Version-1 (Jan-2014)
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ABSTRACT: Comparative evaluation of two iso-nutritional feeds (crude protein- 22%) viz. mash and pellet upon the water quality and effectiveness in terms of survival and production of two Indian major carps namely column- bottom feeder rohu (Labeo rohita) and bottom feeder Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) under mixed culture condition was carried out in outdoor experimental tanks (180 L) for 96 days. Though, increase in body weight of the test fishes was not influenced by the feed types; water and soil quality parameters, feeding efficiency, survivability and total fish biomass significantly varied. Though, feeding efficiency remained lower in mash feed (23.97%) than pellet (83.81%), net weight gain of the test fishes remained slightly higher in mash (108.60%) than pellet (106.52%) fed treatments. However, the percentage in fish biomass gain in mash fed treatment (65.92%) was lower than pellet (83. 81%). The environmental health of the treatments with respect to water and sediment quality subjected to mash and pellet feed application under identical stocking composition of fish did not differed significantly. N: P ratio in both mash and pellet fed treatments tended to increase overtime and remained congenial (4 to 6.4). Increase in available phosphorous and organic carbon of sediment under both the feed types supported by the physico-chemical exchange and microbial mineralization process was slightly higher in mash fed treatment as evidenced from higher presence of heterotrophic load (72.57 CFU x 102 ml-1) than pellet (61.86 CFU x 102 ml-1) fed treatments. Therefore, mash type of feed was highly competitive and economic under judicious management practices of carp polyculture conditions.
Keywords: Environmental health, feeding efficiency, Indian major carps, mineralization, Iso-nutritious feed
[1] S. S. De Silva and B. Davy, Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture. Springer, FAO, 2006. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2010.
[2] FAO, National aquaculture sector overview, India, in S. Ayappan (Ed.), FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Rome. 1st June, 2005, 2014.
[3] M. A. Sayeed, M. T. Alam, S. Sultana, M. S. Ali, M. S. Azad and M. A. Islam, Effect of inorganic fertilizer on the fish growth and production in polyculture system of Bangladesh, Univ. J. Zool. Rajshahi Univ., 26, 2007, 77-80.
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[5] S. Mahboob, Studies on the natural food of major, common and some chinese carps as influenced by fertilization in composite culture practices, Thalassia Salentina, 33, 2010-2011, 53-67.
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ABSTRACT: The quantity of organic carbon (OC), Mn and Cu released by different cropping systems into the soil were studied in Lagos southwestern Nigeria in 2012. The cropping practices were Organic Farm Plots (A), Manually Continuous Cropping (B), Agroforestry (C) and Convetional Tilled Farmers Plot (D) with the use of machineries. There was no fertilizer application except organic plots. Three soil depths were sampled at 0-15, 15 -30 and 30 – 45 cm and replicated three times. The soil samples were transferred to the laboratory for analysis. The design was completely randomized (CRD). Agroforest plots absorbed more OC than other farming practices. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the amount of Mn and Cu released by different cropping methods. Among the cropping practices, agroforestry and organically manured soil recorded the highest sequestration of organic carbon. Different cropping patterns sequestrate OC, Mn and Cu at different rates and at different depths, therefore good cropping practices could be used to stock organic carbon.Micronutrients contents were found to decrease down with depth in all the study sites.
Keywords: Micronutrients, carbon stock , and Soil
[2]. Alan J. Franzluebbersn (2010). Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration With Conservation Agriculture in the Southeastern USA: Potential And Limitations USDA – Agricultural Research Service, 1420 Experiment Station Road, Watkinsville GA 30677.
[3]. Alan Sundermeier, Randall Reeder, and Rattan Lal (2010). Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210.
[4]. Anikwe (2010). Carbon Storage in Soils of Southeastern Nigeria Under Different Management Practices, Department Of Agronomy And Ecological Management, Faculty Of Agriculture And Natural Resources Management, Enugu State University Of Science And Technology, P.M.B. 01660 Enugu, Nigeria http://www.cbmjournal.com/content/5/1/5.
[5]. Aweto, A. O. and Dikinya, O. (2003). The Beneficial Effects of two Tree Species on Soil
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ABSTRACT: Under both natural and agricultural conditions, plants are often exposed to various environmental stresses. Water stress and drought are the most important environmental factors inhibiting photosynthesis and decreasing growth and productivity of plants. To evaluate the effects of water stress on the physicochemical composition of barley, Tunisian cultivar Ardhaoui, several assays were performed on the leaves such as relative water, chlorophylls and proline contents. Our study showed that the water restriction affected significantly the physicochemical composition of barley leaves. In fact, plants which were subjected to the water stress, showed lower relative water and chlorophylls contents and higher level of proline, compared to the control.
Keywords: Water stress, barley, leaves, relative water, chlorophylls, proline
[2]. Bates L.S., Waldren, Teare I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant soil, 39:205-207.
[3]. Bllinger Y., Lahrer F. 1987. Proline accumulation in higher plants: a redox buffer? Plant physiol., 6:23-27.
[4]. Bousba R., Ykhlef N., Djekoun A. 2009. Water use efficiency and flag leaf photosynthetic in response to water deficit od durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). World J. Agri.Sci., 5: 609-616.
[5]. Boyer J.S, 1982. Plant productivity and environment. Sci, New series, 218:443-448.
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ABSTRACT: The study examined the perception and socio-economic variables of farmers about cocoa certification in some selected States in Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 80 farmers in Cross River and Osun States due to their exposure to cocoa certification. Structured interview schedule was used to collect field data. Descriptive statistics and correlation were used for analyses. Majority (87.5%) were aware of voluntary standard cocoa certification notably Rainforest Alliance and UTZ. However, 32.5% of the farmers claimed to have received certification training from some exporters who used UTZ label. Many of the farmers (67.5%) believed that the Cocoa Transformation Agenda (CocTA) of Government will encourage them to practice certification. More farmers (52.5%) had low perception towards cocoa certification. Results revealed that socio-economic characteristics: age (-0.37), farming experience (-0.31), farm size (0.36) and yield (0.24) at probability < 0.05 had significant influence on the perception of farmers. From the study, socio-economic variables had reasonable influence on farmers' perception of cocoa certification. It implies that these are relevant factors which CocTA and other stakeholders can explore to ensure sustainable cocoa production. Training of more farmers on cocoa certification in the study areas is advocated to consolidate their knowledge and practice.
Keywords: Perception, cocoa farmers, Voluntary standard certification, Socio-economic characteristics
[2]. International Cocoa Organization (ICCO), 2012. Cocoa certification: Study on the costs, advantages and disadvantages of cocoa certification. A report on cocoa certification, a KPMG advisory.October, 2012.
[3]. ICCO, 2013.International workshop on cocoa certification. The multiplicity of standards in the cocoa market: finding a way forward. Cocoa certification conference held in Yaounde Cameroon. Available fromhttp://www.icco.org/about-us/international-cocoa-agreements/doc_download/440-international-workshop-on-cocoa-certification-cameroon-june-2013.html. Accessed 8-04-2013.
[4]. Hafid, H., Neilson, J., Mount, T. and McKenzie, F., 2013. Sustainability Impact Assessment of a Certification Scheme in the Indonesian Cocoa Industry: 2012 Pilot Survey Results. Discussion Paper released in March 2013 by University of Sydney, Australia. Pp. 1-5.
[5]. Paschall, M. and Seville, D. ,2012. Certified cocoa : scaling up farmer participation in West Africa. Available fromhttp://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16034IIED.pdf. Accessed 8-04-2013.
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ABSTRACT: Pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila, previously isolated from kidney of apparently healthy silver carp, was tested in silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Trials were also made to control the pathogen in the experimentally infected fish. Before artificial infection the morphological, biochemical and physiological characters of A. hydrophila were studied. The infection was done by intramuscular (IM) injection method. Two different doses viz., 2.8 × 105 and 2.8 × 106 CFU/fish were used. In all the injected fish external pathology appeared. Reddish lesions on anal region and fin bases were observed. Injected A. hydrophila was re-isolated from liver, kidney and intestine of the challenged fish. It was understood that the isolate was highly virulent pathogen for silver carp. To control the infection by antibiotics, oxysentin 20% (oxytetracyline HCL BP), acimox (amoxicillin trihydrate BP) and oxy-D Vet (oxytetracycline 20% and + doxycycline 10%) were tested at lower, recommended and higher doses of the pharmaceutical companies, respectively. The antibiotic treatments were conducted for 10 days and the fish were observed for 15 days. Among the three antibiotics, acimox and oxy-D Vet at recommended dose showed the best result where 100% fish were recovered. But, oxysentin 20% at higher dose showed best results.
Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, pathogenicity, experimental infection and antibiotics.
[2]. M.G.A. Sarker, M.B.R. Chowdhury, M.A.R. Faruk, M.N. Uddin and M.J. Islam, Effect of water temperature on the infectivity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries, 23(2), 2000, 99-105.
[3]. K. Alam, Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from naturally diseased Thai-pangas Pangasius hypophthalmous, M. S. Thesis, Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, 2009.
[4]. M.A. Sabur, Studies on the ecology of the pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila in indegenous and exotic carps under polyculture condition, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, 2006.
[5]. M. Mamnur Rashid, M.A. Hasan, K. Mostafa and M.A. Islam, Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from EUS affected shing Heteropeneustes fossilis from a fish farm of Mymensingh. Progressive Agriculture, 19(1), 2008, 117-124.
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Influence of Colour Grading on seed and seedling quality characters of Sesamum indicum |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | N. Suma ,P. Srimathi |
: | 10.9790/2380-07612527 |
ABSTRACT: The colour variation available in gingelly seed was found to be three, which was black, brown and cream colour which constitute the seed lot by 64, 24 and 19 per cent respectively and that seeds with dark brown colour registered better seed quality characters due to their better stamina in physical, physiological and biochemical phenomenon.
Keywords: colour,sesame,seedquality,grading
[2]. Baumunk-Wende, E. 1981. Correlation between colour of testa and vigpir of seeds in wrinkled peas. Acta. Hort., 111(2) : 25-33.
[3]. Dharmalingam, C. and A. Vijayakumar 1991. Seed quality in relation to fruit to fruit size in acid lime South Indian Hort., 35 (4) : 274-279.
[4]. Gupta, P.C. 1993. Seed vigour testing. Handbook of seed testing. Quality control and research Dev.,
[5]. ISTA. 1999, International Rules for Seed testing. Seed Sci. & Technol. (Supplement Rules) 27 : 25-30.)
[6]. New Delhi.pp.2
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ABSTRACT: Leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler was observed on leaves of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.).The fungus was isolated from infected leaves and observed to be pathogenic under artificial inoculation conditions. Among plants extract, garlic clove extract was most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth and sporulation of Alternaria alternata, followed by neem and datura leaf extracts. Babul leaf extract was not inhibiting the mycelial growth and sporulation of the fungus in poisoned food technique. Mancozeb at 1000 ppm resulted complete inhibition of mycelial growth and sporulation, followed by copper oxychloride and Captaf. Propiconazole was least effective followed by captan and chlorothalonil.
Key words: Alternaria alternata, Fungicides, Phy-extracts, Leaf blight, Groundnut
[2]. Krishna, K.; Akbar, A.F.M.; Sastry, R.K.; Reddy, T.V. and Gour, T.B. 1998. In vitro evaluation of fungicides against Alternaria carthami Chowdury incitant of leaf spot of safflower. Indian J. Pl. Protec. 26 (2) : 181-182.
[3]. Nandagopal, V. and Ghewande, M.P. 2004. Use of neem products in groundnut pest management in India. Natural Product Radiance. 3 (3) : 150-155.
[4]. Schimitz, H. 1930. A suggested toximetric method for wood preservation. Indus Engia. Chem. Analyt. Ed. 2 : 361-363.
[5]. Singh, J. and Majumdar, V.L. 2001. Efficacy of plant extracts against Alternaria alternata - the incitant of fruit rot of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). J. Mycol. Pl. Path. 31 : 346-349.
[6]. Vincent, J.M. 1947. The esters of 4-hydroxy benzoic acid and related compounds, I. Methods for the study of their fungistatic properties. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. Landan. 16: 746-755.
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ABSTRACT: At present, due to various reasons, honeybee colony population is certainly in a state of continuous decline and absconding is becoming the major problem against beekeeping development. As a result, it is becoming more difficult to obtain adequate swarms every year to start and expand an apiary. Furthermore, farmers in the area are also complaining that they are facing serious shortage of honeybee colonies. Hence, mitigating the increasing demand of honeybee population using artificial queen rearing techniques is very critical at this moment. This, thus, had led to the implementation of splitting queen rearing technique verification under farmers' condition targeting testing the available splitting queen-rearing method in frame hives, setting the possible queen rearing calendar of local bees for future use and demonstrating splitting queen-rearing technique for beekeepers. The experiment was implemented in two representative sites of the study area. From these sites 10 (in five replications) interested beekeepers were selected purposively. The experiment was then implemented following the appropriate procedures in splitting queen rearing technique for consecutive two years. Accordingly, the result has indicated that in areas, where honeybee feed shortage is paramount important and absconding is a peculiar characteristic to the beekeeping sub sector, colony multiplication could be done and used as a means of alleviating serious colony shortage with proper colony management. However, out of the total colonies in both sites, about 40% of the colonies have absconded only due to wax moth infestation aggravated by strong dearth and about 60% of them were adapted. Consequently, local honeybee colonies in the area have been found to emerge an average of 8.6 queen cells with a maximum and minimum of 15 and 5 queen cells respectively. This in turn has elaborated that queen rearing with local honeybee colonies is also possible in the area. It also indicated that the possibility of having more than 8 colonies from a single properly prepared mother colony in the area. Honey produced from splitted colonies (mother and daughter) have advanced the production from non-splitted colonies owned by non-participant beekeepers with a 40.12 % (65 kg) yield increment. Thus, the experiment has revealed that participant beekeepers have benefited from the technology over the non-participant beekeeping farmers. Beekeepers have also realized that a yield decrease during splitting has been compensated in the following honey flow season. Regarding time of application, the result have confirmed that potential onset of flowering, just a week before peak natural swarming period, was appropriate with the use of strong mother colonies. The period starts from mid of August to last week of August in lower altitude areas and from last week of August to second week of September in middle altitude areas. Based on the results from the experiment, it has been recommended that splitting queen rearing technique could be further applied and utilized under farmers' condition in Wag-Lasta area and similar environments. Of course, provision of adequate practical training shall not be forgotten when thinking of colony multiplication in the area. Scaling up of the technology would be better if it is applied through small interest/business groups. Finally, for the advancement of the technology, the government should emphasize on awareness creation, organization of small interested/business groups, proper support and linking the system, even to marketing of live colonies.
Key Words: Splitting, queen rearing, participants, non-participants, beekeeping farmers, mother and daughter colonies, honey production, wax moth
[2]. Nuru A. and Dereje W., 1999. Responses of Ethiopia honey bees to different queen rearing techniques. Proceeding of the 7th annual conference of the Ethiopian society of animal production (ESAP) held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-27 May 1999. pp 125-132
[3]. Jim C. and Jeanne M., 1984. Queen Rearing: beekeeper's primer, issue No-87. http/www.motherearthnews.com. (Accessed on December 28, 2006 at 1:43 pm)
[4]. Jay S., 1923. Queen Rearing Simplified, THE A.I. ROOT COMPANY Medina, Ohio, USA
[5]. Dan C., 2006. Queen Management Notes, New Hampshire Bee Meeting, South Deerfield, Massachusetts, USA
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Effect of Price Changes on the Supply Response of Rubber in Nigeria (1980-2010) |
Country | : | Nigeria |
Authors | : | Agbogo, Elias A. , Aja Okorie |
: | 10.9790/2380-07613942 |
ABSTRACT: The study on the effect of price changes on rubber supply in Nigeria was carried out through the application of the Nerlovian partial adjustment model. Time series data covering a period of 30 years were obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Annual Agricultural Survey and the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The Nerlovian model was specified on the basis of the functional relationship between rubber supply and the lagged endogenous variables of rubber supply as well as the export price of rubber for the period under review. The findings revealed that previous year's output used as a lagged endogenous variable had a positive magnitude of 0.768 and was significant at 1%. The positive sign and the proof of significance is consistent with economic theory which posits that output has a direct relationship with the previous production level. The magnitude of the export price co-efficient of 0.0012 was low and not significant. Though the sign is in line with theoretical expectation, the low value may be attributable to the spurious nature of the estimates of time series due to trending effect. The coefficient of determination (R2) of 76.4% indicates the proportion of the variation in natural rubber supply that was explained by the specified model. Also the Durbin Watson statistic value of 2.24 showed the presence of low autocorrelation. It is therefore recommended that an appropriate mechanism for price stabilization be instituted by governments as means of enhancing high export trade volume, since price is found to be a major determinant of rubber export trade in Nigeria.
Keywards: Price changes, Supply Response, Nigeria
[2]. K. Burger, The economics of perennial crop supply: Modeling the Indian rubber economy. Indian Journal of Economics 4(7), 2004,3-31.
[3]. B. C. French, and G. A. King, Planting and removal relationships for perennial crops: An application of cling peaches. American Journal of Economics 67(2) ,1985, 215-223.
[4]. M. Nerlove, Expectations, plan and realizations in theory and practice. Econometrica. 51(5), 1983, 249-278.
[5]. W. B. Trail, D. Colman and T. Young, Estimating irreversible supply functions. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 60(3), 1994, 403-421.
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ABSTRACT: An experiment to evaluate the potentials of Acacia nilotica pods as replacement for cotton seed cake (CSC) on nutrients digestibility, haematological parameters and growth performance of Red Sokoto goats was conducted. The aim was to explore the possibility of reducing the high cost of feeding goats by using alternative source of protein instead of the highly demanded and costly conventional sources of protein like CSC. Twenty five Red Sokoto goats (bucks) having average age of 10 months, and average weight of 10.3 ± 0.1kg were blocked to balance for weight in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) experiment, and assigned to 5 treatments having 5 animals per treatment. They were fed graded levels of sun-dried Acacia pods as replacement for CSC, and dried sweet potato forage as basal diet. The proximate analysis of the diets compounded with graded levels of sun-dried Acacia pods with other feed ingredients showed that zero inclusion of Acacia pods (control), had the highest percentage of crude protein (CP) 17.56%. The percentages of CP decreased in the diets as the level of Acacia pods inclusion increased. The control diet also had the highest percentage of dry matter (DM) 94.41%, while the least value of DM was recorded in 100% Acacia pods level (93.21%). The levels of metabolizable energy (ME) in the diets ranged from 2322 to 2549 ME (Kcal/kg). While the crude fibre (CF) in the diets ranged from 10.72 to 14.26%. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in daily feed intake (DFI) and final body weight (FBW) in Red Sokoto goats fed graded levels of sun-dried Acacia pods. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and cost per weight gain (CPWG) across the treatments. Goats fed 25% level of sun-dried Acacia pods performed better than the other animals in the other treatments in terms of WG, DWG, FBW and had the cheapest cost per weight gain in Naira (N/kg). There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the digestibility of most of the feed nutrients and in water intake (WI) in the treatments. Also there were significant (P<0.05) differences in all the blood parameters (Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemaglobin (Hb), Total Plasma Protein (TPP), Plasma Urea Nitrogen (PUN), and Creatinine (Cr)) measured in this experiment. It was therefore, concluded that 25% of sun-dried Acacia pods can be used to replace CSC in the diets of Red Sokoto goats without having any adverse effect on nutrients digestibility, blood parameters and their performance. Acacia pods can also be used to significantly reduce the high cost expended in feeding goats with conventional sources of protein and to increase availability of animal protein, as well as increase the profit margin of goat farmers.
[2]. Aganga, A.A., Tsopito, C.M. and Adogla-Bessa, T. (1998). Potential of Acacia Species to Ruminants in Botswana. Arch. Zootec. 47: 659-668
[3]. Alderman G. (1978). A Practical Feeding System for Ruminants. Proceeding of Australian Society of Animal Production.
[4]. AOAC (2002). Association of official methods of Analysis, 17th ed. Association of official Analytical Chemists. Washington, D.C
[5]. Araya, M.R., Ngugi, R.K., Musimba, N.K.R. and Nyariki, D.M. (2003). Effects of Acacia tortilis pods on Intake, Digestibility and Nutritive quality of goat diets in South-Western Eritrea. African journal of range and forage sci. 20 (1): 59-62.
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ABSTRACT: Growth phenology of woody plants refers to seasonal biological life cycles driven by environmental factors, and is considered to be a sensitive and significant indicator of climate change. The proposed study attempted to quantify changes in Viburnum tinus L. phenology between the years 2011 and 2014. Phenological studies were carried out during three years, from April 2011 to March 2014, in the Botanical garden of the Slovak University of Horticulture in Nitra, by using ground observations. Ground observations of Viburnum tinus L. growth processes from April 2011 to April 2014 in 15 day intervals were performed both visually growth and by measuring of the leaf chlorophyll content. Two types of planting were managed in the study area; plants planted direct in the ground and were outside during wither time only the part which near the soil was covered by leaves and plants planted in pots which removed to greenhouse during winter time from end of November till end of March. Leaves in this Viburnum tinus begin to bud break and full leafing from the beginning of the April and continued up to the end of May in plants planted in pots, while bud break and full leafing in plants planted direct in the soil begin from end of April and continues up to second week of June. The results show that during study period, the growing season duration has lengthened in plants planted in pots in comparison with plants planted direct in the soil. The chlorophyll content in leaves was measured after taking the leaves from plants in 27.01.2014 when the temperature during the night was (-7°C) and at 9 am was (-3°C) while inside greenhouse the temperature was (8°C). The results showed that there is a significant difference between the plants in each planting types in content of chlorophyll and carotenoids.
Keywords: Viburnum tinus, Mediterranean plants, climate condition, winter hardiness, growth phenophases pigments content
[2] J. Supuka, K. Šinka, Z. Pucherová, M.Verešova, L . Feriancová, M. Bihuňová and G. Kuczmzn , Landscape structure and biodiversity of woody plants in the Agricultural landscape. Folia, Memdel University in Brno, (2013). 11-16.
[3] J. Supuka, M. Bihuňová and R. Štěpánková, Vegetačné štruktúry mesta Nitry - predpoklady pre rekreáciu. (The vegetation structure of Nitra - prerequisites for recreation) In: Acta environmentalica Universitatis Comenianae. ISSN 1335-0285. Roč. 13, č. 1 (2005), s. 137-148.
[4] M. Verešová and J. Supuka, Dreviny v mestskom prostredí a v krajine : aktuálne trendy dendrologického výskumu a praxe, (Trees in urban areas and in the country: current trends dendrological research and practice,) Nitra 22. novembra 2007. Nitra: SSPU v Nitre, 2007. ISBN 978-80-8069-964-2.
[5] C . Weiser, Cold resistance and injury in woody plants. Science 169, 1970. 1269–1278.
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ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2014 to study the effect of herbicides on weed control efficiency and yield attributes in Brinjal. The experiment consisting of 10 treatments comprising 4 herbicides (alachlor at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i. /ha, butachlor at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i. /ha, pendimethalin at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i. /ha, pretilachlor at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i. /ha) compared with weed free check, unweeded control. Results revealed that the application of butachlor and pretilachlor at 1.5 kg a.i. /ha were found to be phytotoxic while pendimethalin at 1.0 and 1.5 kg a.i. /ha was found not phytotoxic to the brinjal. The total number and total dry weight of weeds were found to be maximum in unweeded control and weed control treatments decreased these parameters but pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i. /ha were the lowest. WCE (%) was highest with the pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i. /ha. The yield parameters viz., number of fruits, fruit weight, and fruit yield decreased significantly in unweeded control while weed index was higher. The fruit yield was significantly higher with application of pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i. /ha.
Keywords: Herbicide, Leaf area, Solanum melongena, WCE, Yield
[2]. Saradhambal, K.V., Singh, S.P., Prakash, S. and Naik M.S., Effect of bacterial blight on the activities of nitrate reductase and peroxidase in rice plants. Indian J. Of Biochem Biophysics, 15,1978,105-107.
[3]. Pandey, R.P., Shukla, N. and Tiwari, J.P., Efficacy of herbicidal weed control in onion Indian J. Weed Sci., 22,1992, 34-37.
[4]. Dakshinadas, D.S.,Mode of action of plant growth regulator type weedicides Indian J. Agron., 6, 1962, 233-244.
[5]. Manjunath, S., Panchal, Y.C., Chimmad, V.P. and Koti, R.V., Studies on growth, yield and yield components of onion as influenced by herbicides and weeds. J. Maharashtra Agric Univ., 14, 1989, 200-203.
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ABSTRACT: Free Trade Area (FTA) is a regional integration agreement that removes tariffs among members, but leaves them with autonomy to set their tariffs with non-member countries. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has launched its free trade area since 2008, but this process has remained a statement of intent for some member countries. This paper analyzed the SADC Free Trade Area – Implications for the Liquid Milk Consumers and Producers' Potential Welfare in Swaziland.Time series data for thirty-six years(1975-2010) were sourced from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Swaziland Dairy Board (SDB), the Swaziland Central Statistics Office and Milk Producer Organization of South Africa. Data were analyzed using the partial equilibrium model to evaluate the welfare change; the log-regression models to estimate the price elasticities; and the error correction model to capturethe adjustment speed. Results show a potential positive net social welfare (198% increase in market); the price elasticities of demand and supply are0.02 and 0.04, respectively and significant at 5 per cent (p < 0.05); and the error correction model (ECM) is -0.62. These results suggest that Swaziland should not only be committed to free trade agreement, but also to all regional integration processes in order to reap economic benefits from regional trade liberalization.
Keywords: Cointegration, free trade area, liberalization, Southern African Development Community,welfare
[2]. J. Reimer, and M. Li, Trade costs and gains from trade in crop agriculture, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 94(4), 1024-1039
[3]. Africa Competitiveness Report: World economic forum on Africa, Cape Town, South Africa, 2013
[4]. R. Sandrey, An analysis of the Southern development community free trade area,Trade and Law Centre, D13TB01, June 2013
[5]. S. Khorana, K. Kimbegwe, and N. Perdikis, The impact of tariff reductions underthe East African community customs union: Intra-trade effects on Uganda, International Conference on Policy modelling, Sao Paul, Brazil, 2007
[6]. M. Burfisher, S. Robinson and K. Thierfelder, Regionalism: Old and new theory and practice: Where are we heading?International Conference: Agricultural policy reforms and the World trade organization, Capri, Italy, 2003
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ABSTRACT: This investigation was to achieve two purposes, the first to raise the distribution efficiency and effectiveness ofliquid organic material(Root Plus)bybeing injectedinto the soilwiththe process ofplowingusingchisel plowwhere it willmixthe liquid material with the soilwell andat different depths, which increases theeffectiveness oforganic materialto enrichthe areaof root growthin soil and leading to increasecrop productivity.The second purposeto exploit theinjected of liquidorganic materialin the soilunder pressureto format a thin layer ofliquidbetweenthechisel blade surface andthe soil slice, which works to easeof slidingandreducethe friction force betweenthe chisel bladesurface and thesoil slice.Alsousing thepressure forceof liquidorganic materialto fragmentthe soil sliceon the blade surface, which leads toincrease the degree offragmentation ofthe soil andincreasing the quality ofthe plowingandlessforcerequiredto pulling thechisel plowinto the soil.To achieve these goals, modifications were made to the traditional chisel plow (7 blades) so it fits the injection process of liquid organic material through the process of plowing and field experiment was carried outin a sandy calcareous soil(Ras-Sudr area) included the following treatments:Three ways to add liquid organic material (injection, spray and not added),two plowing depths (15 and 25 cm) and three tractor forward speeds (3, 4 and 5 km.h-1).
Keywords: chisel plow, power requirements, soil physical properties, injection organic materials,
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ABSTRACT: Selection of breeding rams would be the prerequisite for getting better fertility can be accomplished through selecting some important reproductive traits. Cited information regarding reproductive performances of ram necessary for breeding programme is absent in our country (if available). The objective of the present study was to measure the reproductive performances of indigenous rams. Ram lambs were selected on the basis of indigenous characteristics. They were maintained on natural grazing with lump some amount of concentrate. Body weight and growth rate, scrotal circumference and its growth rate, BCS and libido index were measured weekly. Age, body weight, BCS and scrotal circumference at puberty were recorded. Semen was collected once a weak using artificial vagina and subjected for evaluation of volume, color, density, mass motility, concentration, motility, functional integrity and normal morphology of spermatozoa. The body weight, BCS, scrotal circumference, growth rate of body weight and scrotal circumference were 20.8±0.6(kg), 3.6±0.1, 22.8±0.2(cm), 17.0±0.6(g/d), 1.6±0.2(mm/15d), respectively. Age, body weight, BCS and scrotal circumferences at puberty were 6.8±0.1(months), 10.0±0.4(kg), 3.2±0.1, 18.6±0.7(cm), respectively. The volume, density, mass motility, concentration were 1.2±0.0ml, 2.9±0.0, 4.3±0.0 and 4.1±0.7x109, respectively. The rate of motility: 89.0±0.2, 72.4±0.2, 62.0±0.6, viability: 91.8±0.1, 75.6±0.2, 64.8±0.6, functional integrity: 87.3±0.2, 69.1±0.2, 50.2±0.5 and normal spermatozoa were 94.0±0.1, 77.3±0.1 and 75.0±0.2 in fresh, chilled and frozen semen, respectively.
Keywords: Indigenous ram, reproductive characters, semen quality
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ABSTRACT: An experiment trial was carried out in a private orchard at Ras-Sudr, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive seasons of 2012 and 2013 to study the effect of effective microorganisms biofertilizer (EM) at 60 and 90 ml/palm/year and potassium sulphate at 1 and 1.5 kg/palm/year as well as their combinations in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity on productivity of "Hayany" date palm. From the obtained results showed that it is preferable to add EM at 90ml / palm/ year combined with potassium sulphate at 1.5kg/palm/year as a soil application divided into three equal doses applied at three times a year to enhance leaf chlorophyll content, fruit set percentage, retained fruit percentage, yield, fruit quality and leaf minerals content of "Hayany" date palm.
Key words: EM biofertilizer - Potassium sulphate - "Hayany" cv. date palm - Salinity stress -Yield - fruit quality - leaf chlorophyll - leaf mineral content.
[2]. Abdelaal, H. M.;, Faissal F. A. ; El- Masry, S.E.M.A. and Abdallah, A. A., 2013. Using Potassium Sulphur as Well as Organic and Biofertilization for Alleviating The Adverse Effects of Salinity on Growth and Fruiting of Valencia Orange Trees. Stem Cell, 4(4):27-32.
[3]. Al- Abdoulhadi, I. A. ; Dinar, H. A.; Ebert, G. and Buttner, C., 2012. Infulence of salinity stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll content in date palm (Phoenix dactilfera L.) cultivars. African Journal of Agriculture Research Vol. 7(22):3314-3319.
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[5]. Al-Obeed, R. S.; Kassem, H.A. and Ahmed, M.A., 2013. Effect of Levels and Methods of Potassium and Phosphorus Fertilization on Yield, Fruit Quality and Chemical Composition of "Khalas" Date Palm Cultivar. Life Science Journal, 10(4):1111-1118.