iosr-JRME   Volume-16 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2026

Abstract: Kenya’s transition from a content-based education system to a Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) represents a significant educational reform aimed at equipping learners with essential 21st-century competencies such as critical thinking, collaboration, digital literacy, and problem-solving. This report evaluates teachers....

[1]. Akala, W. J. (2021). Revisiting Education Reform In Kenya: A Case Of CBC.
[2]. Amunga, J., Were, D., & Ashioya, I. (2020). CBC Implementation In Kenya.
[3]. Bunyi, G. W. (2013). Life Skills Education In Kenya.
[4]. Katam, E. (2020). Teacher Preparedness In CBC.
[5]. Masika, J. (2020). Parental Involvement In CBC

Abstract: The inclusion of digital devices in today's modern classroom teaching has become extremely important. These tools are helpful in improving the quality of teaching, student engagement and learning outcomes. In India, especially after the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in schools has received a boost. The use of smart boards, projectors, learning applications, Google Classroom and online platforms like Zoom has increased.Yet, the effective use of these digital....

Keywords: Teacher Preparation, Digital Tools, ICT Inclusion, Secondary School, North India, Classroom Teaching

[1]. Abel, V. R.,Tondeur, J., & Sang, G. (2022). Teacher Perceptions About ICT Integration Into Classroom Instruction. Education Sciences, 12(9), 609. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Educsci12090609⁠
[2]. Akram, H., Abdelrady, A. H., Al-Adwan, A. S., & Ramzan, M. (2022). Teachers’ Perceptions Of Technology Integration In Teaching-Learning Practices: A Systematic Review. Frontiers In Psychology, 13, 920317. Https://Doi.Org/10.3389/Fpsyg.2022.920317⁠
[3]. Almerich, G., Gargallo‑Jaquotot, P., & Suárez‑Rodríguez, J. (2024). ICT Integration By Teachers: A Basic Model Of ICT Use, Pedagogical Beliefs, And Personal And Contextual Factors. Teaching And Teacher Education, 145, Article 104617.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Tate.2024.104617⁠
[4]. Bingimlas, K. A. (2009). Barriers To The Successful Integration Of ICT In Teaching And Learning Environments: A Review Of The Literature. Eurasia Journal Of Mathematics, Science And Technology Education, 5(3), 235–245.
Https://Doi.Org/10.12973/Ejmste/75275⁠
[5]. Chen, C., & Tsai, C. (2021). In‑Service Teachers’ Conceptions Of Mobile Technology‑Integrated Instruction: Tendency Towards Student‑Centered Learning. Computers & Education, 170, Article 104224. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Compedu.2021.104224..

Abstract: Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em investigar o estado do conhecimento presente em artigos científicos que abordam a relevância e as discussões sobre a arte-educação no contexto da sala do Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE). Inserido no campo da educação, o estudo considera a arte e a educação especial como elementos fundamentais no processo de inclusão. A metodologia adotada é de abordagem qualitativa, tendo como eixo norteador a pesquisa bibliográfica do tipo revisão integrativa da literatura, que permite mapear os principais estudos......

[1]. CARDOSO, Ivani Leão; OLIVEIRA, Isaura Francisco De. Inclusão De Alunos Com Deficiência No Ensino Regular E O Atendimento Educacional Especializado. Seminário Nacional E Seminário Internacional Políticas Públicas, Gestão E Práxis Educacional, V. 1, P. 1149-1163, 2024.
[2]. CHIARADIA, Anna Paola Xavier; BARBOSA, Claudia Waltrick Machado. Arteterapia Como Objeto De Escuta Terapêutica: Vivenciando Junto Às Mães De Crianças Com Deficiciência Na APAE E AEE. Uifacvest.Edu.Br
[3]. CIRILO, Vitor Dos Praseres; RODRIGUES, Hellen Vitória Mota; BRANDÃO, Rayra. Inclusão De Alunos Ao Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE): Mapeamento E Análise Do Processo Em Uma Escola Municipal De Tomé-Açu, Pará. Revista De Gestão E Secretariado, V. 16, N. 3, P. E4724-E4724, 2025.
[4]. GARCIA, Aleksandra Debom; DAGUIEL, Fatima Gomes Nogueira; FRANCISCO, Fernanda Pereira Santana. Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE). Rio De Janeiro: UFRJ, 2012.
[5]. NEVES, Libéria Rodrigues. Contribuições Da Arte Ao Atendimento Educacional Especializado E À Inclusão Escolar. Revista Brasileira De Educação Especial, V. 23, N. 4, P. 489-504, 2017..

Abstract: This paper examines the integration of life skills into classroom teaching as an essential educational approach for contemporary learners. Life skills—encompassing cognitive, social, emotional, and practical competencies—enable students to navigate complex real-world challenges beyond academic contexts. Traditional educational approaches often emphasize content knowledge acquisition while neglecting these transferable competencies, creating a disconnect between classroom learning and practical application. This paper establishes a conceptual framework.....

[1]. Aldrich, C. (2022). Learning By Doing: A Comprehensive Guide To Simulations, Computer Games, And Pedagogy In E-Learning And Other Educational Experiences. John Wiley & Sons.
[2]. Andrade, H. (2022). A Critical Review Of Research On Student Self-Assessment. Review Of Educational Research, 92(4), 421-458.
[3]. Andrade, H., & Valtcheva, A. (2023). Promoting Learning And Achievement Through Self-Assessment. Theory Into Practice, 62(1), 12-19.
[4]. Apple, M. W. (2023). Ideology And Curriculum (4th Ed.). Routledge.
[5]. Bandura, A. (2018). Toward A Psychology Of Human Agency: Pathways And Reflections. Perspectives On Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136...

Abstract: Pragmatic competence—the ability to use language appropriately in social contexts—has become a central concern in second language acquisition (SLA) and English as a Second Language (ESL) studies. While grammatical competence enables learners to construct well-formed sentences, pragmatic competence determines whether such utterances are socially acceptable and contextually appropriate. This paper examines the concept of pragmatic competence in ESL communication and explores how key social variables such as age, gender, power relations, social distance, cultural norms.......

Keywords: Pragmatic competence, ESL communication, social variables, sociopragmatics, pragmalinguistics

[1]. Austin, J. L. (1962). How To Do Things With Words. Oxford University Press.
[2]. Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental Considerations In Language Testing. Oxford University Press.
[3]. Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2001). Evaluating The Empirical Evidence: Grounds For Instruction In Pragmatics. Pragmatics, 11(1), 25–71.
[4]. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals In Language Usage. Cambridge University Press.
[5]. Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical Bases Of Communicative Approaches To Second Language Teaching And Testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1–47.

Abstract: Pragmatic competence is a crucial component of communicative competence in second language use, yet it remains underdeveloped among many English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. This study examines cross-cultural pragmatic failure among Nigerian ESL learners, focusing on how sociocultural norms from indigenous Nigerian languages influence learners’ use of English in intercultural communication. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected from 60 undergraduate ESL learners through discourse completion tasks (DCTs), classroom observations........

Keywords: Pragmatic failure, cross-cultural pragmatics, Nigerian English, ESL learners, speech acts, pragmatic competence

[1]. Adegbija, E. (2004). Language Attitudes In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Sociolinguistic Overview. Multilingual Matters.
[2]. Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Hartford, B. S. (1993). Learning The Rules Of Academic Talk: A Longitudinal Study Of Pragmatic Development. Studies In Second Language Acquisition, 15(3), 279–304. Https://Doi.Org/10.1017/S0272263100012154
[3]. Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests And Apologies. Ablex.
[4]. House, J. (2003). English As A Lingua Franca: A Threat To Multilingualism? Journal Of Sociolinguistics, 7(4), 556–578. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1467-9841.2003.00242.X
[5]. Kasper, G. (1997). Can Pragmatic Competence Be Taught? Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center Working Papers, 1–16.

Abstract: This study examined Pedagogy of English as a second Language Learning in promoting national development. The study adopted behaviourist theory which was propounded by thorndike and expanded by skinner. For the behaviourists, learning situations stand out symbolically as S > R bond in which the stimuli (B) external to the learner compels a response ®, which could carry positive or negative changes. The study was carried out at the National Open University of Nigeria, Abakaliki Study Centre,.....

Keywords: Pedagogy, Second Language, Language learning, Promotion, National Development.

[1]. Abah, J. A. (2020). Modern Trends Of Communication Skills In English. Port Harcourt: Eastern Polytechnics.
[2]. Akindele F. And Adegbite, W (1999). The Sociology And Politics Of English In Nigeria. An Introduction. Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press.
[3]. Ashworth, M (1990). Beyond Methodology In Second Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Azikiwe, U. (1998). Language Teaching And Learning. Onitsha: African First Publishers.
[5]. Brown, H.D (1987). Principles Of Language Learning And Teaching (2nd Ed.) New Jersay: Practice Hall Reagents.

Abstract: Background: This study examines the construction of the Transnordestina Railway, which will extend for 608 kilometers across the State of Ceará in a north–south direction. The research addresses the historical relationship between rail transportation and economic development, as well as the potential contribution of railway infrastructure to regional productive integration and socioeconomic expansion. Materials and Methods: The study adopted a qualitative research approach to investigate the extent to which the railway may influence,.....

Keywords: Transnordestina Railway; Intermodality; Freight Terminal; Dry Port; Productive Chain

[1]. Alencar, I. C. F. Backlands In Sight: The Plans And Railway Tracks Of Ceará During The Second Reign. Federal University Of Paraíba (Ufpb). Geografias Journal, V. 17, N. 2, Jul./Dec. 2021. Issn 2237-549x. Https://Doi.Org/10.35699/2237-549x.2021.29162. Accessed: Feb. 16, 2026.
[2]. Alves, E. G. De C.; Ramos, R. B. Da S.; Silva, C. R. Rail Transport In Brazil: Challenges And Opportunities. Revista Conecta, São Paulo, Brazil, V. 3, P. 15–27, 2020. Https://Doi.Org/10.0000/Rc.V3i.18. Available At:
Https://Www.Fatecrl.Edu.Br/Revistaconecta/Index.Php/Rc/Article/View/18. Accessed: Feb. 2026.
[3]. Araújo, D.; Nascimento, H. R.; Mendes, W.; Rodrigues, L. Ceará May Have At Least Three Dry Ports Along The Transnordestina Route: Structures Will Be Dedicated To The Sale And Processing Of Railway Cargo As Well As Other Economic Activities. Diário Do Nordeste. Published Nov. 25, 2024. Available At: Https://Diariodonordeste.Verdesmares.Com.Br/Negocios/Ceara-Pode-Ter-Pelo-Menos-Tres-Portos-Secos-No-Caminho-Da-Transnordestina-Veja-Locais-1.3583131
[4]. Assis, R. J. S. De. Paper Railways: Projects Of Territorial Domination In Ceará (1864–1880). 2011. Master’s Dissertation (Geography) – Center Of Sciences, Federal University Of Ceará. Fortaleza, 2011.
[5]. Barham, D. How Modern Rail Networks Can Boost Economic Growth And Regional Trade In Africa. Published Sept. 18, 2024. Available At: Https://Wearevuka.Com/Insights/Mobility/How-Modern-Rail-Networks-Can-Boost-Economic-Growth/ Accessed: Feb. 12, 2026