IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-12 ~ DEC-2015

ABSTRACT: Antibiotic resistant staphylococci are major public health concern since the bacteria can be easily circulated in the environment rather than coagulase negative staphylococcus can be involved in mastitis infection, resulting on reduced production of milk and decreased quality, causing the most important economic losses in the dairy industry. Objective: is studying the effect of some commercially available disinfectants on four species of antibiotic resistant staphylococci (Staphylococcus intermedius,Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus sciuri) isolated from dairy farms in Egypt.

[1]. H. Hussein Abulreesh, Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococci in the Environment, International Conference on Biotechnology and Environment ManagementIPCBEE vol.18 (2011) © (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapoore
[2]. I.P.Dhakal, P.Dhakal, T. Koshihara, Nagahata, , Epidemiological and bacteriological survey of buffalo mastitis in Nepal. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 69,2007,1241–1245.
[3]. L.Oliveira, C. Hulland, and P. L.Ruegg, Characterization of clinical mastitis occurring in cows on 50 large dairy herds in Wisconsin. Journal of Dairy Science. 96,2013,7538–7549.
[4]. PraseedaAjitkumar, W.Herman Barkema, N. Ruth Zadoks, W.Douglas Morck, J.U.M. Frank van der Meer d, Jeroen De Buck, High resolution melt analysis for species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci derived from bovine milk. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease (75),2013, 227-234.
[5]. A.T.Febler, C. Billerbeck, K.Kadlec, S.Schwarz, Identification and characterization of methicillin-resistant coagulase- negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 65,2010,1576–1582
[6]. V.Piessens, E.Van Coillie, B.Verbist, ´ K. Supre, G.Braem, , A.Van Nuffel, L. De Vuyst, M. Heyndrickx, De Vliegher, S, Distribution of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species from milk and environment of dairy cows differs between herds. Journal of Dairy Science. 94,2011,2933–2944.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to investigate the influences of supplementation of dietary inclusion of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) to the normal concentrate feed and to study the production and reproduction performances of pig maintained at institute farm of ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam by supplementing the Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) @ 0.3% in their normal feed. The animals were maintained in the standard management conditions with regard to breeding, feeding, housing and health care. The aim of the study is to find out the survivability, body weight gain, growth rate and age at puberty of Crossbred (Crosses between Hampshire and Ghungroo), Duroc and Hampshire piglets under the hot and humid climatic condition of Assam. The ATN was provided from 17-A, Chinar Drive, DLF Farms, Chattarpur, New Delhi-110074, India. The Least Square analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P<0.01) effect of body weight gain from 16th week to 21st week of the experiment and significant effect from 1st week to 3rd week and then 11th week to 15th week of experiment between ATN treated and control group. The feed conversion ratio and average daily gain also shows the highly significant effect (P< 0.01).

Key words: ATN, Crossbred, Duroc, Growth Performance, Hampshire,Piglets.

[1]. D. Prvulovic, Slavica Kosarcic, M. Popovic and Gordana Grubor-Lajsic (2009) Effects of dietary hydrated aluminosilicates on growth performance and blood parameters of pigs. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, Volume 43, Number 1, 2009.
[2]. Elliot, M.A. & Edwards Jr, H.M., 1991. Some effects of dietary aluminum and silicon in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 70, 1390-1402.
[3]. Harvey, R.B., Kubena, L.F., Elissalde, M.H. & Phillips, T.D. 1993. Efficacy of zeolitic ore compounds on the toxicity of aflatoxin to growing broiler chickens. Avian Dis. 37:67
[4]. Harvey, W.R. 1987. Least squares analysis of data with unequal subclass numbers. ARS H4, USDA, Washington D.C.
[5]. Mumpton, F.A. 1999. La roca magica: uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:3463.
[6]. Öztürk, E., Erenler, G. & Sarıca, M., 1998. Influence of natural zeolite on performance of laying hens and egg quality. Turkish J. Agric. Forestry 22, 623-628.

ABSTRACT: Drip irrigation system is extremely profitable as it saves 40-70 percent water as compared to surface irrigation method i.e. flood, sprinkler, furrow, as the drip method reduces labour cost and protects the plants from diseases by minimizing humidity in atmosphere. Besides, soluble fertilizers can also be applied with irrigation water (Anonymous, 2006). Thus, drip irrigation has become a means of hi-tech Agriculture/ Horticulture and precision farming. The efficiency of water is enhanced by 90 -95 percent under drip irrigation system. Bahuguna (1996) stated that by drip system of irrigation, 95 percent of the irrigation water can be used efficiently and the production may be increased by 30-50 percent. The above facts show the importance of drip irrigation system.

[1]. Joshi, P. J. (2004). Extent of knowledge and adoption of farmers about modern practice of cotton in Bhal area of Gujarat. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis, G.A.U., Anand Campus, Anand.
[2]. Gupta, A. J.; M. F. Ahmad, and F. N. Bhat, (2010). Studies on yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency of capsicum under drip irrigation and fertigation. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 67: 2, 213-218.
[3]. Kumar, D. S. (2012). Adoption of drip irrigation system in India: some experience and evidence. Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India. Bangladesh Development Studies; 2012. 35(1):61-78. 19 ref.
[4]. Krishnamurthy, A.T., V.B.S Kumar and H. K Basavaraju (2008) Adoption level and constraints in adoption of improved practices among vegetable growers of Chikmagalur district, Karnataka. Environment and Ecology; 2008. 26: 2A, 888-891. 7 ref.
[5]. Patel, N. and S. Choudhary (2013) Study on adoption of eco-friendly management practices by vegetable growers in Indore Block of Indore District (M.P.). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2319-2380,p- ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume X, Issue X (Mar. - Apr. 2013).

ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to determine the effect of seasonal changes and oestrous cycle phase on serum progesterone (P4) and thyroxine (T4) profiles in Savanna Brown (SB) goats. Ten (n = 10) cycling SB goats with mean body weight and body mass index of 20.17 ± 0.2 kg and 6.2 ± 0.4, respectively were allotted to 2 groups of 5 animals each per season of study (Hot-rainy, HRS and cold-dry, CDR). Mean oestral serum P4 (ng/mL) concentrations were as follows: HRS: 0.05 ± 0.04 vs CDS: 0.05 ± 0.07; dioestral: HRS: 0.52 ± 0.02 vs CDS 0.62 ± 0.08. Combined mean of oestral and dioestral serum P4 concentrations were, HRS: 0.05± 0.02 vs CDS: 0.57 ± 0.06. Mean oestral serum T4 (ng/mL) concentrations were,HRS: 75.83 ± 4.13 vs CDS: 85.10 ± 3.90; dioestral: HRS: 78.70 ± 2.72 vs CDS: 92.35 ± 4.01 (P ˂ 0.001). Combined mean of oestral and dioestral serum T4 concentrations were, HRS: 77.42 ± 2.35 vs CDS: 89.93 ± 2.90 (P ˂ 0.001). In conclusion, mean serum T4 concentrations were significantly higher during CDS than HRS season cycles. While, peak serum T4 level coincided with peak P4 activity at mid- and late dioestrus/proestrus phases of both HRS and CDS cycles. Keywords: Goats, Oestrous cycle, Progesterone, Season, Thyroxine,

[1]. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics, FAO, 8, 1995.
[2]. E.C.I. Molokwu, and M.O. Igono, Reproductive performance and pattern in the Brown goat of Nigerian Savanna zone, Proc. 4th World Conf. of Animal Production, Argentina, 1978, 578 - 590.
[3]. R.T. Wilson, Small ruminant production and small ruminant genetic resource in tropical Africa. FAO Animal Production and Health paper, 88,1999, Rome, 626.
[4]. E.C.I. Molokwu, and M.O. Igono, Reproductive cycle of the Nigerian Savanna Brown goat, Proc. III International Conf. on Goat Production and Diseases. Tucson, Arizona, United States of America, 1982, 312.
[5]. R.T. Wilson, Reproductive performance of African indigenous small ruminants under various management systems: A Review. Animal Reproduction Science, 20(4), 1989, 265–286.
[6]. N. Pathiraja, E.O. Oyedipe, E.O. Gyang, and A. Obasi, Plasma progesterone levels during oestrous cycle and their relationship with the ovulation rate in Red Sokoto goats. British Veterinary Journal, 147(1), 1991, 57–62.

ABSTRACT: Fascioliasis is a zoonotic trematodiasis of great public health importance affecting ruminant animals and man. The prevalence of bovine fascioliasis in Nigeria is high and affects the productivity of farmers. Fascioliasis is mainly detected in abattoirs during post mortem inspection as it affects the livers of these animals leading to partial or total condemnation of the liver. Since most cattle slaughtered in Nigeria originates from the northern parts of the country, the herds' men that rear these animals should be properly educated on the public health and economic significance of fascioliasis. The meat inspectors should be made to follow strict procedures while inspecting at the abattoir so that contaminated meat will not be passed for human consumption. Public awareness campaigns should be organized to educate the farm/livestock owners, butchers, other animal handlers and consumers about the implications of fascioliasis. All level of governance should also help in the prevention and control of fascioliasis in Nigeria. Keywords: Bovine, Fascioliasis, Abattoir, Economic importance, Nigeria

[1]. Odigie BE and J.O. Odigie 2013. Fascioliasis in Cattle: A Survey of Abattoirs in Egor, Ikpoba- Okha and Oredo Local Government Areas of Edo State, Using Histochemical Techniques. International Journal of Basic, Applied and Innovative Research. 2:1
[2]. Alves D.P., M.B. Carneiro , I.V.F Martins, C.C. Bernardo, D.M. Donatele, O.S. Pereira Júnior, B.R. Almeida, B.R. Avelar and A.G.C Leão. 2011. Distribution and factors associated with Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle in the south of Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases. 17(3): 271-276.
[3]. Keyyu JD, J. Monrad, N.C. Kyvsgaard and A.A. Kassuku (2005). Epidemiology of Fasciola gigantica and Amphistomes in cattle on traditional, small-scale dairy and large scale dairy farms in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Trop An Health Prod; 37, 303-314.
[4]. Costa NC, I.C. Silva Santos and G.A. Botelho (1987). Myocastor coypus MOLINA, 1782 (Rodentia, Echymidae) naturalmente infectado com fasciola hepática (Linnaeus, 1758) (Trematoda, Fasciolidae). Hora Vet. 6(36):24-6.
[5]. Alcaíno, H., 1990. Epidemiology of fascioliasis in Chile.In: R.Ehrlich, A. Nieto and L. Yarzabál. Basic Research in Helminthiasis. Ediciones Logos, Montevideo, Uruguay, pp: 11-30.

ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to observe the influence of mash and crumbles on the performance of broilers at Poultry Production and Research Hyderabad, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Government of Sindh. A total of 90 day-old broiler chicks were purchased from Hyderabad market and randomly divided into group A and B, each group was further subdivided three times and 15 chicks/replicate were reread. The chicks under group A and B given mash and crumbles feed respectively up to 42 days. The broilers provided crumble feeding consumed more (P<0.05) feed than that of mash provided. The overall feed intake of broilers fed crumble was higher (3964.3±0.72g/bird) than the broilers with mash feeding (3800.00±1.77g/bird). The body weight of broilers with crumble feeding was observed higher from 2nd to 6th week than that of broilers with mash feeding.

[1]. R. Haq. Haq's Musings: Pakistan among top meat consuming nations. 2012.
[2]. S. Jafarnejad, M. Farkhoy, M. Sadegh, and A. R. Bahonar. Effect of crumble-pellet and mash diets with different levels of dietary protein and energy on the performance of broilers at the end of the third week. Veterinary Medicine International, 2010, 2010, 1-5.
[3]. P. K. Lal and N. S. B. M. Atapattu. Effects of dietary physical form on performance and water intake of broiler chicken. Proceedings of the Fourth Academic Sessions, 2007: Pp: 206-210.
[4]. K. C. Behnke and R. S. Beyer. Effect of feed processing on broiler performance. PhD Dissertation, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA, 2004.
[5]. M. Chehraghi, A. Zakeri and M. Taghinejad-Roudbaneh. Effects of different feed forms on performance in broiler chickens. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 23(4), 2013, 66-70.
[6]. M. S. Jahan, M. Asaduzzaman and A. K. Sarkar. Performance of broiler fed on mash, pellet and crumble. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5 (3), 2006, 265-270.
[7]. A. M. Z. Ghazi, G. A. Al-Maktari and M. M. Amer. A comparative effect of mash and pellet feed on broiler performance and ascites at high altitude (Field Study). Global Veterinary, 9 (2), 2012, 154-159.

ABSTRACT: Foot and mouth disease virus is a highly contagious disease affecting wide range of animals characterized by high morbidity and low mortality. This virus has 7 serotypes, A, O, C, Asian, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3. During 2012, Egypt was attacked by an outbreak of SAT2 serotype infection which implements more difficulties to control and overcome the FMD virus infection. Due to the dynamic status of the FMD virus and its reaction to the surrounding environment and the open accessibility of huge number of nucleotide sequences in FMD virus serotypes, the investigation of these serotypes based on the molecular characterizations that give more clear picture on the different alleles of SAT2 serotype circulating in certain geographical areas. The Nile basin countries are so closely related to each other due to sharing the same river and many economic ties. This study was concerned with mining and retrieving the different alleles of VP1 gene (SAT2-FMDV) from GeneBank by their accession numbers belonging to the Nile basin countries, 135 sequences was retrieved, aligned and analyzed using different bioinformatic tools. The results showed high degree of diversity between the different alleles of VP1 gene (SAT2-FMD virus).

Key words: SAT2 serotype, FMDV, Phylogenetic analysis, molecular epidemiology.

[1]. Abed El-Rahman AO, Farag MA, Samira E-K, Eman MA, Abo El- yazed M, Zeidan S. Isolation and identification of foot and mouth disease virus during an outbreak of 2006 in Egypt. Kafr El-Sheikh Vet. Med. J. 2006; 4:451-64.
[2]. El-Kholy AA, Soliman HMT, Helmy NA, Abdel Rahman AO. Genetic identification of the foot-and mouth disease virus caused 2006 outbreak in Egypt. Arab J. Biotech. 2007; 10:193-206.
[3]. El-Shehawy L, Azab AMH, Mossad W, El-Sayed E, Ismail A, Deghady W. Real time RT-PCR assay for detection of different serotypes of FMDV in Egypt. Vet. World. 2012; 5:732-37.
[4]. Biswal JK, Jena S, Mohapatra JK, Bisht P, Pattnaik B (2014). Detection antibodies specific for food and mouth disease virus infection using indirect ELISA based on recombinant nonstructural protein 2B. Archives of Virology, 159:1641-50.
[5]. FAO (2012). Foot-and-mouth disease caused by serotype SAT2 in Egypt and Libya: A Regional concern for animal health in North Africa and the Middle East. EMPRES WATCH 25.

ABSTRACT: The zoonotic, parasitic diarrhoea disease Cryptosporidiosis, is a major constraint to livestock production throughout the tropics and beyond. However, the risk factors in ruminant species have not been sufficiently established in Northern Nigeria. Methods/ procedure: A cross sectional study on the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and the factors influencing its distribution in ruminant species was carried out in two communities in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Faecal specimens were examined for Cryptosporidium by formal-ether concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique.

[1] Paul. S., Sharma, D.K., Boral, R., Mishra, A.K., Shivsharanappa, N., Banerjee, P.S. and Pawaiya, R.V.S. (2014). Cryptosporidiosis in goats; a review.Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (3S): 49 – 54.

[2] Ayinmode, F.B. and Fagbemi, B.O. (2011). Cross-reactivity of some Cryptosporidium species with Cryptosporidium parvumcoproantigenincommercial ELISA kit. Nigerian Veterinary Journal 32(1): 1-4

[3] Akinkuotu, O. A. & B. O. Fagbemi, (2014). Occurrence of Cryptosporidium species coproantigens on a University teaching farm in Nigeria.Sokoto journal of Veterinary Sciences 12(2):41-46

[4] Potter, L. and Esbroeck, V.M. , (2010). Negative staining technique of Heine for the detection of Cryptosporidiumspp: a fast and simple screening technique. The open Parasitology Journal, 4: 1-4.

[5] Nasir, A., Avais, M., Khan, M. S., and Ahmad, N., ( 2009). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvuminfection in Lahore (Pakistan) and its association with diarrhea in dairy calves. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 11: 221-224.

[6] Prakash, S., Prabu, K., and Palanivel, K. M. , (2009). Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves in Chennai.Tamilnadu J. Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 5(2): 41-46.

ABSTRACT: This research work was designed to assess the profitability of fish farming in Warri South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. A purposively sampling technique was used to select fifty (50) fish farmers from the study area. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics- frequency , percentages, while budgetary and gross margin was used to determine Farm Net Income (FNI). The study indicates that variable cost accounted for (72.95%) of the total cost while fixed cost of production accounted for 27.05%.The result shows that a total cost (TC) of N592,316 was incurred by a respondent per farming season while total revenue (TR) of N976, 622 was realized with a returning gross margin (GM) of N544, 528 and a net farm income (NFl) of N 384, 306 per farmer per annum, thus indicating that fish farming is profitable in the study area.

[1] T,T Awoyemi,and A.J.Ajiboye. Analysis of profitability of fish farming among women in Ogun state Nigeria Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development , 2(4), 2011, 2222-2855.

[2] F Greenfacts, F, World Fisheries Production, 2004, http//www.green facts.org/fisheries/04/04- utilization.

[3] New Partnership for African Development, (NEPAD) 2005. Action plan for the development of African fisheries and aquaculture. Report of NEPAD Fish For All Summit, Abuja. 23.

[4] FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. The State of Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO, Rome, Italy.2006

[5] G. Mutume, Africa Seeks to Safeguard its Fisheries Africa Recovery, 16 (1),2002. 12.

[6] Eyo, A.A. Fundamental of fish nutrient and diet development – An overview In: A.A. Eyo (Ed). National workshop on fish feed development and feeding practises in aquaculture organized by Fisheries Society of Nigeria, New Bussa, Niger State .2-6, 2003.

[7] APA Minister puts Nigeria's fish imports at 1.9m tonnes annually,2015

ABSTRACT: Steam distillation method of essential oils has been developed via design of apparatus consists of a long cylinder, it makes steam pass into it and reduces of steam velocity and temperature to less than 85 oC.The cylinder has a reciprocating net made of stainless steel which fixed on the shaft put into the cylinder. The aim of the shaft is to control on the quantity of plants and the distance from steam entrance port. The developed steam extractor compared with traditional steam extractor. An extraction temperature, oil yield (%), oil density (gm/cm3), oil viscosity (pa.sec.),

[1]. Abo zaid, A. N. (1992). Aromatic plants and their products agricultural and medicine. 2ed. Aldar alarbia press. Egypt.
[2]. Al-Behadli, T. K. (2014). Design of solar essential oil extractor and study it's efficiency. PhD thesis, Agric. College, Basrah Univ. Basrah, Iraq. 167 p.
[3]. Alhakeem SH, Hassan AM (1985). Food Processing.(first edition) Baghdad university Press. 498p.
[4]. Al-Hilphy,A. R. S. (2015).Development of Steam Distillation Method. In press.
[5]. Al-Hilphy, A. R. S. (2014). A practical study for new design of essential oils extraction apparatus using ohmic heating. Accepted for publication in International J. Agricaltural science.
[6]. Al-Tememi, A. A. (2009). Extraction and identification of essential oils from some plants and use in food systems and study their microbial inhibition. Thesis, Food Science, Basrah University. p. 100.

ABSTRACT:Fungal and Virus disease organisms affecting newly bred hybrid sweetpotato genotypes have sources of infection either from previous or nearby older crops of sweetpotato. However, other diseased sweetpotato plants are usually the main source of infection for newly planted sweetpotato crop as there is generally a large amount of inoculum on old and or previous crops and the population of disease organisms coming from other sweetpotato crops are usually better adapted to infect newly bred hybrid sweetpotato genotypes than disease organism coming from other sources. Diseased sweetpotato genotypes caused by fungi produced symptoms such as leaf spot, damping off, root rot and wilting when the soil is moist, while the viral disease cause severe stunting of the plant and small malformed leaves such as leaf curling, dwarfing, leaf mottling and yellowing of veins sometimes with either a chlorotic mottle or vein clearing.

[1]. Agrios, G. N.(2005) Plant pathology 5th ed. Elsevier Academic Press 30 Corporate Drive, Suite400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald's Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK.
[2]. Ahmad M. H., Morrison E. Y., Asemota H. N. (2006). "Food processing methods influence the glycermic indices of some commonly eaten West Indian carbohydrate-rich foods". Br. J. Nutr. 96(3):476
[3]. Ames T (ed.) (2002) Food and Health for the Future. Acta Horticulturae. ISHS: Proceeding of the First International Conference on Sweet potato. Brugge, Belgium: ISHS. p583,
[4]. Andrews, J.H. and R.F.Harris. 2000. The ecology and biogeography to microorganism on plant surface. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. Alan S. Windham Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C 38:145–80.
[5]. Bailey, J. A. and Mansfield, J. W. (1982). 'Phytoalexins'. Blackie, Glasgow.Bowles, D. J. (1990). Defense-related proteins in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 59, 873 907.

ABSTRACT:The main purpose of present research work was to analyze the genetic diversity in 24 Bt and non-Bt cotton genotypes for yield and fiber traits including plant height (cm), first sympodial node number, first effective boll node number, sympodial branches plant-1, bolls plant-1, boll weight (g), seed index (g), micronaire value (μg/inch), staple length (mm), ginning outturn % and seed cotton yield plant-1 (g). Results exhibited that genotypes differed significantly at P ≤0.01 for all the studied traits. In cluster analysis, all 24 genotypes were divided into five small clusters, indicating the existence of wider genetic diversity among the tested genotypes.

[1]. Ahmad, I.A. and A.A. Khan. 2005. A modified mini-prep method for economical and rapid extraction of genomic DNA in plants. Plant Mol Bio., 22: 89-89.
[2]. Allard, R.W. 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley and Sons Inc. USA.
[3]. Beer, S.C., E. Souze and M.E. Sorrels. 1995. Prediction of genotype performance from ancestral relationship in oat. Crop Sci., 35: 69-73.
[4]. Becelaere, G., E.L. Lumbbers, A.H. Paterson and P.W. Chee. 2005. Pedigree-vs.DNA marker-based genetic similarity estimates in cotton. Crop Sci., 45(6): 2281-2287.
[5]. Boopathi, N.M., I. Ravikesavan, K. Iyanar and S. Muthuraman. 2008. Genetic diversity analysis in (Gossypium barbadense L.) accessions. J. Cotton Res. Develop., 22(2):135-138.
[6]. Bowman, D.T., O.L. May and D.S. Calhoun. 1996. Genetic base of upland cotton cultivars. Crop Sci., 36: 577–581.
[7]. Cowen, N.M. and K.J. Frey. 1987. Relationships between genealogical distance and breeding behaviour in oat (Avena sativa L.). Euphytica, 36:413-424.
[8]. Esmail, R.M., J.F. Zhang and A.M. Abdel-Hamid. 2008. Genetic diversity in elite cotton germplasm lines using field performance and RAPD markers. World J. Agric. Sci., 4: 369-375.

ABSTRACT:Objective of research is to analysis financial with account the BEP, MOS, R/C Ratio, rentability, TATO, NPM and ROI. Study was conducted at December 2014 until January 2015. Research method is purposive sampling and data collecting with observation and interview with 59 farmers respondent that taken by total samplingand with Sinar Sarana Sentosa, Ltd. Data analysis tools were descriptive analysis and than account economic analysis. Result of research indicates that chicken capacity is divided into 3.500-6.000 chickens for strata I, 6.001-8.000 chickens for strata II, 8.501-11.000 chickens for strata III and 11.001-13.500 chickens for strata IV with its averages of both production costs are IDR. 850.530.571, IDR. 1.417.074.158, IDR. 1.723.602.683and IDR. 2.213.476.650.

[1] Atmakusuma, J., Harmini dan Winandi, R., Mungkinkah Swasembada Daging Terwujud, Vol. 1 Numb. 2, http://kskp.ipb.ac.id/wpcontent/
uploads/2014/11/7.pdf, 2014
[2] Sigit, S., Analisa Break Event, BPFE Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Gadjahmada. Yogyakarta, Cetakan Pertama, 1990
[3] Suastina, I.G.P.B dan Kayana, I.G.N., Analisis Finansial Usaha Agribisnis Peternakan Sapi Daging (Suatu Studi Kasus),
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=analisa%20npv%20peternakan%20broiler&source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=
0CFcQFjAG&url=http://portalgaruda.org/download_article.php%3Farticle%3D19700%26val%3D1236&ei=bJEiU_SMMsrJkAe1n
4Bg&usg=AFQjCNHGe5PfxotRPiRZzpHepseUVuXmNg&sig2=e6xYCmNiSyUGUX_767jQjA&bvm=bv.62922401,d.eW0, 2005
[4] Sudana, I.M, Manajemen Keuangan, Airlangga University Press. Surabaya, 2009

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted during two consecutive seasons of 2013 and 2014 at private orchard at El Tall El Kbeer region, Ismailia Governorate Egypt. The effects of growth regulator i.e. GA3 at 20 and 40 ppm, NAA at 25 and 50 ppm and citric acid as antioxidant at 400 and 800 ppm and two application date i.e. the first date was done at full bloom and one month later and the second date was done at full bloom and two months later were studied on fruiting and fruit quality of Keitt mango trees. Resulted showed that NAA treatment surpassed GA3 and citric acid in enhancing the previously mentioned studied traits especially 50 ppm NAA treatment in this concern. Moreover, application date results indicated that foliar sprays application at second date enhanced the studied fruit set and fruit retention percentage, yield and fruit quality traits. Consequently, it is preferable to spray NAA at 50 ppm at full bloom and two months later enhance fruiting and fruit quality of Keitt mango trees.
Key words: Keitt mango; GA3; NAA; citric acid; application date; yield; fruit quality.

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ABSTRACT:Field trials were conducted during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 dry seasons at the Teaching and Research Fadama Farm, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto (latitude 130 01 N; longitude 50 151 E; altitude, 350m above sea level), to study the effect of defoliation stages and defoliation intensity on the growth and yield of garlic (Allium Sativum L.). Randomized complete block design was used with factorial combination of defoliation stages and defoliation intensity. The treatment combinations were replicated three times. Results obtained revealed that defoliation stages and defoliation intensity had significantly affected (p˂0.05) growth
and yield parameters such as plant height, leaf number, bulb weight, cloves weight per bulb, clove diameter and cured bulb yield in both seasons.

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