iosr-JDMS   Volume-25 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2026

Abstract: Background: Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) is a prevalent hepatobiliary disorder influenced by diet, genetics, and lifestyle factors. Its pathogenesis involves cholesterol supersaturation of bile, impaired gallbladder motility, and interactions with metabolic and environmental determinants. Dietary habits, including high saturated-fat and refined-carbohydrate intake, low fiber consumption, and irregular meal patterns, significantly modulate gallstone risk. Genetic predisposition further modifies susceptibility, contributing to regional and ethnic variations in gallstone type and prevalence......

Key Word: Gallstone disease, cholelithiasis, diet, saturated fat, fiber, genetic predisposition, cholesterol stones, pigment stones, India.

[1]. Stinton LM, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology Of Gallbladder Disease: Cholelithiasis And Cancer. Gut Liver. 2012;6(2):172-87.
[2]. Lammert F, Gurusamy K, Ko CW, Et Al. Gallstones. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16024.
[3]. Méndez-Sánchez N, Et Al. Risk Factors For Gallstone Disease In Mexico. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(10):2231-41.
[4]. Misciagna G, Et Al. Diet, Physical Activity, And Gallstones—A Population-Based, Case-Control Study In Southern Italy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1):120-6.
[5]. Tsai CJ, Et Al. Long-Term Intake Of Dietary Fiber And Decreased Risk Of Cholecystectomy In Women. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(7):1364-71.

Abstract: Background: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) plays a central role in early diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the lesion and normal brain parenchyma determines lesion conspicuity. This study compares CNR at b1000 and b2000 on a 1.5T MRI system.
Objective: To evaluate and compare the CNR of acute ischemic stroke lesions on DWI at b1000 and b2000. Methods: Twenty-five patients with clinically suspected acute ischemic stroke underwent DWI at b1000 and b2000. ROIs were drawn in lesion and normal regions. CNR was calculated and statistically analyzed.......

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Abstract: Surgical menopause is defined as the abrupt and permanent cessation of ovarian hormone production following a bilateral oophorectomy. Unlike the gradual physiological transition associated with natural menopause, this sudden hormonal withdrawal—characterized by the loss of estrogen, progesterone, and androgens—typically results in immediate and significantly more severe vasomotor and psychological symptoms. In the Indian clinical landscape, a substantial number of women undergo bilateral oophorectomy during hysterectomies performed for benign conditions, leading to widespread iatrogenic menopause.

[1]. Singh A, Pradhan A. A Comparative Study Of Effects Of Surgical And Natural Menopause On Menopausal Symptoms And Musculoskeletal Complaints In. International Journal Of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics And Gynecology. 2018;7(9):3708-3712.
[2]. Khadilkar SS. Management Of Surgical Menopause. Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynaecology Of India. 2015;65(3):147–152.
[3]. Bansal R, Gupta M, Sharma M. Psychological Distress And Health-Related Quality Of Life In Women Who Have Attained Natural Menopause Versus Women With Induced Menopause. International Journal Of Health Sciences And Research. 2017;7(9):83-91.
[4]. Chhabra S, Saini N, Chhabra A. Bone Mineral Density In Surgically Menopausal Women: An Indian Perspective. Journal Of Mid-Life Health. 2011;2(2):70–73.
[5]. Puri S, Puri S. A Study On Prevalence Of Metabolic Syndrome In Surgically Menopausal Women In A Tertiary Care Hospital Of North India. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health. 2018;5(7):2937-2941.

Abstract: Background: Zinc deficiency remains an important public health concern in Nigeria, particularly among children aged 12-59 months, where it contributes to impaired growth, weakened immunity, and increased susceptibility to infections such as malaria and diarrhea that are prevalent in Northern Nigeria. However, limited data exist comparing urban-rural disparities in this region. The study aimed to determine the serum zinc status of children aged 12-59 months in urban and rural communities of Northwestern Nigeria.......

Key Words – Children, Northwestern Nigeria, urban-rural, Zinc deficiency

[1]. Sarvar R, Bant DD. Clinical Assessment Of Micronutrient Deficiencies Among Children (1- 5 Years) Enrolled In Anganwadis Of Old Hubli Slums, Karnataka, India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2017;4(2):598-602.
[2]. Deshpande JD, Joshi MM, Giri PA. Zinc: The Trace Element Of Major Importance In Human Nutrition And Health. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2013;2:1-6.
[3]. Prasad AS. Discovery Of Human Zinc Deficiency: Its Impact On Human Health And Disease. Advances In Nutrition. 2013;4(2):176-90.
[4]. Hess SY, Lönnerdal B, Hotz C, Et Al. Recent Advances In Knowledge Of Zinc Nutrition And Human Health. Food Nutr Bull. 2009;30(1_Suppl1):5–11.
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Abstract: Les ulcères gastroduodénaux sont la principale cause d’hémorragie digestive haute. Leur diagnostic repose sur l’examen clinique et l’endoscopie digestive haute. Notre étude vise à analyser le profil épidémiologique, clinique, endoscopique, thérapeutique, pronostique et évolutif de ces hémorragies ulcéreuses au service de gastro-entérologie de l’hôpital régional Moulay Ali Chérif à Errachidia.......

[1]. B. Karki Et Al., « Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Among Patients Admitted In Department Of Emergency In A Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study », Jnma J. Nepal Med. Assoc., Vol. 60, No 248, P. 360‑363, Avr. 2022, Doi: 10.31729/Jnma.7409.
[2]. I. M. Gralnek Et Al., « Endoscopic Diagnosis And Management Of Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage (Nvugih): European Society Of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (Esge) Guideline - Update 2021 », Endoscopy, Vol. 53, No 3, P. 300‑332, Mars 2021, Doi: 10.1055/A-1369-5274
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[4]. Laine L., Laursen S.B., Zakko L., Dalton H.R., Ngu J.H., Schultz M., Stanley A.J. Severity And Outcomes Of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding With Bloody Vs. Coffee-Grounds Hematemesis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2018;113:358–366. Doi: 10.1038/Ajg.2018.5. [Doi] [Pubmed] [Google Scholar]

Abstract: Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe complication of twin pregnancies, classically occurring in monochorionic gestations due to shared placental vascular anastomoses. Its occurrence in dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twin pregnancies is exceptionally rare and sparsely reported. We present a rare case of advanced-stage TTTS in a DCDA twin pregnancy.....

Key Words – Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome; Dichorionic diamniotic twins; DCDA; Rare case report.

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[3]. M.C. Cavazza, A.C. Lai, S. Sousa, R. Pina Dichorionic Pregnancy Complicated By A Twin-To-Twin Transfusion Syndrome BMJ Case Rep., 12 (10) (2019), Article E231614 View At Publishercrossrefview In Scopusgoogle Scholar

Abstract: Acute severe pancreatitis (ASP) is a life-threatening inflammatory condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by persistent organ failure, systemic inflammatory response, and local pancreatic complications such as necrosis and infection. Early recognition, aggressive medical optimization, and timely escalation to interventional or surgical management are critical determinants of outcome. Advances in intensive care, imaging, minimally invasive interventions, and the step-up approach have significantly improved survival. This review discusses the current concepts in the management of acute severe pancreatitis, focusing on early resuscitation, nutritional support, management of organ failure, role of antibiotics, interventional radiology, endoscopy, and surgical strategies.

Key Words – Acute severe pancreatitis, pancreatic necrosis, organ failure, step-up approach, necrosectomy

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[3]. Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Et Al. Classification Of Acute Pancreatitis—2012. Gut. 2013;62:102-111.
[4]. Singh VK, Wu BU, Bollen TL, Et Al. Early Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:1247-1251.
[5]. Wu BU, Hwang JQ, Gardner TH, Et Al. Lactated Ringer’s Solution Reduces SIRS. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:710-717.

Abstract: Objective In the 21st century, Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as one of the most important causes of fatality and suffering, a progressive condition that involves nearly 80 crore individuals of the general population universally. The worldwide median prevalence of CKD is 9.5%. This study aims to study the patterns of various bone mineral abnormalities in different stages of CKD patients. Methods Patients of more than 18 years of age with CKD admitted in wards in SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, under the Department of Medicine and Department of Nephrology from June 2021 to December 2022 will be included after satisfying......

Key Words – Chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, Adynamic bone disease, hypocalcemia, Bone specific Alkaline Phosphatase.

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[4]. N. Shrestha, S. Gautam, S. R. Mishra, S. S. Virani, And R. R. Dhungana, “Burden Of Chronic Kidney Disease In The General Population And High-Risk Groups In South Asia: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis,” Plos One 16, No. 10 (2021):

Abstract: Background: The existence of extraneous materials in the root canal poses a significant challenge in endodontic treatment. The likelihood of foreign objects becoming embedded in the tooth increases when the pulp chamber is exposed owing to trauma, extensive carious lesions, or an open root canal for endodontic treatment. Case presentation: This case involves an 8-year-old kid who arrived with many stapler pins and a wooden stick embedded within the root canal of an immature maxillary right permanent central incisor. The foreign items were extracted, and the case was well managed and is currently under follow-up.....

Key Words – Foreign body, Child management, Stapler pin, Wooden stick, Immature permanent teeth.

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Abstract: Microbial persistence remains one of the most important causes of failure in conservative dentistry and endodontics. Despite advances in restorative materials and endodontic techniques, complete elimination of microorganisms from the tooth structure and root canal system continues to be challenging. Conventional antimicrobial agents and materials often show limited penetration into dentinal tubules, reduced effectiveness against organized biofilms, and short duration of antibacterial action. Antibacterial nanoparticles have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations due to their nanoscale size, large surface area, enhanced reactivity, and ability to interact closely with microbial cells.......

Key Words – Antibacterial nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Conservative dentistry; Endodontics; Biofilms; Root canal disinfection.

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Abstract: Laparoscopic surgery is increasingly performed due to its advantages, though pneumoperitoneum can induce significant physiological changes. Propofol is widely used for induction but is limited by dose-dependent hypotension and myocardial depression. Combining propofol with ketamine (ketofol) may improve haemodynamic stability. This study aimed to retrospectively compare haemodynamic changes in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia, using propofol or ketofol as induction agents.....

Keywords: Pneumoperitoneum, haemodynamic stability, ketofol, laparoscopy, propofol

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Abstract: Background: Liver abscess is an important clinical problem in tropical countries and accounts for a significant number of hospital admissions. It may be amoebic or pyogenic, solitary or multiple. Percutaneous drainage using a pigtail catheter under ultrasonographic (USG) guidance along with antibiotic therapy is currently considered the treatment of choice. However, pigtail catheter drainage is associated with potential complications, one of which is bile leak. This complication is clinically important as it prolongs hospital stay and increases patient morbidity.......

Keywords: Liver abscess; Pigtail catheter drainage; Bile leak; Percutaneous drainage; ERCP; Octreotide; Amoebic liver abscess; Pyogenic liver abscess.

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Abstract: Background Hypertensive disorders like gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia remain leading causes of maternal-fetal complications and deaths. Recent studies indicate that serum levels of calcium and magnesium are key to vascular function and may contribute to the underlying mechanisms of these pregnancy-related conditions. Our research investigates the relationship between serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in pregnant individuals with gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia........

[1]. Ephraim RKD, Osakunor DNM, Denkyira SW, Eshun H, Amoah S, Anto EO. Serum Calcium And Magnesium Levels In Women Presenting With Pre-Eclampsia And Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: A Case-Control Study In The Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:390.
[2]. Bera S, Adak RS, Gupta S, Roy TG, Taraphdar P, Bal R, Et Al. Study Of Serum Electrolytes In Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. J Indian Med Assoc. 2011;109(8):546-8.
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Abstract: Background: A developmental defect that is primarily observed on maxillary lateral incisors, the palatogingival groove (PGG), is frequently linked to localized periodontal destruction due to plaque accumulation and microbial ingress along the groove. Case series: This case series highlights three different types of palatogingival grooves and its diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of palatogingival groove, the associated periodontal lesions using a combination of endodontic, periodontal, and surgical regenerative approaches.......

Keywords: Palatogingival groove, periodontal pocket, odontoplasty, bone graft, regenerative therapy.

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Abstract: Background: Chronic non-healing ulcers of the lower extremity are a major clinical and socioeconomic burden. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), rich in growth factors, is emerging as a cost-effective therapeutic option for wound healing. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of autologous injectable PRP in healing chronic non-healing lower limb ulcers by assessing changes in ulcer area and volume over 12 weeks. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at General surgery department, Basaveshwara medical college and hospital Chitradurga, on 68 patients with chronic non-healing lower limb ulcers (>3 months duration) with biphasic arterial flow on Doppler and negative wound culture. Autologous PRP prepared by centrifugation was injected into the ulcer base at weekly intervals.......

Keywords: Platelet-rich plasma, Chronic ulcer, Wound healing, Granulation tissue, PRP therapy.

[1]. Sebastian KMS, Lobato 1, Hernandez I, Et Al. Efficacy And Safety Of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma For The Treatment Of Vascular Ulcers In Primary Care: Phase III Study. BMC Fam Pract. 2014:15:211.
[2]. Greer N, Foman N, Dorrian J, Et Al. Advanced Wound Care Therapies For Nonhealing Diabetic, Venous, And Arterial Ulcers: A Systematic Review. 2012. VAESP Project #09-009.
[3]. Martinez-Zapata Mi, Marti-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Et Al. Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma For Treating Chronic Wounds, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;Issue 10:Art. No.: CD006899. Doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006899.Pub2.
[4]. Frykberg RG, Banks J. Challenges In The Treatment Of Chronic Wounds, Adv Wound Care. 2015;4(9):560-82
[5]. Rayner R, Carville K, Keaton J, Et Al. Leg Ulcers: Atypical Presentations And Associated Co-Morbidities. Wound Pract Res. 2009;17(4):168-85.

Abstract: Background: Dengue is a commonplace pediatric infection in the tropics especially during the monsoon season. Though it has a characteristic presentation of febrile illness with maculopapular rash, one must also remember other diseases with a similar presentation which may require a completely different route of management. Dengue and scrub typhus are close differentials of each other, with the matter frequently complicated by cross-reactivity on diagnostic tests and co-infection........

Keywords: Dengue; Scrub Typhus; Cross- reactivity; Eschar; Thrombocytopenia.

[1]. Muller DA, Depelsenaire AC, Young PR. Clinical And Laboratory Diagnosis Of Dengue Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2017. Mar;215(Suppl_2):S89-S95. 10.1093/Infdis/Jiw649
[2]. Venkatesh C, Arulraj R, Soundararajan P, Srinivasan S. Scrub Typhus In A Child: Looking Behind The Ear And Beyond. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2014;80:165-166
[3]. Chandra A, Hati A, Ray AK, Chakraborty U, Karmakar PS, Dasgupta S. Dengue And Scrub Typhus Coinfection: A Diagnostic Dilemma. Oman Med J. 2023 May 31;38(3):E513. Doi: 10.5001/Omj.2023.28. PMID: 37325262; PMCID: PMC10261873.
[4]. Basheer A, Iqbal N, Mookkappan S, Anitha P, Nair S, Kanungo R, Et Al. Clinical And Laboratory Characteristics Of Dengue-Orientia Tsutsugamushi Co-Infection From A Tertiary Care Center In South India. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2016. Jun;8(1):E2016028. 10.4084/Mjhid.2016.028
[5]. Raina S, Raina RK, Agarwala N, Raina SK, Sharma R. Coinfections As An Aetiology Of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness Among Adult Patients In The Sub-Himalayan Region Of North India. J Vector Borne Dis 2018;55(2):130-136. 10.4103/0972-9062.242560

Abstract: Statement of problem. Multiple etiological factors contribute to chronic myofascial pain dysfunction, yet most associated factor is occlusal instability or non-equilibrium causing facial muscular pain. Although various treatment modalities have been in practice, one of the promising methods, to treat such patients is immediate complete anterior guidance development (ICAGD) which focuses on disclusion time reduction (DTR) of posterior teeth, relieving the patients of painful symptoms........

[1]. Thumati P, Manwani R, Mahantshetty M. The Effect Of Reduced Disclusion Time In The Treatment Of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome Using Immediate Complete Anterior Guidance Development Protocol Monitored By Digital Analysis Of Occlusion. Cranio - Journal Of Craniomandibular Practice 2014; 32:289–99.
[2]. Annaswamy TM, De Luigi AJ, O’Neill BJ, Keole N, Berbrayer D. Emerging Concepts In The Treatment Of Myofascial Pain: A Review Of Medications, Modalities, And Needle-Based Interventions. PM R2011;3:940–61.
[3]. Thumati P., Kerstein R., Pai N., Disclusion Time Reduction Therapy In A Patient Under Depression Due To Occluso-Muscular Chronic Pain: A Case Report, Advanced Dental Technologies & Techniques
[4]. Thumati P, Thumati RP. The Effect Of Disocclusion Time-Reduction Therapy To Treat Chronic Myofascial Pain: A Single Group Interventional Study With 3-Year Follow-Up Of 100 Cases. Journal Of Indian Prosthodontist Society 2016;16:234–41.
[5]. Kerstein R., Radke J., The Effect Of Disclusion Time Reduction On Maximal Clench Muscle Activity Levels, The Journal Of Craniomandibular Practice, 2006;24:156-165.