IOSR-JHSS   Volume-30 ~ Issue-8 ~ August 2025

Abstract: Traditional craft villages play an important in the rural economic structure of Northern Vietnam, not only preserving national cultural but also providing livelihoods for millions of workers. From a financial perspective, this paper focuses on analyzing three main issues: (1) Mobilization and use of capital; (2) Costs; (3) Revenue and profit. The study shows that most craft villages in the North operate on a small scale, relying mainly on self-financed capital, with limited access to formal credit due to a lack of collateral and financial planning skills. Revenue tends to increase, especially in villages that combine production with tourism, export activities, or technology application......

Key Word: Development, traditional craft village, Northern, Vietnam, financial perspective.

[1] Bacninhtv.Vn, (2024). Average Income Of Craft Village Workers Reaches 8 Million VND Per Month. Https://Bacninhtv.Vn/Tin-Tuc-N20054/Thu-Nhap-Trung-Binh-Cua-Lao-Dong-Lang-Nghe-Dat-8-Trieu-Dong-Moi-Thang.Html
[2] Banking Review, (2024). Microfinance - A Useful Tool For Providing Comprehensive Finance.
Https://Tapchinganhang.Gov.Vn/Tai-Chinh-Vi-Mo-Cong-Cu-Huu-Hieu-Thuc-Day-Tai-Chinh-Toan-Dien-1109.Html
[3] Financial Magazine. (2023). Facilitating Access To Credit For Small And Medium Enterprises To Promote Production. Https://Tapchitaichinh.Vn/De-Doanh-Nghiep-Nho-Va-Vua-Thuan-Loi-Tiep-Can-Von-Vay-Phat-Trien-San-Xuat.Html
[4] Government Of Vietnam (2018). Decree No. 52/2018/ND-CP On The Development Of Rural Industries
[5] Ha, N. T. T (2023). Wastewater Pollution In Craft Villages And Proposed Improvement Solutions. Environmental Magazine No. 2/2023

Abstract: Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) converted its Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) to an electronic format in 2015 to mitigate systemic issues in the examination process. Nonetheless, despite its promise, the efficacy of this project is disputed due to ongoing challenges, including inadequate ICT infrastructure, low internet penetration, insufficient technical expertise, and ineffective enforcement of anti-malpractice legislation. This research used a mixed-methods approach, incorporating surveys, interviews, and secondary data analysis, to evaluate the influence of E-examinations on educational quality.....

Key Word: E-examinations, human capital development, JAMB, examination malpractice.

[1] Abass, O. A., Olajide, S. A., & Samuel, B. O. (2017). Development Of Web-Based Examination System Using Open Source Programming Model. Turkish Online Journal Of Distance Education-TOJDE, 18 (2).
[2] Antonio, J. (2021). Brazil’s Internet Is Getting Faster And Accessible 5G Is On The Horizon. Retrieved March 23, 2022, From Https://Www.Gsma.Com/Membership/Resources/Brazils-Internet-Is-Getting-Faster-And-Accessible-5g-Is-On-The-Horizon/#:~:Text=In%20fact%2C%20Brazil'S%20fixed%20broadband,Global%20Index%20in%20April%202021
[3] Hussani, D. (2019). Information Communication Technology (ICT) Infrastructure And Electronic Examination In Joint Admissions And Matriculation Board (JAMB). Retrieved March 23, 2022, From Https://Www.Internationaljournalssrg.Org/IJHSS/2019/Volume6-Issue5/IJHSS-V6I5P109.Pdf
[4] Ikuomola, A., & Olayanju, A. T. (2020). N-Types Electronic Examination System: An Effective Approach For Combating Examination Malpractice. Retrieved November 25, 2021, From Https://Www.Researchgate.Net/Publication/340925790_N-TYPES_ELECTRONIC_EXAMINATION_SYSTEM_AN_EFFECTIVE_APPROACH_FOR_COMBATING_EXAMINATION_MALPRACTICE
[5] Ndunagu, J. N. (2013). The Electronic Examination In Nigerian Universities (A Case Study Of NOUN). Retrieved November 22, 2021,

Abstract: The paper looks at changes and continuities in the themes, issues and conflicts animating Bihar's political process, changes in the state inter-party competion, tensions between the logic of electoral democracy and political institutions, mobilization and changing narratives of "primordial" groups in the political arena in the backdrop of revolution of rising expectations and discontent in a densely populated and economically backward state; entwined with these are events and changing faces of political leaders in the state in different phases. Moreover, there has been a complex interplay between national and state politics in every phase.....

Key Word: state politics in India; political process; political parties; politicization; democratization.

[1]. Brass, Paul R: “The Political Uses of Crisis: The Bihar Famine of 1966-1967”, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XLV, No.2, February, 1986
[2]. Kumar, Sanjay: Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar, 2018, Sage, New Delh
[3]. Niti Ayog Report, Macro and Fiscal Landscape of the State of Bihar,https://niti.gov.in,March,2025
[4]. Singh, NK & Nicholas Stern (ed): The New Bihar, 2013, Harper Collins India, New Delhi
[5]. Wood, John R: “Extra-Parliamentary Opposition in India: An Analysis of Populist Agitations in Gujarat and Bihar”, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 48, No.3 (Autumn, 1975,

Abstract: Poverty has been a major problem stalling Nigeria’s development progress. In 2016, President Muhammadu Buhari (PMB) established Cash Transfers (CTs) to prevent poor households from falling further down the poverty line. This study examined the Base (Unconditional) Cash Transfers (B-UCTs) and Co-Responsibility Cash Transfers (CCTs) to determine beneficiaries’ perceptions of their usefulness in poverty reduction. This is qualitative case study research that used primary sources such as interviews, observations, Focused Group Discussions (FGDs.....

Key Word: Base (Unconditional) Cash Transfers; Co-responsibility Cash Transfers; Poor Households; Useful; Poverty Reduction, Nigeria.

[1] Apanpa, Olaniyi (2023), “Nigeria’s Inflation Rises To 25.80%, Says NBS”, Https://Punchng.Com/Nigerias-Inflation-Rises-To-25-80-Says-Nbs/ (Accessed 10 September 2023).
[2] Alabi, Mojeed (2022), “UPDATED: Nigeria Now Has 20 Million Out-Of-School Children – UNESCO”,
Https://Www.Premiumtimesng.Com/News/Headlines/551804-Breaking-Nigeria-Now-Has-20-Million-Out-Of-School-Children-Unesco.Html?Tztc=1 (Accessed 18 November, 2023).
[3] Eboh Camillus (2023), “Nigeria Inflation Rises To 18-Year High In August Ahead Of Rates Decision”,
Https://Www.Reuters.Com/World/Africa/Nigeria-Consumer-Inflation-2580-Yy-August-Stats-Office-2023-09-15/ (Accessed 8 June 2023)
[4] Fatunmole, Marcus (2022), Bayelsa, Borno, Ekiti Have The Least Hospitals In Nigeria, Https://Www.Icirnigeria.Org/Bayelsa-Borno-Ekiti-Have-Least-Hospitals-In-Nigeria/ (Accessed 9 September 2023)
[5] Fiszbein A, Schady N, Ferreira HGF, Grosh M, Kelleher N (2009). Conditional Cash Transfers Reducing Present And Future Poverty. (Washington, DC: World Bank)

Abstract: This study examines how adult Indonesian professionals develop confidence and self-regulation in a 24-session Business English course. Using a qualitative case-based design within an interpretivist framework, it analyzes reflective narratives and self-assessment ratings of confidence and engagement. The 45 participants represented diverse professional backgrounds and ranged in English proficiency from pre-basic to intermediate. Thematic analysis revealed three key developments: increased confidence, the use of metacognitive.....

Key Word: Learner confidence, Self-regulated learning, Business English, Reflective practice

[1] Al-Hoorie, A. H., & Szabó, Z. (2020). The Role Of The L2 Motivational Self System In Predicting Motivated Behavior: A Meta-Analysis. System, 91, 102124.
[2] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise Of Control. W. H. Freeman.
[3] Basturkmen, H. (2010). Developing Courses In English For Specific Purposes. Palgrave Macmillan.
[4] Bielak, J., & Mystkowska-Wiertelak, A. (2022). Emotion Regulation And L2 Learning: Investigating Polish Learners' Self-Regulatory Strategies. System, 106, 102564.
[5] Bielak, J., & Mystkowska-Wiertelak, A. (2022). Emotion Regulation In Second Language Learning. System, 106, 102763

Abstract: Background: For dancers, the body is a tool that requires constant attention and strengthening; it is the medium that must meet the demands of each period, in accordance with the aesthetic standards of the time. Achieving and maintaining a lean physique is regarded as the ideal of beauty and success in all forms of dance and naturally creates fertile ground for the development of body image disturbances, as dance performance demands indicators of perfection. A literature review revealed that no prior research had investigated social physique anxiety in the context of Greek traditional dance......

Key Word: Body image; Perfection; Stage dance; Overweight

[1]. Hart, E. A., Leary, M. R., & Rejeski, W. J. (1989). The Measurement Of Social Physique Anxiety. Journal Of Sport And Exercise Psychology, 11:94-104.
[2]. Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social Anxiety And Self-Presentation: A Conceptualization And Model. Psychological Bulletin, 92(3):641–669.
[3]. Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A Self-Presentational View Of Social Phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1):3–26.
[4]. Leary, M.R. & Schlenker, B.R. (1983). The Nature And Function Of Self-Presentation: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological Perspectives On The Self (Vol. 2, Pp. 143–165). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[5]. Sabiston, C. M., & Chandler, K. (2009). Effects Of Fitness Advertising On Weight And Body Shape Dissatisfaction, Social Physique Anxiety, And Exercise Motives In A Sample Of Healthy-Weight Females. Journal Of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 14(4):165– 180

Abstract:This paper aims to investigate the social obstacles that elders face in Sarnath, a semi-urban city in Varanasi district of India. It particularly focuses on two aspects of family cohesiveness in relation to socio-economic problems of elders. With the transition towards nuclear families as India modernizes, elders in India are increasingly experiencing greater issues of economic dependency, health issues, and social isolation. By utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis via interviews and computation and statistical analysis of the sample group aged 60 and over, the paper explores the interactions between individual opportunities for.....

Key Word: Aging, Family Cohesion, Elderly Care, Semi-Urban India, Social Policy, Gerontology

[1] Sharma, A., & Gupta, P. (2023). Elderly Care And Family Systems In India: Emerging Challenges In Semi-Urban Areas. Indian Journal Of Social Research, 64(1), 22–38.
[2] Joshi, S. (2021). Bridging The Digital Divide For India's Elderly: Challenges And Policy Directions. Indian Journal Of Gerontology, 35(2), 87–102.
[3] Mohanty, S. K., & Mishra, U. S. (2021). Social Security And Aging In India: New Dimensions Of Vulnerability. Journal Of Population Ageing, 14(3), 213–229. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S12062-020-09291-1
[4] Patel, D., & Kumar, R. (2021). Elder Care In Urbanizing India: Challenges And Prospects. Journal Of Gerontological Social Work, 64(6), 591–608.
[5] Helpage India. (2020). State Of Elderly In India Report. New Delhi: Helpage India.

Abstract: Loktak Lairembi a 2016 film directed and produced by Haobam Paban Kumar , throws light on the exploitation and pollution of the Loktak Lake’s ecosystem, its natural resources and the marginalization of the local community who relies on the lake for their livelihoods by their forceful displacement . Set against the backdrop of the eviction drive initiated by the Loktak Development Authority under the Government of Manipur ,the film addresses the intertwined environmental and gender issues under the capitalist State repression. The study analyses the symbolic.....

Key Word: Loktak Lairembi, environmental exploitation, eviction drive , State repression, patriarchal forces, gender inequality, women and nature, ecofeminism

[1] 72 -Minute Long ‘Loktak Lairembee’ Was Awarded Best Film At The 64th National Film Awards. (2017). Eastern Mirror. Https://Easternmirrornagaland.Com/72-Minute-Long-Loktak-Lairembee-Awarded-Best-Film-On-64th-National-Film-Awards/Althusser, L. [1970] 2014. On The Reproduction Of Capitalism: Ideology And Ideological State Apparatuses. London: Verso
[2] Asian Human Rights Commission. (2011).INDIA: Manipur Police Assault Protesting Women At Loktak Lake. Http://Www.Humanrights.Asia/News/Urgent-Appeals/AHRC-UAC-251-2011/.
[3] C.L. Trisal And Th. Manihar .(2004). Loktak: The Atlas Of Loktak Lake. Wetlands International And Loktak Development Authority.
Https://Www.Loktaklake.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/05/Loktak-Atlas.Pdf.[4]
d’Eaubonne, Françoise (1974). “Introduction To The New French Edition” In Feminism Or Death. Eds.By “Myriam Bahaffou And Julie Gorecki Translated By Emma Ramadan”. (2022).
[5] Femina Travel. (2022).Iconic Loktak Lake In Manipur Will Now Be Protected. Femina

Abstract: This current study investigates how and why some finites are used to present modality in a narrative text. Modality realizes the probability and obligatory of what a speaker say in an exchange. This study observes the functions of finites in a narrative text from an Online English Textbook published for 12th grade students. The findings indicate there are 22 finites in the projection clauses in the text. Those finites are 8 “can”, 1 “will”, 1 “am to”, 1 “must.....

Key Word: narrative text, finite, modality, probability and obligatory, online English textbook

[1] Abohadi, K. H., Alahmadi, N. S., Al Maaytah, S. A., & Alzobidy, S. A. (2020). Construing Experience Through The Tactic And Logico-Semantic Systems. Journal Of Critical Reviews, 7(12), 839–846. Https://Doi.Org/10.31838/Jcr.07.12.148
[2] Almurashi, W. (2016). An Introduction To Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics. Journal For The Study Of English Linguistics, 4(1), 70. Https://Doi.Org/10.5296/Jsel.V4i1.9423
[3] Andersen, T. H. (2017). The Routledge Handbook Of Systemic Functional Linguistics. In The Routledge Handbook Of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Pp. 1–682). The Routledge Handbook Of Systemic Functional Linguistics.
Https://Doi.Org/10.4324/9781315413891
[4] Aveling, E. L., Gillespie, A., & Cornish, F. (2014). A Qualitative Method For Analysing Multivoicedness. Qualitative Research, 15(6), 670–687. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1468794114557991
[5] Bhangu, S., Provost, F., & Caduff, C. (2023). Introduction To Qualitative Research Methods - Part I. Perspectives In Clinical Research, 14(1), 39–42. Https://Doi.Org/10.4103/Picr.Picr_253_22

Abstract: Migration is a multidimensional phenomenon with deep-rooted structural, economic, and socio-cultural underpinnings that significantly shape rural development trajectories. This paper presents a theory-based, empirically grounded case study of Gadag district in Karnataka, where patterns of seasonal and permanent migration are intricately linked to agrarian distress, rural unemployment, and aspirations for improved livelihoods. Employing a mixed-method approach combining household surveys, key informant interviews, and secondary data analysis....

Key Word: Migration, Rural Development, Gadag District, Labor Mobility, Developmental Impacts, Push-Pull Theory

[1] Lee, E.S. (1966). A Theory Of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47–57.
[2] Todaro, M.P. (1969). A Model Of Labor Migration And Urban Unemployment In Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138–148.
[3] Stark, O., & Bloom, D.E. (1985). The New Economics Of Labor Migration. The American Economic Review, 75(2), 173–178.
[4] Bilsborrow, R.E. (1992). Rural Poverty, Migration, And The Environment In Developing Countries: Three Case Studies. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
[5] Hugo, G. (1996). Environmental Concerns And International Migration. International Migration Review, 30(1), 105–131.