidelines For The Economic Analysis Of Projects.

Abstract:This study examined the role of deep reading strategies to improve vocabulary retention for first-year English majors. A total of fifty students took part – one group of students continually practiced reading deep reading strategies (e.g. annotating, discussing, and reflecting on the text) and the second group regularly practiced traditional reading practices (e.g. summarising, basic comprehension). Students' vocabulary retention was measured using pre-test and post-test assessments, and their reflections collected in reflective journals provided context for results. Results demonstrated......

Keywords: deep reading, vocabulary retention, reading motivation

[1]. Baron, D. (2015). Words In Context: A Cognitive Approach To Vocabulary Acquisition. Oxford University Press.
[2]. Birkerts, S. (1994). The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate Of Reading In An Electronic Age. Faber & Faber.
[3]. Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Affective Reactions To Visual Stimuli. Psychophysiology, 37(2), 204-215[4].
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels Of Processing: A Framework For Memory Research. Journal Of Verbal Learning And Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684.
[5]. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "What

Abstract: This paper proposes the use of Socioeconomic Diagnosis as a tool for the elaboration of the Multi-Year Planning of public management. The research methodology used was descriptive and applied with a qualitative approach. The research instruments involved were field research and document analysis. During the document analysis, it was identified that the form of planning popularly used in the Municipality of Matelândia is built based only on meetings, held mandatorily......

Key Words: Inherited State, Necessary State, Planning, Socioeconomic Diagnosis, Public Management

[1] Silva Josivaldo Alves Da (2019) Municipal Government Planning: A Theoretical Re-Flection On The Alignment Of The Multi-Year Plan With The Municipality’s Strategic Planning. Humanities And Innovation Journal 6.
[2] Dagnino Renato Peixoto (2014) Government Strategic Planning. 3rd Ed. Current Rev. Florianópolis: Department Of Administrative Sciences / UFSC [Brasília] Capes: UAB.
[3] Dagnino R, Cavalcanti PA, Costa G (2024) Strategic Public Management Http://209.177.156.169/Libreria_Cm/Archivos/ Pdf_1473.Pdf.
[4] Araújo RM, Maia JM (2012) Participatory Budgeting: The Perspective Of The Un-Dergraduate In Public Management Public Administration And Social Manage-Ment 4: 448-462.
[5] Pires V, Martins Lj (2011) Participatory Budgeting (PB) After Twenty Years Of Experience In Brazil: More Quality In Municipal Budget Management. Revista Capital Científico - Eletrônica 9: 99-109..

Abstract:This study explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into St. Paul University Philippines’ (SPUP) interfaith initiatives to foster dialogue, inclusivity, and spiritual understanding among students from diverse religious backgrounds. As religious diversity grows in higher education, AI emerges as a tool to support intercultural harmony and ethical engagement. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were gathered from 100 students via a validated Likert-scale survey and through interviews with student leaders and faculty involved in interfaith and AI-related efforts. Findings reveal that SPUP effectively applies AI across three key domains: spaces, support, and services.......

Key Word: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Interfaith Initiatives, AI-Interfaith Integration Framework, St. Paul University Philippines (SPUP)

[1] Almeida, R., Santos, D., & Yu, C. (2025). Ethical AI Integration In Multicultural Education Settings. Journal Of Educational Technology Ethics, 17(2), 45–63.
[2] AP News. (2024, April 24). Cisco Systems Joins Microsoft, IBM In Vatican Pledge To Ensure Ethical Use And Development Of AI.
Https://Apnews.Com/Article/79b279570b2e7a2d945c452852a19657
[3] Bhattacharyya, S., Mishra, S., & Gupta, R. (2023). Technological Innovations For Interfaith Dialogue In Higher Education: An AI Approach. Journal Of Educational Technology And Social Change, 12(1), 45–58. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jetsc.2023.03.003
[4] Camilleri, M. A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Governance: Ethical Considerations And Implications For Social Responsibility. Expert Systems, 41(2), E13406. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Exsy.13406
[5] Chen, W. (2025). AI In Higher Education: A Framework For Inclusive And Interfaith Dialogue. International Journal Of Artificial Intelligence In Education, 34(1), 22–40

Abstract:Background: Distribution logistics plays a fundamental role in the competitiveness of companies, especially in regional contexts where transport infrastructure and the geographical dispersion of clients impose significant challenges. In the state of Espírito Santo, the absence of applied studies that explore logistic routing with a focus on cost reduction and increased operational efficiency highlights a critical gap both in the academic literature and in management practices........

Key Word: Route optimization; Regional logistics; Operational efficiency; Cost reduction; Vehicle routing problem.

[1]. Bernal, J., Escobar, J. W., & Linfati, R. (2021). A Simulated Annealing-Based Approach For A Real Case Study Of Vehicle Routing Problem With A Heterogeneous Fleet And Time Windows. International Journal Of Shipping And Transport Logistics, 13(1-2), 185-204.
[2]. Bock, S., Bomsdorf, S., Boysen, N., & Schneider, M. (2025). A Survey On The Traveling Salesman Problem And Its Variants In A Warehousing Context. European Journal Of Operational Research, 322(1), 1-14.
[3]. Cordeau, J. F., Legato, P., & Mazza, R. M. (2025). Integrating Storage Allocation With Manual Order Picking And Replenishment Operations In A Distribution Centre. International Journal Of Production Research, 63(7), 2694-2710.
[4]. Cui, H., Chen, X., Guo, M., Jiao, Y., Cao, J., & Qiu, J. (2023). A Distribution Center Location Optimization Model Based On Minimizing Operating Costs Under Uncertain Demand With Logistics Node Capacity Scalability. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics And Its Applications, 610, 128392.
[5]. Dell’Amico, M., Montemanni, R., & Novellani, S. (2021). Algorithms Based On Branch And Bound For The Flying Sidekick Traveling Salesman Problem. Omega, 104, 102493.

Abstract:Literary minimalism, a stylistic hallmark characterized by economy of language, syntactical austerity, and a deliberate avoidance of embellishment, has long been associated with twentieth-century American fiction. Rooted in the modernist tradition, minimalism emerged as a counterpoint to the verbose and ornamented prose of earlier literary movements. It is typified by a focus on surface details, sparse dialogue, and an implicit reliance on subtext rather than overt exposition. According......

Keywords: Literary minimalism, strategic suppression, Linguistic collaboration, economy

[1] Arnold, E. (2011). Understanding Cormac Mccarthy. University Of South Carolina Press.
[2] Ay, B. (2023). Post-Apocalyptic Fiction In The Anthropocene Epoch: A Posthumanist Analysis Of Maggie Gee's The Ice People And Octavia E. Butler's Parable Of The Sower. Https://Doi.Org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28666.47043
[3] Baccolini, R., & Moylan, T. (2013). Dark Horizons: Science Fiction And The Dystopian Imagination. Routledge.
[4] Barthes, R. (1977). Image, Music, Text (S. Heath, Trans.). Fontana Press.
[5] Berk, F. (2014). An Ecocritical Approach To Cormac Mccarthy’s The Road. Research Scholar, 2(3), 62–76..

Abstract:This study hypothesizes that experiences at adolescence impacts greatly on adulthood. One aspect of adulthood impacted by experiences at adolescent is marriage. The knowledge an individual has on sexual behaviour contributes largely to sexual behaviour in marriage. Sexual behaviour contributes to the functionality and overall marital satisfaction. There has been a decline in marital stability among the Tigania sub-ethnic group of Meru County which is a cause of concern among marriage therapists. This study therefor sought to establish how the knowledge.......

Keywords: Sexual behaviour, Sexuality Education, Marriages, Shared Sexual Behaviour, Abstinence

[1] Boonstra, H. (2010). Winning Campaign: California’s Concerted Effort To Reduce Its Teens Pregnancy Rate. Guttmacher Policy Reviews Spring 2010 (13), 2
[2] Kavivya, C.M. 2003. The Policy Of The Catholic Church On Family Planning And Infertility Behaviour In Kangundo Division, Machoakos District. Unpublished, Ph.D. Thesis, Kenyatta University.
[3] Kelly, F. G. (2006). Sexuality Today: The Human Perspective (8th Ed. U.S.A. New York. Macgraw Hill Companies.
[4] Kenya National Bureau Of Statistics. (2019). 2019 Kenya Population Census Volume 1: Population By County. ISBN: 978-9966-102-102-09-6. Available Online. Https://Www.Knbs.Or.Ke/?Wpdmpro=2019-Kenya-Population-And-Housing-Census-Volume-I-Population-By-County-And-Sub-County
[5] Kithinji, C. M. (2013). Impact Of Colonialism On Traditional African Marriages Among The People Of Igoji, 1907-2012. (Master’s Thesis, Chuka University. Chuka. Kenya)..

Abstract: Unresolved cliches in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms continue to pose significant challenges in Bangladeshi secondary education. These issues, including rote memorization, a rigid focus on grammar translation, and a test-oriented learning culture, limit students' creativity, engagement, and critical thinking. This study investigates the persistence of these cliches and their impact on both teachers and students. Through qualitative methods, including interviews and focus group discussions with secondary school teachers and educational experts in Sylhet, the research.......

Keywords: EFL education, teaching methods, rote memorization, communicative learning, student engagement, Bangladesh.

[1] Ali, M. A., & Walker, A. L. (2014). Teachers’ Perceptions Of EFL Teaching In Low-Resource Settings. Journal Of Language Teaching And Research, 5(4), 23-35.
[2] Ahmed, F., & Sultana, Z. (2021). Teacher Professional Development In Bangladesh: Opportunities And Challenges. Journal Of Education And Practice, 12(4), 55-63.
[3] Ahmed, M., & Farzana, S. (2020). Challenges In EFL Classrooms: A Study On Teaching And Learning In Secondary Schools. Journal Of Education And Development, 5(2), 45-58.
[4] Banu, R. (2017). Gendered Classroom Dynamics In Bangladeshi Secondary Education. Education And Society, 25(1), 67-89.
[5] Begum, R. (2019). Curriculum Constraints In Bangladeshi Secondary Schools. International Journal Of Educational Studies, 12(3), 145-160.