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[2]. Ajila, C.O. 1997. Job Motivation and Attitude to Work as Correlates of Productivity among Workers in Manufacturing Companies in Lagos State. Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department of Psychology O.A.U Ile-Ife Osun State, Nigeria.
[3]. Ajila, C.O. (2000): "Demographic Factors, Attitude to Work and productivity": A case study of some selected manufacturing Companies in Lagos state, Nigeria. IJBSS Vol. 2, July 2000. Pp 14-26.
[4]. Akindele, R.I. (1994): "How to Motivate Nigerian Workers". Quarterly Journal of Administration Pp. 337-349.
[5]. Anthony, E.A. (1996): The Impact of Adjustment Programme on Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria, 1986-1991; A Sample Study, African Development Review, African Development Bank, Vol. 8(1), page 61-96.
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ABSTRACT: The present research work was undertaken to assess the association between teat condition score (TCS) and udder health status of dairy bovines.Total 50 cows (HF cross) and 50 buffaloes (murrah type) were selected randomly and observed for 120 days at fortnightly intervals. The animals were divided into 3 groups i.e. Normal, Less-severe and Severe on the basis of TCS.The overall SCS in both cows and buffaloes was significantly (P<0.05) highest in Severe group (5.91±0.02 and 6.09±0.35) followed by Less severe (5.15±0.18 and5.85±0.09) and Normal (4.18±0.21 and 5.31±0.112). Teat condition significantly affects the udder health status of dairy bovines.
Keywords: Somatic cell score, Teat condition score, udder health status,
[2]. Bhutto, A. L., (2010): Abnormal udder shape or teat-end lesions in dairy cows might facilitate intra-mammary infections.Vet. Jour.,183(1):63-67
[3]. Haghkhah, M., Ahmadi, M. R., Gheisari, H. R. and Kadivar, A. (2011): Preliminary bacterial study on subclinical mastitis and teat condition in dairy herd around Shiraz. Turk. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science,35(1): 1-8.
[4]. Hemling, T. C., Mein, G. A., Neijenhuis, F., Morgan, W. F., Reinemann, D. J., Hillerton, J. E., Baines, J. R., Ohnstad, I., Rasmussen, M. D., Timms, L., Britt, J. S., Farnsworth, R. and Cook, N. (2002): Evaluation of bovine teat condition in commercial
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | A Study on Antioxidant Property of Organic and Conventional Tomatoes |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | Vaijayanthi Kanabur, Dr R. P. Lalitha Reddy |
: | 10.9790/2380-07511217 |
ABSTRACT: Tomato is one of the commonly consumed vegetables with high antioxidant capacity. The objective of the present study is to compare the antioxidant property of organic and conventional tomatoes. For the experiment, organic samples were procured from Era Organic Foods, (IMO Certified) Bangalore. Same variety of conventional tomato was obtained from same agro climatic zone. The samples were freeze dried using a lyodryer (LT5BC ISI lyphilization system, USA) and stored at 4 C in dark. The tomato extract was prepared in a solvent consisting of methanol (69%), ethanol (20%), HCl (10%) and water (1%). Total antioxidant capacity was estimated using Free Radical scavenging activity using 2, 2 Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH),β Carotene bleaching method, Linoleic acid emulsion system-thiocyanate method and Ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) methods. The results reveal that organic tomatoes have higher antioxidant ability than conventional tomatoes.
[2]. KirstieCanene-Adams, Jessica, K. Campbell, Susan Zaripheh, Elizabeth H Jeffery, and John W Erdman, 2005. Tomato as a functional food. J.Nutr. 135: 1226-1230.
[3]. Espin, J. C., Cristina, S. R., and Wichers, H. J, 2000.Characterization of the Total Free Radical Scavenger Capacity of Vegetable Oils and Oil Fractions Using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Radical. J.Agic. Food. Chem., 48: 648-656.
[4]. Hidalgo, M. E., Fernandez, E., Quilhot, W., and Lissi, E, 1994.Antioxidant activity of depsides and depsidones.Phytochemistry.37: 1585-1587.
[5]. Haraguchi, H, Hashimoto, K. and Yogi, A. 1992. Antioxidant substancesin leaves of polygonumhydropiper. J.Agic. Food. Chem., 40: 1349-1351.
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Challenges of Agriculture in Nigeria Economy: A Bane to Food Security |
Country | : | Nigeria |
Authors | : | Odoh Patrick Abutu |
: | 10.9790/2380-07511821 |
ABSTRACT: The Nigeria National Flag have two combined colour of Green and White (Green-White-Green). The Green colour symbolizes that Nigeria is a potential agricultural economy. Not only that, the Nigeria Coat of Arm have a symbol –The Black Shield. This symbol equally represents rich agricultural soil. With The combination of these two symbols , one may quickly concluded if he is not a Nigeria and probabaly not living in Nigeria that agriculture is the main stream of the Nigeria economy. However, this assumption is fallacy because Nigeria after over fifty three years (1960-2014) of attaining Political independence is not among the list of the agriculturally recognized countries of the world. Against this backdrop, this paper through secondary source of information enumerated the various challenges faced by agriculture in achieving food security and a source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria. The paper chiefly recommends amongst that government should encourage boosting of agriculture through subidizing of organic fertilizers and at the same time embark on granting agricultural crdit facilities to farmers, link rural areas with good road network and fix agricultural marking institutions and encouraging agricultural investment framework.
Keywords:Challenges, Agriculture, Economy, Food & Security
[2]. CAADP (Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme) Report in Olufolji A. (2009), "The Role of Resarch in Agricultural Development‟ Ibadan: National Horticultural Research Institute
[3]. Chigbu U. E (2012), "Agriculture as the only Saviour to Nigeria‟s Dying Economy" Available from Http://nigeriavillagesquare.com/articles/guest-articles/agriculture-as-the-only- saviour-to- nigerias-dying-economy.html retrieved 11/11/2013
[4]. ECA-OECD Review 2005
[5]. ECOWAP Commission (2013), "Nigeria: Review of Ongoing Agricultural Developmen Efforts" A paper of the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Water Resources, Regional Agriculture Policy
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ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to determine growth performance and economics benefit of feeding raw or processed lablab purpureus seeds to growing rabbits. The lablab seeds were either left raw, processed by decortication, toasting or boiling; and respectively incorporated into diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 to provide 75% of protein provided by full fat soyabean (FFSB) in the control diet (T1). Thirty, 5-weeks old mixed bred rabbits of 350-358g were used in a completely randomized design. Rabbits fed heat treated seed diets grew faster than those fed raw or decorticated seed diets. Rabbits fed the control diet were however heavier than those fed the heat treated lablab seed diets. More money was expended on rabbit fed either raw or decorticated lablab seed diets to gain 1kg live weight than those fed heat processed lablab diets. The control diets were outstanding in terms of gain per kilogram live weight. It was observed that feeding of raw or decorticated Lablab seed in diets to growing rabbits resulted to high cost of feeding, poor growth rate and subsequently death of rabbits fed the raw lablab seed diet. This suggests that Lablab seeds be processed possibly by cooking before use in monogastric diets.
Key words: Highworth Seed, Lablab, Protein Source, Rabbits
[2]. Murphy, A.M and Colucci, P.E. A tropical forage solution to poor quality diets. A review of lablab purpureus. Livestock Research for Rural Developemt 11 (2) 1999. htt://www.c.pav.org.co//rrllrrd11/2/colu.112.ht
[3]. Cama, H.R. and R.A Morton, Changes occurring in the protein as a result of processing groundnut under selected industrial conditions. Br. 7 Nutri. 4; 1950 Pp 154-160
[4]. Ikurior, S.A, Torbee, S.A and Anthony, T. I. Effect of cooked or roasted full fat soyabean and soyabean meal onperformance and carcass characteristics of growing- finishing pigs. Journal Science Food and Agriculture, 69: 1993) 309– 314
[5]. Kaankuka, F.G., T.F. Balogun and I.D.I. Yaakugh, Effect of duration of cooking raw full fat soybeans on dug matter digestibility and energy utilization by young pigs. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production held at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria: 2000) 191-193.
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ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cassava peel – cassava leaf meal based diets on the milk yield and composition of WAD goats. Four lactating WAD does were housed individually in pens and were assigned to the experimental diets in a 4x4 Latin Square Design Experiment and fed for 56days. Drinking water was offered liberally. Milk yield (MY) was measured and analyzed weekly for total solids (TS), butterfat (BF), crude protein (CP), solids- not- fat (SNF), lactose, ash and milk energy. MY, BF, CP, SNF, ash, milk energy, solids – corrected- milk yield (SCM) and fat – corrected- milk yield (FCM) did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. Total solids and lactose were significantly (P<0.05) different among treatment groups. The group on diet B (10% cassava leaf meal (CLM)) recorded the highest total solids percentage (12.81%) while the group on diet D (30% CLM) recorded the lowest. The group on diet B also recorded the highest lactose content (4.30) while the least was recorded for the group on diet D (4.18). The relationship between MY and various milk constituents indicated negative correlation between MY and TS, MY and BF, MY and SNF, MY and lactose. However, these correlations were not significant (P>0.05). Positive correlation existed between BF and TS, milk protein and TS, milk energy and TS, lactose and SNF, milk energy and BF, BF and milk protein. Milk protein and BF were highly significant (P<0.001) and positively correlated. Milk protein and SNF were negative and significantly correlation while a significant positive correlation existed between BF and milk protein. Diet D (30% CLM) which gave the highest MY, the lowest total solids and lactose percentage is recommended.
Keywords: Cassava leaf meal, lactose, milk yield, total solids, WAD goats
[2]. Ahamefule, F. O., Ibeawuchi, J. A. and Okonkwo, C. I. (2004). Comparative evaluation of the constituents of colostrums and milk of the WAD sheep and goat reared in a humid tropical environment. Nig. Agric. J., 35: 118 – 126.
[3]. Ahamefule, F. O. (2005). Evaluation of pigeon pea – cassava peel based diets for goat production in South Eastern Nigeria. PhD thesis. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.
[4]. Ahamefule, F. O., Odilinye, O. and Nwachukwu, E. N. (2012). Milk yield and composition of Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf does raised intensively in a hot humid environment. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 2(2): 143 – 149.
[5]. Akpa, G. N., Asiribot, O. O. and Alawa, J. P. (2001). The influence of non – genetic factors on the shape of lactose curves in Red Sokoto goats. Anim. Sci., 72: 233 – 239.
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ABSTRACT: A 12 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the feed effect on carcass characteristics, haematological parameters and reproductive tract morphometry of female rabbits fed cassava leaf meal diets. The study was conducted at the University of Agriculture Makurdi, Livestock Teaching and Research Farm. Sixteen weaned rabbits (4 weeks old) were fed four diets in a completely randomised design experiment. Diet 1 contained no cassava leaf meal (CLM), while Diets 2, 3 and 4 has maize replaced with cassava leaf meal at 10, 20 and 30% CLM respectively. Haematological parameters of the rabbits did not show any significant difference between treatments. There was also no significant difference on the reproductive tract morphometry except on the length of the left oviduct and the weight of the vagina. Sun dried CLM has no adverse effect on carcass yield, visceral organ weight, haematological characteristics and reproductive tract morphometry of female rabbits. This suggests that sun dried cassava leave meal in diet to replace maize up to 30% can support visceral organ development, haematological characteristics and female reproductive tract development in rabbits. Further studies are necessary to determine the reproductive and growth performance of rabbits fed CLM diets at higher levels of replacement.
Keywords: Cassava Leave, Performance, Rabbits, Reproduction
[2]. Terra, G.J.A. (1964) The Significance of Vegetables especially of Cassava in tropical nutrition. Geog. Med. 16:97-108
[3]. Tewe, O.O., Maner, J.H. and Gomez, G. Influence of cyanogenic glucoside fraction of cassava on performance, thiocynate concentration and rhodanese activity of rats during growth and production. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 6(1&2) 1979):8-14
[4]. Adegbola, T.A. and Okonkwo, J.C. (2002) Nutrient intake, digestibility and growth of rabbits fed varying levels of cassava leaf meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production Vol. 29 (i), Pp21-26
[5]. Devendra, C. Cassava as a feed source for ruminants: In: Cassava as livestock feed. Neltel and Graham (eds.) Proceeding of a workshop held at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, April, 18th 1977. Pp 107-139
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ABSTRACT: Beekeeping serves as a source of additional cash income for hundreds of thousands of farmer beekeepers in the country and plays a significant role in conserving the natural resources and contributes to the globe through environmental protection. Furthermore, even if the potential and success in beekeeping development is dependent first and foremost on the type and quantity of flora available, botanical composition of natural vegetation varies significantly. This study was conducted targeting identification and documentation of major honeybee floras, their phenology and pollen potential in the study area. For this, three representative agro-ecologies, respective sites and localities were selected using stratified random sampling procedures. A total of 120 Beekeepers were also purposively selected and interviewed to collect relevant information. Density and frequency of flowering plants was determined using appropriate vegetation determination techniques. Pollen was collected using pollen traps and was analyzed and verified for its traceability using appropriate mellissopalynological procedures and references. Trapped pollen analysis data were also traced back to plant species level. The study has revealed that the families diversity, directly attributed to the species diversity, in sample plots were generally higher in higher altitudes of the study area and deceasing towards lower altitudes. The density of the plant species per plot were higher for herbaceous plant species represented by plant families Pedaliaceae, Asteraceae and Papilionaceae. As a tip, 73.33% of the flowering plants identified from the trapped pollen were found to be propagated by their seeds indicating the point of entrance for rehabilitation. the highest amount of pollen was collected from those plants categorized as very good in their use to quality honey production (46.23%), in their acceptance by the bees (56.62%) and in their abundance (48.4%) comprising 22.22%, 26.67%, 31.11% and 28.89% of the total honey source plants identified throughout the study period respectively. Moreover, a total of 418.45gm of pollen (36.11%, 39.08% and 20.98% from herbaceous, shrub and tree species respectively) was collected by honeybees during the study period. It was found that 12 plant species (contributing 69.24% of the pollen) have been confirmed to be major pollen source plants of the area. Generally, we would like to recommend that wise use and rehabilitation of these potentially identified bee plant species shall be considered in attempting beekeeping development and environmental protection.
Key words: Bee plants, Phenology, Bee pollen, Trapped pollen, Honey bees, Pollen source, Mellissopalynology, Dry land Ethiopia.
[2]. Admasu Adi and Nuru Adgaba. 1999. Effect of honey bee pollination on seed yield and oil content of Noug. In proceedings of first National Conference of the Ethiopian Beekeepers Association, pp 67 – 73, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
[3]. Admasu Addi, Debissa Lemessa and Amssalu Bezabeh. 2004. Botanical inventory and phenology of bee plants in rift valley regions of East Showa Zone: Proceedings of the 13th annual conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP) August 25-27, 2004, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
[4]. AMAREW, 2006. Revised Annual Work Plan for 2006, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
[5]. Amha Sebsebe. 2003. Practical aspect of beekeeping in Amhara region. Project proposal
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ABSTRACT: Synthetic insecticides are expensive for subsistence of farmers and they may pose potential risks owing to lack of adequate technical knowledge related to their safer use. There have been lots of search on locally available plant materials that may have shown grain protectant ability.The botanical Forskolin was derived as active alkaloid from the roots of the plantPlectranthus barbatus. Forskolin inhibited the growth and development of the stored grain pest Callosobruchus chinensis.
Key words: Forskolin, Callosobruchus chinensis, botanical,IGR activity
2. Akinkurolere RO, Adedire CO, Odeyemi OO (2006). Laboratory evalua-tion of the toxic properties of forest anchomanes, Anchomanes difformis, against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleo-ptera: Bruchidae) Insect Science. 13:25– 29
3. Dwivedi, S.C and Matur, M. (2000) Laboratory evaluation of eight floral species inhibiting egg hatching in diamond black moth, Plutella xylostella (L) Pestology 24 (2)
4. Dwivedi, S.C and Pareek. P. (2006) . Toxicity of plant extracts against larvae of Rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica. Pestology 30 (9) 27-31.
5. Gunderson CA , Samuel NJH , Evans 1985 – Effects of the Mint monoterpine pulengene on Spodoptera eridamia. Environ.Entomol.14(6), 859-863.
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Abstract: The assessment of indigenous knowledge for the storage of Monodora myristica seed for planting was carried out in three states (Abia, Enugu and Akwa-Ibom states) of South eastern agroecology. A structured questionnaire was administered to 150 farmers from two LGAs each and 135 retrieved. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics like percentage, mean scores, frequency, bar and pie chart. Collection/gathering of M. myristica is mostly done by men between the ages of 61-70%. Those involved in gathering of M. myristica seeds were married and formally educated people. The study further revealed that traditional method of storage is widely accepted since it promotes seed germination as investigated by 74% of the respondents. Insect pest is one of the problems encountered by the farmers hence 66.7% of the respondents have solicited for government assistance. This problem should therefore be addressed as seed security is essential in ensuring increased use of agro-biodiversity which would in turn expand the options, opportunities and remains available at the rural grassroots level to improve nutrition and health, safeguard the household economic security and enhance sustainable agriculture.
Keywords: Indigenous knowledge , Monodora myristica, respondents, seed, , storage,
[2]. V. S. Govindarajan , (1985). CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition .22, 109-176.
[3]. A. Brown, (2004). Export development of essential oils and spices by cambodia. The International Trade Centre, Geneva [SSA # 2001-468] and the Ministry of Commerce, Kingdom of Cambodia. p. 100
[4]. D. M. Warren, L. J. Slikkerveer and S.O. Titilola (Eds). (1989). Indigenous Knowledge Systems; Implications for Agriculture and International Development. Studies in Technology and Social Change No. 11. Ames, Iowa: Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University.
[5]. G. M Flavier, D.M. Warren, L.J. Slikkerveer and D. Brokensha (1995). 'The regional program for the promotion of indigenous knowledge in Asia', pp. 479-487. The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems. London:
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ABSTRACT: The study investigated the efficacy of five (5) different growth media on seedling emergence and juvenile phenology of Monodora myristica in the nursery. The growth media were sawdust only, equal mixture of topsoil and sawdust (50:50) by volume, topsoil only, standard nursery soil mixture (3:2:1 ratio) and topsoil arranged in-depth with sawdust (50:50) by volume. All the growth media were bagged in the standard perforated (perforated to allow for water drainage) nursery polybags of 27 cm × 25 cm and laid flat the thickness of 1mm. The polybags each containing 3 stands of Monodora myristica were arranged in a cluster of bags per treatment and replicated three times. Data on percentage seedling emergence, number of leaves, plant height and leaf area at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after planting were collected. The analysis of variance was carried out using Genestat. The results showed that Monodora myristica seeds sown in sawdust emerged significantly (P<0.05) early. Juvenile growth was significantly enhanced by standard nursery soil mixture (3:2:1) and topsoil in-depth with sawdust arrangements. The seedling vigour further facilitated field establishment of M. myristica at the Crop Genetic Resource Conservation Centre, Federal University of Technology Owerri. Monitoring and evaluation of the field growth pattern of Monodora myristica is in progress.
Keywords: growth media, Monodora myristica, nursery, seedling emergence, seeds.
[2]. Louise, M.D. 2002; Spices, Exotic Flavours and Medicines. Biomedical Library. UCLA. p. 1.
[3]. Sigmund, R and Gustar, E .1991. The cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics .P.276.
[4]. Govindarajan , V. S. 1985. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition .22, 109-176.
[5]. Dziezak, J.D, 1989. J. Food Technology, 43(1): 102-116
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ABSTRACT: The ewes were randomly divided into controlled and supplemented group to determine the reproductive performances of indigenous ewes in Bangladesh. Ewe lambs on supplemented group was growing faster and reached puberty at significantly (p<0.05) younger age (6.22± 1.31 months). There was a significant (p<0.05) interaction of supplemented feed and average daily gain during puberty. The oestrus cycle length and duration of estrus was not significantly (p>0.05) different between the two groups. The stage of the estrous cycle was determined by observing exfoliated vaginal cells in both the groups. Average progesterone concentration was significantly different (p<0.01) among days of the oestrous cycle. Progesterone concentration was <1.0 ng/ml on day of estrus, rose steadily to peak on days 10 and followed by a rapid decline on day 15 in both group. The nutritional supplement did not improve sexual behaviors. The pregnancy rates were 83.33 and 100% in controlled and supplemented groups. The gestation length varied from 141 to 145 days. The post partum onset of estrus was significantly shorter in supplemented group than controlled group (p<0.05). The lambing rates, litter size and lamb survival rate were 75 and 100%, 1.22±0.44 and .1.58±0.67 and 91.67 and 100%, in controlled and supplemented group, respectively. Mean birth weights of lambs were 1.00±0.30 and 1.33±0.25kg in controlled and supplemented group, respectively. The pre-weaning average daily gain of lambs were significantly different (p<0.01) between two groups. The present study indicates the influence of nutrition on reproductive performances of ewes that may increase and improve the sheep production.
Keywords: reproductive performances, supplementation, indigenous ewes.
[2]. M.G.S. Alam, A. Ghosh, A.K. Mondal and M.A. Akbar, Supplementation and puberty of zebu calves of Bangladesh, The Bang. Vet., 18, 2001, 1-8.
[3]. M.H. Rahman Dairy Development and Meat production, National Livestock Policy Document: FAO, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2005.
[4]. M.G.S. Alam, M.S. Azam and M.J. Khan, Supplementation with urea and molasses and body weight, milk yield and onset of ovarian cyclicity in cows, J Reprod. Dev., 52, 2006, 529-535.
[5]. E. Mukasa-Mugerwa, D. Anindo, S. Sovani, A. Lahlou-Kassi, S. Tebely, J.E.O. Rege and R.L. Baker, Reproductive performance and productivity of Menz and Horro sheep lambing in the wet and dry seasons in the highlands of Ethiopia, Small Rumin. Res., 45, 2002, 261-271.
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ABSTRACT: Jatropha has the potential to be developed as biofuel, because of its high seed oil content. The seeds contain up to 35% oil which are convert into biodiesel easily. Superior plant materials had been produced through the composite selection (IP-1 to IP-3), were only able to express the potential yield on land that was in optimal conditions. On the contrary, land available for jatropha development, generally, in the form of dry land with limited water availability. Development of Jatropha in large scale in dryland require plant material with high productivity and able to adapt to drought conditions. In an effort to maintain the stability of jatropha production in dry land, it can be done through grafting technology by combining the advantages of prospective shoot section which has a high yield potential as a scion and rootstock candidates from plant material that is able to adapt to limited water availability.
[2]. Blum A. 1996. Crop response to drought and the interpretation of adaptation, J. Plant Growth Regul., 20(2): 135-148. [3]. Cholid M, Romli M, Estiana H. 2006. Shoot regeneration of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) via micro cutting. Workshop II Technology Status of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L). Bogor, November 29, 2006. Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development.
[4]. Djumali. 2010. Identification of Jatropha character affecting production and oil content. Mid-year report of Indonesian Tobacco and Fibre Crops Research Institute, Malang.