IOSR-JAVS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-10 ~ OCT-2016

ABSTRACT: Field experiments were carried out at the Resreach farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons. The treatments were three maize varieties and four planting densities and were laid out in a randomized complete block desigen and were replicated three times. Data collected for the two cropping seasons on the growth and yield parameters were pooled and subjected to analysis of variance using a General Linear Model in SAS and Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to separate the treatment means. Results revealed that maize varieties significantly influenced both growth and yield parameters...............

[1]. Akbar, H. P. Shah, A.Z. Khan, H Saeed and M Munir.1996. Biomass, grain yield and harvest Index as criteria for comparing corn types at different nitrogen levels and planting densities. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 12:117-121.
[2]. Aldrich, S.R., Scoh, W.O and Hoeft, R.C. 1986. Modern corn production. Champaign: A and DPublication, 386p.
[3]. Ali, R., S.K Khalil, S.M. Raza and H. Khan. 2003. Effect of herbicides and row spacing on Maize. Pak. J.Weed Science Res. 9 (3-4) 171-178.
[4]. Ayeni, A.O 1987. Maize production in Nigeria. Problems and prospects. J.Fd. Agric 2:123-129Bruns, H.A and H.K Abbas. 2005. Utra-high plant population and nitrogen fertility effects on Corn in the Mississippi valley. Agronomy Journal 99(4) 1136.
[5]. Caroline, M.R and W.A. Russelle. 1987. Response of plant densities and N values for maize Cultivars from different areas of breeding. Crop Science 27:465-470.

ABSTRACT: This research was conducted in the Apple orchard belong to Department of Horticulture / Collage of Agriculture / University of Al-Anbar- Abu Ghraib during 2015 and 2016 seasons in order to investigate the response of four years old Apple trees (CV.Anna) budded on seeding root stock to foliar application with turmeric extract at four levels0 (T0), 1.5 g.L-1(T1.5), 3 g.L-1 (T3) and 4.5 g.L-1(T4.5) and garlic extract at four levels, 0 (GA0), 25ml.L-1 (GA25), 50ml.L-1 (GA50) and 100ml.L-1 (GA100) and their interaction between them in leaves mineral content . Each treatment replicated three times with a factorial experiment using RCBD................

[1] Abd El–Hamied, Sheren A. and Eman. I. El-Amary. 2015. Improving growth and productivity of "Pear" trees using some natural plants extracts under north Sinai conditions. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 8(1):1-9 .
[2] Ahmed, F.F; Mohamed Kh. Kamel and Hamdy I.M. Ibrahim.2014. The synergistic effects of using plant extracts and salicylic acid on yield and fruit quality of Keitte mango trees. Stem Cell, 5(2):30-39.
[3] Al-Hadethi, M.E.A and I.M, Al-Kubaisy. 2015. Response of Peento peach trees to foliar spray with someplant extracts. Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 42(5): 1029-1034.
[4] Alonso, J., 2004. Tratado de Fitofarmocos y Nutraceutices, Barcelona Corpus., p: 395-403.
[5] Armanious, Maher Kh. U. 2014. The synergistic effect of spraying some plant extracts with some macro and micro nutrients of Thompson Seedless grapevines. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 3(10): 1290-1301 .

ABSTRACT: 56days experiment was carried out to study the effect of substituting dietary maize with graded levels of cassava root meal "Garri" in broiler chicken diet. The percentage dietary maize in the diet was gradually substituted with cassava root meal at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% respectively in a Completely Randomized Design. Two hundred and twenty (220) day-old unsexed broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the treatments................

Keywords: maize, cassava root meal, broiler chicken, poultry, nutrition.

[1] Aderemi,F.A. 2003: Effect of enzyme supplemented cassava root siviet in cassava based diet on some visceral organs of pullet chicks. Proc. 8th Annual Conference of the Animal Science Association of Nigeria.April 17-24.pp?
[2] Adekanye, T.O; Ogunjimi, S.I; Ajala, A.O. (21 April, 2013). An assessment of cassava processing plants in Irepodun Local Government Areas, Kwara State, Nigeria.Wolrd Journal of Agricultural Research 1(1) 14-17. Retrieved 22 September, 2013.
[3] Adeyemo,I.A. and Sanni, A. 2013. Hematological parameters and serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler chickens fed aspergillusnigerhydrolysed cassava peel meal-Based diet. IJRRAS 15(3):410-415.
[4] Akinmutimi.A.H 2004.Evaluation of sword bean(canavaliagladiata) as an alternative feed resource for broiler chickens.Ph.D. dissertation, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike; Abia State. Nigeria.
[5] Dacie,J.N and Lewis. S.M.1984: PracticalHematology.8th Edition.Edinburgh;Churchill Livingstone.Pg1-6.

ABSTRACT: Twenty lactating West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes, in a completely randomized experiment comprising four ewes per treatment, were used in a five-treatment feeding trial to study the influence of white rot fungi degraded cassava peels on milk yield and composition. Diet T1 contained 32 % undegraded cassava peels (UDCP) and served as the control, while diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained 8%, 16%, 24% and 32% degraded cassava peels (with Pleutrus tuber-regium) (BDCP) respectively. Five hundred grammes (500 g) of given experimental diets were fed to each ewe in designated animal groups daily from 8:00 – 12:00 h and thereafter allowed access to paddocks of natural pasture predominantly of Andropogon tectorum...............

Keywords: Biodegraded, cassava peels, milk yield and composition.

Aduku, A.O. (1993). Tropical Feedstuff Analysis Table. Compiled by Aduku, A.O., Department of Aminal Science Ahamdu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. p 1.
[2] Akinfala, E.O. and Tewe, O.O. (2002). Evaluation of energy and protein value of whole Cassava plant meals in growing pig diets in the tropics. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 50: 228-234.
[3] AOAC (Association of official Analytical chemist) (1980). Official methods of analysis. 13th edition. AOAC, Washington, Dc, US. 148pp.
[4] Arigbede, O.M., Bolaji, O.J., Sanusi, I.M., Olanite, J.A. and Jalaosho, A.O. (2010). Nutrient and performance of West African dwarf sheep fed graded level of wild yam (Anchomanes difformis) and Pennisetum purpureum. In: Babayemi,O.J., Abu, O.A. and Ewuola, E.O. (eds). Proceedings of 35th Conference of Nigerian Society of Animal Production, 14-17 March, 2010, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp 485-488.

ABSTRACT: To achieve estrous synchronization in 28 mature dromedary she-camels, four groups (7 in each), included animals i.m. injected with 250 μg GnRH analogue on day 0 and 5 ml PGF2α on day 10 (G1); CIDR for 10 days and 1000 IU eCG on day 8 (G2); 1000 IU eCG on day 0 and 5 ml PGF2α on day 10 (G3); control (G4). At the end of treatment, animals in heat were naturally mated. Results showed that follicular diameter (FD) decreased in G2 pre-treatment, increased in G2 and G3 and decreased in G1 at mating compared with G4 (P<0.05)................

Keywords: Camel, estrous synchronization, GnRH, CIDR, eCG, progesterone, estrogen, pregnancy rate.

[1] Agarwal, R., West, C., Conway, G.S., Page, M.L. and Jacobs, H.S. (1997). Pregnancy after treatment with three recombinant gonadotrophins. Lancet, 349, 29–30.

[2] Agarwal, S.P., Khanna, N.D., Agarwal, V.K. and Dwaraknath, P.D. (1987). Circulating level of oestrogen and progesterone in female camels (Camelus dromedarius) during pregnancy. Theriogenology, 28, 849-859.
[3] Agarwal, S.P.; Rai, A.K. and Khanna, N.D. (1993). Effect of low dose of FSH administration on ovarian activity during non-breeding season in the camels. Indian J. Anim. Sci., Vol. 63:387-390.
[4] Al-Sobayil, K.A. (2003). Hormonal treatments for inducing fertile estrus in young dromedary females at the end of their seasonal anestrus in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. J. Camel Practice and Research, (December 2003): 179-181.
[5] Al-Sobayil, K.A. (2008). The use of estrus synchronization and timed artificial insemination in dromedary she-camels in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Qassim University, Vol. 1, No. 1: 3-9.

ABSTRACT: Hard or impermeable seed coat is a mechanism that insures the survival of Senna obtusifolia. Senna obtusifolia is traditionally and economically important plant. Information on ways to break seed dormancy would be useful for uniform germination and post emergence management of the plant. In July 2016, a green house trial was conducted at Department of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi to determine the effects of hot water ((1000C) at different length of time that would break the seed dormancy of Senna obtusifolia...............

Keywords: Dormancy, germination, green house, hot water senna obtusifolia seeds, time

[1] Gopal , C.D.E (1990). Fundamentals of Agronomy. Institute of Agriculture: Visva-Bharati, India. Oxford and IBH Pub. Company. PVT, Ltd. New Denhi. Journal Papers
[2] Ameer J.B.M, Vijayakumar, A, and Sejvaraju, P. (2013). Standardization of Seed Dormancy breaking treatment in Senna (Cassia auriculata). Journal of plant breeding and crop science. Vol. 5(11) pp.220-223 www. Academicjournals.org/JPBCS
[3] Osman K, Sadik, C, and Veli O (2004). Influence of seed coat treatment on germination and early seedling growth of Lupinus varius L. Pak. J.Bot. 36(1):65-74.
[4] Senna Herbal- Encyclopedia.File:///.C:/users/USERdocument/sennacultivation4.html.
[5] Irwin, H.S and Barneby R.C (1982). The American Cassiinae. Memoirs of the New York. Botanical Garden. 25: 1-918

ABSTRACT: Climate change has emerged as an important factor in agricultural production globally. Advanced countries are better placed to address the challenges posed by this phenomenon. Developing countries must also develop the capacity to tackle this problem in order to ensure sustainable agriculture. A foundational requirement is to access the knowledge, attitude and practice of local farmers in order to design a robust response to support their activities. The study was aimed at assessing the farmers' level of awareness of climate change and the strategies they adopt in response to it. The results show a high level of awareness of climate change, and that farmers employ various commonsense strategies to mitigate its effects.

Keywords: Climate change, Rice farmers, Adaptation, Mitigation, Awareness.

[1] AcquahHDG, (2011) Public Awareness and Quality ofKnowledge Regarding Climate Change in Ghana: A Logistic Regression Approach. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. Vol. 13, (3) pp. 146-157,
[2] African Technology Policy Studies Network, ATPS 2013: Farmers‟ Response and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Mafeteng District, Lesotho [Tsepo Stephen Tiisetso Sekaleli, Karabo Sebusi], ATPS WORKING PAPER No. 74
[3] Baksh D, 2003. The right way to process rice, Journal African Farm, 26

ABSTRACT: Since the milk is the main food source of healthy nutrition and every kinds of development of individuals from the early ages onward, today it is consumed by millions of people and corollary to this sector of dairy products has an important place in the world economy. The recent developing technologic and economic transformations caused to the development of sector and thus to the increase of competition. In order to follow the changes and hold the competitive power, sector firms whose capital costs are increasing have to produce their products in high quality and low costs...............

Keywords: Fodder Costs, Milk Production, Milk Prices, Artificial Refraction

[1] Bars T., Akbay C., Kahramanmaraş İlinde Süt ve Süt Ürünleri İşleyen Mandıra İşletmelerinin Yapısal Analizi, Kahramanmaraş Sütcü İmam University, 16 (2), pp.9-20
[2] Boran, Ş., Süt Ve Süt Ürünleri Sektörüne Genel Bakış, İzmir Ticaret Odası Ar&Ge Bülteni, June.2010 [3] Delgado C. L., "Rising Consumption of Meat and Milk in Developing Countries Has Created a New Food Revolution", The American Society for Nutritional Sciences , November 1, vol. 133 no. 11 3907S-3910S , 2003
[4] Dhamala M, Rangarajan G, Ding MZ. 2008 Estimating Granger causality from Fourier and wavelet transforms of time series data. Physical Review Letters, 100, 018701. 2008
[5] ESK, 2014 Meat And Dairy Authority Sectoral Assessment Report 2014 http://tarim.kalkinma.gov.tr/wp-

ABSTRACT: The limited knowledge about the Clydesdale horse biology interferes with their feeding management, since nutritional requirements for these horses are used by analogy with other cold bloods breeds, like Breton horses. Likewise, from the clinical standpoint, there is little informations about diseases specific to this breed. Therefore, this study aims to establish normal serum calcium and phosphorus levels, as well as to describe preliminary hematologic patterns for Clydesdale horses in soil, pasture, management and climate conditions..............

Keywords: Clydesdale horses,hematology, blood, metabolism, Ca-P

[1]. G. H. Waring. Horse behavior. 2 (New York: Noyes Publications, 2003). 426.
[2]. J.F.Vieira. Equídeos. (Joinvile-SC: Clube de Autores, 2008). 33-36.
[3]. C. Silver.Tudo sobre cavalos: um guia mundial de 200 raças. 3 (São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2000).11-12, 222-223.
[4]. B.L. Hendricks. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. (Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007). 132-134.
[5]. Clydesdale Horse Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Clydesdale Stud Book, Vol. 1-30 (California-USA: Clydesdale Horse Society of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland., 1908, 2009).

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted for a period of 5 years at various cattle development centres in Maharashtra to evaluate the effects of genetic and environmental factors on conception rate with 28274 cows of five breeds. The experimental animals were within zero to 4th parity and they were inseminated artificially through using the semen from different sires. The overall feeding and management of the animals was almost similarly kept by the farmers. From this study, it was observed that conception rate of the cows was significantly affected by cattle breed, sire breed, heat stage, AI number, lactation number while there was no significant difference due to body condition of animal..............

Keywords: Cow; Conception rate; Artificial Insemination

[1]. Alam, M.G.S. and A. Ghosh, 1988. Reproductive performance in cows: its relation to parity and season. Bangladesh Vet. J., 22: 51–61
[2]. Ball, L., 1980. Pregnancy diagnosis in cows. In: Morrow, D.A. (ed.). Current therapy in Theriogenology, 1st Ed., pp: 229–35. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, Toronto
[3]. Gwazdauskas, F.C., C.J. Wilcox and W.W. Thatcher, 1975. Environmental and managemental factors affecting conception rate in a subtropical climate. J. Dairy Sci., 58: 88–92
[4]. Marongiu, M.L., G. Molle, L. SanJuan, G. Bomboi, C. Ligios, A. Sanna, S. Casu and M.G. Diskin, 2002. Effects of feeding level before and after calving, and restricted suckling frequency on postpartum reproductive and productive performance of Sarda and Charolais × Sarda beef cows. Livestock Production Sci., 77: 2-3, 339–48
[5]. Morrow, D.A., 1980. Analysis of Record for Reproductive Herd Health Programs. In: Morrow, D.A. (ed.), Current Therapy in Theriogenology, 1st Ed., pp: 559–62. W.B. Saunders Co.,Philadelphia, London, Toronto

ABSTRACT: Synthetic Pyrethroids are synthetic analogs of naturally occurring pyrethrins, found in extract from Chrysanthemum flowers. They were launched as a replacement of highly toxic class of pesticides like DDT and Organophosphates in 1980s. Major success of pyrethroids lies in the low toxicity of them towards mammals as well as humans and due to which they have wide range of applications right from agricultural fields, as household pesticides to veterinary applications..............

Keywords: Pyrethroids, toxicity, synergists, metabolism, cyhalothrin

[1]. Dr. Bhupinder Khambay, Pyrethroids Insecticides, Pesticide Outlook, 13, 2002 49-54
[2]. F. Antwi, V. P. Reddy, Toxicology effects of pyrethroids on non-target aquatic insects, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, September 2015
[3]. Hideo Kaneko, Pyrethroids: Mammalian Metabolism and Toxicity, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 2786–2791

[4]. The Pesticides Manual, Twelfth edition

[5]. A.J. Thatheyus, A.Deborah Gnana Selvam, Synthetic Pyrethroids: Toxicity and Biodegradation Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2013, Vol. 1, No. 3, 33-36

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding some herbs on blood proteins and lipids. Sweet rush, Parsley, carrot leaves and onion were incorporated in four diets as 2% of the basal diet which were used together with a control diet (basal diet) and a diet contained antibiotic doxystin) as experimental diets. Two hundred and forty one day old (cobb) broilers were used in 6×4 design. Total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein HDL, low density lipoprotein LDL, and triglyceride were measured. Results revealed that the total protein level was high (p<0.05) in the diets contained carrot leaves, Parsley (bagdonis) and those fed onion supplemented diet. Treatments significantly (P≤ 0.05) affect blood albumen the highest value for blood albumen was recorded in onion treatment whereas the lowest value was recorded in sweet rush. Globulin was not affected by different treatments............

Keywords: Blood herbs, protein, cholesterol, triglyceride.

[1]. T Finkel and J Halbrook, Oxidant, oxidative stress and the biology of aging. Nature, 2000,408(9): 239-247.
[2]. J Hazim al-daraji, H A Al-Mashdani, A S Al-Hassani, H A Mirza, W K Al-Hayani, The Influence of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)as feed Additive on Hematological Traits of local Iraqi Geese, advance in Nutrition research, Adv Nutr Res, 1(1) 2012, 1-5.
[3]. M Lopez G, I R Sanchez-Medoza and N Ochoa- Alejo, . Compartive studies of volatile components and fatty acid of plants and in vitro cultures of parsley (Petroselinium crispum) (mill) nym ex hill) Journal of Food protection, 47, 1999, 3292-3296.
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ABSTRACT: Aims: This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of Camel and Sheep urine to Staph aureus (S.aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli). Salmonella SP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ps. Aeruginosa) and Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae). Study Design: a total of 100 samples of urine (60 from Camels and 40 from Sheep) collected fromdifferent localities in Sudan including:Tampool, Elobied and Batana slaughter houses were tested for antimicrobial activity to some bacterial isolates..............

[1]. Majid A A. The one-humped Camel (Camelus dromedaries). And human health.The 2nd annual conference the faculty of Grduate Studies. University of Khartoum, Friend Ship Hall, Khartoum., 2011.
[2]. Muna E. Ahmed, Abdalla E. Ahmed andHadya E. Ahmed. Bacteria Associated with Healthy Sudanese Camels' Urine and Drugs Susceptibility of Some Bacteria of Human Origin to Camel Urine. Sudan J. Vet. Res. (2008), 23: 79-82.
[3]. Anwar EL-Shahawy, Nagwa M E, Wadidah S B, Faten K and Neveen S G. Spectral Analysis, Molecular Orbital Calculations and Antimicrobial Activity of PMF-G Fraction extracted from PM-701 1 Biochemistry www.ijpbs.net.. 2010; V1 (2)
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[5]. O'haj HM. Camel urine as medicament in Sudan. B.Sc Dissertation) University of Gezira Sudan., 1993

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to determine the hosts and density of mistletoe species which cause problems on the forest and fruit trees in the subregions of Kahramanmaras. According to these surveys, the ratio of existence of Arceuthobium oxycedri on the host were determined as high dense and it was 16.990 number/host for Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus, 15.331 for Juniperus excelsa and 14.388 for Juniperus drupacea. Also Loranthus europaeus was found dense 3.327 on Quercus cerris and 2.741 on Q. infectoria. Another semi-parasite plant, Viscum album subsp. abietis was determined as dense 9.922 number/host on Abies cilicica subsp cilicica, while it was mid dense 0.449 on Cedrus libanii. Besdies, V. album subsp. austriacum was found as high dense 14.535 on Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana. Whereas, Viscum album ssp.album was not found on any host in Kahramanmaras.

Keywords: Arceuthobium, Loranthus, Viscum, host, pine trees and density

[1] Anonymous 2013. The forested areas of Kahramanmaras. Republic of Turkey, General directorate of forestry, Kahramanmaras Regional directorate of forestry, Statistics branch, Kahramanmaras.
[2] Ball PW 1993. Viscum L. In flora Europaea. p. 86. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
[3] Bondev IA and Lyubenova MI 1984. Materials and critical notes on the Bulgarian flora. Fitologija, 24:64-67(In Russian).
[4] Ciesla WM, Geils BW and Adams RP 2004. Hosts and geographic distribution of Arceuthobium oxycedri. United States Department of agriculture forest service, US.
[5] Davis PH, Edmondson JR, Mill RR and Tan K 1982. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands. University of Edinburg. Department of Botany, 7: 547-548.

ABSTRACT: Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an important vegetable crop of several countries in the tropics. Bitter gourd has recently received growing attention due to its anti-diabetic compound in its immature fruits. This study was conducted to analyze the morphological, charantin as anti-diabetic compound and Vitamin C contents in bitter gourd fruits. Eight accessions of Bitter gourd germplasm -2 from Indonesia and 6 from India- were grown and fruits were collected for further charantin and Vitamin C isolation and analysis. The charantin and Vitamin C content of bitter gourd fruits were investigated in 5,10,15, 20 days after fruit setting among 8 accessions of bitter gourd by HPLC. Result of the study shows that the content of charantin and Vitamin C in fruit was higher than leaf. The high level of vitamin C was found at D10 (2343.869mg/100g DW). Three accessions, KSI 2, KSI 7, KSI 8 showed highest charantin contents as 0.73 (D10), 0.98(D15), 0.77(D5)mg/100g.

Keywords - Bitter gourd, Charantin, Vitamin C, healthy vegetables

[1] L. Taylor, Technical Data Report for Bitter melon (Momordica charantia), Herbal Secrets of the Rainforest, (Sage Press Inc. 2002).
[2] K.E. Yuwai, K.S, Rao, C. Kaluwin, G.P. Jones, and D.E. Rivett, Chemical composition of Momordica charantia L. fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39(10), 1991, 1762-1763.
[3] M.B. Krawinkel and G.B. Keding Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia): a dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutr.Rev. 64, 2006, 331-337.
[4] J. Pitiphanpong, S. Chitprasert, M. Goto, W. Jiratchariyakul, M. Sasaki and A. Shotipruk, New approach for extraction of charantin from Momordica charantia with pressurized liquid extraction. Separation and Purification Technology. 52, 2007, 416-422.
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ABSTRACT: Before the discovery of oil, agriculture was the main stay of Nigeria economy it was a major component of the gross domestic product (GDP) contributing asmust as 75% to the country economy. The following cash crops: cocoa, oil palm, groundnuts, timber, rubber as well as staple food crops like rice, maize, millet, beans among others are agricultural products in Nigeria then. With discovery of oil in late fifties, agricultural sector was neglected and the country moved from self-sufficient to one of heavily dependence on importation of food crops such as rice, wheat, rice etc. to feed her populace. Cocoa farmers in Ilesha constitute the sampling frame for the study. A two-stage random sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents for the study.

Keywords: cocoa, productivity, profitability, farming experience, foreign exchange

[1] Akinyemiju, O.A. (1995) "Weed management in cocoa farm" in cocoa revolution in Nigeria ed. by Adegeye A.J. and W.O.Ajayi, adaptive research, group, Ibadan, Nigerian pp. 127-128.
[2] Folayan J. A;Daramola G. A. and A. E.Oguntade(2006) Structure and Performance Evaluation of Cocoa Marketing Institutions in South-Western Nigeria: An Economic Analysis. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 2006; 4 (2): 123-128.
[3] Komolafe et al, (1980) Agricultural science for West Africa schools and colleges, University press, Britain, chap 2.
[4] Nkang, N. M; S. O. Abang, O. E. Akpan and K. J. Offem (2006): Co-integration and Error Correction Modelling of Agricultural Export Trade in Nigeria: The case of Cocoa.Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences.2(4): 249-255.
[5] Opeke, L. K. (1982) Tropical tree crops spectrum books limited, Ibadan, Nigeria Pp. 74-75.

ABSTRACT: Nutrient pollution is a growing problem for water bodies around the world. Cultural eutrophication associated with nutrient pollution can lead to unhealthy ecosystems with a lack of oxygen and biodiversity. Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients to the Earth's surface and atmosphere have increased greatly during the past two centuries. This nutrient enrichment, or eutrophication, can lead to highly undesirable changes in ecosystem structure and function, however. This study investigated ponds to determine their trophic status, measured by water chemistry and biological indicators and briefly review the process, the impacts, and the potential management of cultural eutrophication in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems.

Keywords: Aquatic Ecosystem, Eutrophication, Nutrient Inputs, Nutrient Pollution, Trophic Status.

[1] B. Oertli, D. Joye., E. Castella, R. Juge, A. Lehmann and J. Lachavanne, PLOCH: a standardized method for sampling and assessing the biodiversity in ponds, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 15, 2005, 665-679.
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[3] D.J. Velinsky, Ecologically Based Small Pond Management, The Limnology of Small Ponds, 2, 2004, 3-67.
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ABSTRACT: Differences in the amount of litter-fall in arboreal species constitute an important factor to understand the nutrient cycle inside a managed forest. The objective was to determine the litter production in Nothofaguspumilio (lenga), N. antarctica (ñire) and N. betuloides (guindo) forests in Tierra del Fuego. Litters was collected during the period of highest fall (February-May), sorting its components into leaves, branches, seeds and miscellaneous (flowers, valves, etc.). Leaves represented the most important component, being significantly higher in lenga (79%) than in guindo (65%) or ñire (54%). Seeds also presented bigger differences, showing a behaviour inversely proportional to that of leaves: ñire (8.7%), guindo (3.0%) and lenga (0.8%). No difference was detected in branches and miscellaneous. The studied forest types showed different strategies of energy distribution, for example, being deciduous or evergreen, or of mass seed production in exceptional years

Keywords: litter production, Nothofaguspumilio, N. antarctica, N. betuloides, Tierra del Fuego.

[1] Barrera M, Frangi J, Richter L, Perdomo M, Pinedo L. 2000. Structural and functional changes in Nothofaguspumilio forests along an altitudinal gradient in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.Journal of VegetationScience 11: 179-188.
[2] Becker J. 1981.Estudio de producción de litter en bosques latifoliados del sur de Chile. Tesis de Grado. Facultad de Ingeniería Forestal. Universidad Austral de Chile. 181 p.
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ABSTRACT: The study analyzed the economics of Jatropha plant production in Guma Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. This is with the view to analyzing cost and return and constraints that influence Jatropha plant production. A purposive sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used to collect data from 100 Jatropha plant farmers using well structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and the gross margin analysis were used as method of data analysis. The socio-economic characteristics of respondents revealed that majority (68%) of the respondents were male, the respondents fall within the age range of 21-40 years and majority (87.6%) were married...............

Keywords: Jatropha plant, production, profitability, family Euphorbiaceous.

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