IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-4 ~ APRIL-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Consumer Cooperatives, Food Security and Sustainability among Civil Servants in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Adedapo A. O., Alabi O. O.
	:	10.9790/2380-07410104

ABSTRACT: The issues of food security and family sustenance have been a major challenge in recent times due to the importance of food as the basic necessity of life. A large number of urban dwellers have not been able to meet the need of food for family consumption. Due to urban development, there is inadequate access of land for subsistence farming.In order to find solution to this food crisis, civil servants have resulted into consumer cooperative which involved the bulk purchase of food items for members, in which food are purchased on loans and then deducted from their salaries. This study access the influence of cooperative on household food security and sustainability among civil servants in Ekiti state. A total of 120 civil servants were randomly selected for the study. Findings revealed that 88.33% (106 people) of the respondents patronize consumer cooperatives, 60.37% patronize mainly during the festive periods, 31.64% patronized on monthly basis while only 8.49% patronize on quarterly basis.
Keywords: Civil servants, consumer co-operatives, food security, poverty, sustainability.

[1]. F. S. Idachaba, Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges under democratic dispensation. 9th ARMTI Annual Lecture, Ilorin, 24.3.2004
[2]. Food and Agriculture Organization,The state of food security in the world: Economic Crises-impacts and lessons learned. 2009, Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0876e/i0876e00.htm
[3]. L. Direnberger, Gender and food security: Inequalities in relation to hunger. Genre en Action Bulletin, 2008, 7.
[4]. World Bank, Poverty Reduction and the World Bank.Washington, USA, 1996, 53
[5]. A. A. Ladele andG. B. Ayoola, Food marketing and its roles in food security in Nigeria, In Shaib, B., Adedipe, N. O., Aliyu, A. and Jir, M. M. (eds). Integrated Agricultural Production in Nigeria; Strategies and Mechanisms for Food Security. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Nigeria Position at the World Food Summit, Abuja, Nigeria, 1997, 88

ABSTRACT: It is assumed that the content of anti-nutrients in legumes seeds and find out the dependency among their content and the amount of important nutrients. The influence of the agri-environmental conditions on concentration of anti-nutrients was evaluated on the basis of the analysis of the material collected from the experiments carried out in the years 2010-2011, located in different regions of Poland. The analyses were performed in the Main Chemical Laboratory of IUNG-PIB Puławy and in Laboratory of Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) in Słupia Wielka, near Poznań. The obtained results indicate that the region of cultivation did not have a significant impact on the concentration of these substances in the seeds of faba bean. Seeds of fodder pea of Muza and Marych cultivars contain significantly less tannins than Roch and Wiato cultivars. In the case of faba bean, however, fewer of these compounds were found at white-flowering cultivars. The average content of total alkaloids in lupine was definitely greater in blue lupine than in yellow lupine. The location of cultivation of yellow lupine did not have an influence on the level of total alkaloids and gramine. Blue lupine collected much less alkaloids in the location of Central Poland and significantly more in the North and West of Poland.
Keywords: anti-nutrient substances, legumes, location of cultivation, nutrients, seeds.

[1] A. Mikić, B. Ćupina, S. Katić, D. Karagić, Importance of annual forage legumes in supplying plant proteins, A Periodical of Scientific Research on Field and Vegetable Crops, 42, I, 2006, 91-103.
[2] J. Księżak, M. Staniak, J. Bojarszczuk, The regional differentiation of legumes cropping area in Poland within 2001-2007, Polish Journal of Agronomy, 1, 2009, 25-31.
[3] R. Alonso, E. Orúe, F. Marzo, Effects of extrusion and conventional processing methods on protein and antinutritional factor contents in pea seeds, Food Chemistry, 63(4), 1998, 505-512.
[4] F. Gatel, F. Grosjen, Comosition and nutritive value of peas for pigs: a review of European results, Livestock Production Science, 26, 1990, 155-175.
[5] H. Leontowicz, M. Leontowicz, H. Kostyra, M.A. Gralak, G.W. Kulasek, The influence of extrusion or boiling on trypsin inhibitor and lectin activityin leguminous seeds and protein digestibility in rats, Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Science, 4, 1999, 77-87.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Mulch Materials on Population of Plant Parasitic Nematode, Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Aminu-Taiwo B. R., Idowu A. A., Alamu O.O., O. W. Olaniyi, O. O. Olufunmi
	:	10.9790/2380-07411217

ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted at National Horticultural Research Institute Idi-ishin, Ibadan to investigate the influence of mulching materials on population of plant parasitic nematodes, weed density, soil moisture, temperature content, growth and yields of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). The mulch materials were dried leaves of Azadirachta indica , Terminalia catappa , Eugenia uniflora, Pannicum maximum (grass straw) and plastic mulch with hoeing and no weeding as control. The experiment was conducted between June to September 2010. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in three replications. Data were collected on Vegetative Growth (VG), Gall Indices (GI), nematode reproduction. All data were analysed using ANOVA (p=0.05).
Keywords: Gall indices, Mulch materials, Nematode population, soil moisture and weed density.

[1]. Adekalu, K.O., L.A.O. Ogunjimi, F.O. Olaosebikan and S.O. Afolayan, (2008). Response of okra to irrigation and mulching. Int. J. Veg. Sci., 14: 339–350.
[2]. Adesiyan, S. O., F. E. Caveness, M. O. Adeniji and B. Fawole (1990). The Root-knotNematodes, Meloidogyne spp. In Nematode pests of Tropical crops. Heinemann Books (Nigeria) Ltd. Chapter 3 pp 19 -34
[3]. Akobundu, I.O (1984). Advances in live mulch crop production in the tropics. Proceedings of Western Society for Weed Science. 37, 51 -7 (Spokane - Washington).
[4]. Akoroda, M. O., O. A. Ayin and I. O. A. Tijani (1985). Edible fruit productivity and harvest duration of okra in southern Nigeria. Tropical Agric. (Trinidad) 63:(20)110-112.
[5]. Buhler, D.D., R.P. King, S.W. Swinton, J.L. Gunsolus, and F.Forcella. (1996). Field evaluation of a bioeconomic model for weed management in corn (Zea mays). Weed science 44:915-923.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pubertal traits of male goats kept on rations supplemented with different protein types
Country	:	Libya
Authors	:	Nasir Salim Elhammali, Adil Salim Elsheikh
	:	10.9790/2380-07411821

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to determine the impact of type of protein supplementation to the ration on pubertal characteristics of male goat kids. Eighteen crossbred (Nubian × Saanen) weaned male goat kids were distributed to 3 ration groups. Group I (n=6) was kept on a ration supplemented with ground nut cakes, group II (n=6) on a ration supplemented with sesame cakes and group II (n=6) on a ration supplemented with cotton seed cakes. The pubertal traits studied were preputial separation, scrotal circumference at puberty, weight and age at puberty, ejaculate volume, individual motility percent and mass motility of semen, percentages of live and abnormal morphology spermatozoa and the concentration of spermatozoa. The results of this study revealed that only the pubertal body and the percentage of abnormal sperms were significantly influenced (p˂0.05) with protein type.
Keywords: crossbred; goats; male; puberty; protein type.

[1] S. A. Makawi. Reproductive development in the Butana, the Kenana, the cross-breed and the Friesian bulls bred in the Sudan .Doctoral thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum (1994).
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[3] G. H. Arthur, G.H. Noakes, D.E. The male animal in: Veterinary Reproduction and obstetrics. 4th Edition. The English language Book Society (E.L.B.S) and Bailliere Tindall. 2001, 673-778.
[4] J. O. Almqusit,E. E. Grubeand G. L. Rozenberger (1982). Effect of thawing time on fertility of bovine spermatozoa in French straws. J. Dairy Sci., 65, 1982, 824-827.
[5] G. H. Beardenand J. W. Fuquay.Applied Animal Reproduction (4thed) Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, New Jersey, 1997..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Treatment of Repeat Breeding in Dairy Cows with Lugol's Iodine
Country	:	Sudan
Authors	:	Faisal Omer Ahmed, Adil Salim Elsheikh
	:	10.9790/2380-07412226

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to see whether the uteri of dairy cows suffering from repeat breeder syndrome are infected with bacteria or not. Furthermore, the efficacy of intra-uterine infusion of diluted Lugol's iodine to treat this syndrome was tested by studying two reproductive traits, the rate of service per conception and the length of the days open (DO). Sixty cross-bred dairy cows that were diagnosed as repeat breeders were used. A transcervical guarded sterile disposable swabs were collected from the endometria of the cows. The swabs were transferred to sterile test tubes and were cultured aerobically onto a pre-equilibrated MacConkey blood agar within 2 hour of collection. The bacteria were identified based on the characteristic of the colonies, Gram-staining and their morphology.
Keywords: cow, Lugol,s iodine, repeat breeding syndrome.

[1] H. M. Warriach, G Ahmad, and I. Ahmad. Effect of antibiotic treatment on pregnancy rate of repeat breeding dairy cross-bred cows with sub-clincal uterine infection. Pakistan Vet. J. 28 (1), 2008, 40 – 42.
[2] S. Katagiri. Anew approach to repeat breeding in cows. Treatments targeting the endometrial growth factor-cytokine network. J. of Vet. Med, Supp . (44); 2011, 51 – 53.
[3] M. R. Ahmadi and S. A. Dehghan. Evaluation of the treatment of repeat breeder dairy cows with uterine lavage plus PGF2, with and without cephapirin. Turk. J. of Anim. Sci.31 (2), 2007, 125 – 129.
[4] P. C. Bartlett, J. Kirk and E. Mather. Repeated insemination in Michigan Holstein Friesian cattle: incidence descriptive epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Theriogenology (26), 1986, 309 – 322.
[5] M. Kimura, T. Nakao and K. Kawala. Luteal phase deficiency as a possible cause of repeat breeding in dairy cows. British Vet. J. (143), 1987, 560 - 566.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Replacing Maize with Graded Levels of Cassava Tuber Meal, Brewer's Dried Grain and Palm Oil Mixture on the Serum Biochemistry and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	U. Okpanachi, A. A. Musa, A. T. Adewoye, O. C. Adejoh
	:	10.9790/2380-07412731

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to determine the value of a mixture of sun-dried cassava tuber meal (C), brewers' dried grains (B), and palm oil (P) (CBP-mix) based diets with a view to determine its optimal dietary maize replacement levels in broiler starter and finisher diets, its effects on serum biochemistry and carcass characteristics of broilers. Sun-dried Cassava tuber meal (C), Brewers' dried grains (B) and Palm oil (P) were mixed in ratio 60:35:5 respectively. Anak strain of broiler were fed diets containing 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% CBP-mix replacement levels for maize. At the end of the experiment data collected were analysed as a one way anova design using SPSS package version 17.
Key words: CBP-mix, Cassava Tuber Meal, Brewer's Dried Grain, Palm Oil, Broiler, Carcass.

[1]. H.T. Abu, Effect of enzyme supplementation of bambara groundnut milling waste based diet on growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical constituent of broilers chicks, bachelor thesis, Department of Animal Production, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria,
[2]. G.O. Adeyemo, Effects of cottonseed cake based diets on haematological and serum biochemistry of egg type chickens, International Journal of Poultry Science, 7(1), 2008, 23-27.
[3]. G.O. Adeyemo and O.G. Longe, Effects of graded levels of cotton seed cake on performance, Haematological, and carcass characteristics of broilers fed from fry old to 8 weeks of age, African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(8): 2007, 1064-1071.
[4]. A.H. Akinmutimi and G.E. Onen, The response of broilers finisher birds fed graded levels of yam peel meal in place of maize-based diets, International Journal of Poultry Science, 7(5), 2008, 474-479.
[5]. AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Official method of analysis, 16th edition Washington DC, 1995.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Sulfur on Maize
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Qamar Sarfaraz, Sajida Perveen, Qudratullah Shahab, Dost Muhammad
	:	10.9790/2380-07413237

ABSTRACT: A field experiment was carried out to study the comparative effect of soil and foliar application of sulfur on maize at New Development Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar during 2012. The experiment was laid in randomized complete block design with three replications. For soil sulfur ammonium sulphate was applied at sowing @ 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg ha-1 while foliar sulfur was applied in two split doses @ 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 kg ha-1. Half dose at knee height and half at silking stage. Almost all the treatments have significantly affected all the agronomic and yield components of maize. Maximum grains yield (4060 kg ha-1) was recorded in T6 and T11 i.e. 60 kg ha-1 sulfur application in soil. Similarly biological yield (12490 kg ha-1) and ear weight (185.5 g ear-1) were also significant at 60 kg ha-1.
Keywords: maize, yield, sulfur, comparison, foliar, soil, spray.

[1]. Aulakh, A. S., N. S. Pasricha and A. S. Azad. 1990. P and S relationship for soybean on P and S deficient soil. Soil Science. 4(150):705-709.
[2]. Baktash, F. Y. 2000. Response of maize to different levels of sulfur fertilizer. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture. University of Cairo. 51(2):123-137.
[3]. Banerjee, M. R. and S. J. Chapman. 1996. The significance of microbial biomass sulfur in soil. Biological Fertile Soils. 22: 116-123.
[4]. Banerjee, M. R., S. J. Chapman and K. Killham. 1993. Factors influencing the determination of microbial biomass sulfur in soil. Common Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 24: 939-950.
[5]. Barber, S. A. 1995. Soil Nutrient Bioavailability. John Wiley & Sons, New York

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Establishing the Dominant Milk Marketing Channel in Nyandarua District, Kenya: A Cumulative Density Function Approach
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Moturi,W. O., Obare, G. A., Kahi, A. K.
	:	10.9790/2380-07413843

ABSTRACT: This paper uses data from a survey of 186 dairy households in two divisional administrative zones in the Kenya highlands to establish the dominant milk marketing channel based on net returns. Cumulative density function results show that, the private channel dominates over all the other channels except at the 0.8 probability level of choice where the cooperative channel dominates overall. Although most smallholder farmers in Kenya market milk through the traditional channel, the net returns that would accrue from their enterprise if they used the traditional and cooperative channels is still considerably higher. It is however apparent that the traditional channel is being replaced, albeit slowly, giving rise to the need of a policy to breach the quality gap between the traditional and the modern channels by making popular training and certification programs for small scale milk traders and processors.
Keywords: Dominant, Marketing channel, Net returns.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Increasing biogas production of rumen fluid using cattle manure collected at different time as a substrate
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Rabiu, A., Yaakub, H., Liang, J. B., Samsudin, A. A.
	:	10.9790/2380-07414447

ABSTRACT: The effect of cattle manure collected at different time inoculated with rumen fluid of cattle on biogas production at mesophilic condition was evaluated. A laboratory experiment was carried out using 1000 ml biodigester and performed in batch operation mode. Approximately 100 grams of fresh cattle manure (M) was assigned to each biodigester and mixed with rumen fluid (R) and distilled water (W) into three different M:W:R ratio; 1:1:0; 1:0.5:0.5; and 1:0:1 respectively. All the treatments were prepared in triplicates. The pH of the slurry was recorded before and after the biogas production was determined. The biogas production was recorded at every three days interval for 24 days. The results obtained shows that the pH of the mixture before and after the biogas production provided a reading of 7.34 and 7.15. Significant different (P<0.05) was observed in the cattle manure collected at 0 h and 24 h between the treatment group and control. The best performance biogas production was observed if the rumen fluid used between the ranges of 25–50% of rumen fluid. Cattle manure collected after 12 h of defecation recorded with the highest biogas production compared to 0 h and 24 h of cattle post-defecation. The highest biogas produced was recorded in T3 throughout the experimental periods.
Keywords: rumen fluid, inoculums, biogas, mesophilic condition.

[1] Ezeonu S.O., Dioha I.J., and Eboatu A. N., Daily report production from different wastes and identification of methonogenic bacteria involved, Nigerian Journal of Solar Energy 15, 2006, 80-85.
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[3] Elijah, T. I., I. A. Mangibo, and Y. S. Mohammad, The study of cow dung as co-substrate with rice husk in biogas production, Scientific Research and Essay, 4(9), 2009, 861-866.
[4] Burke, D. A., 2001, Dairy waste anaerobic digestion handbook. Environmental Energy Company, Washington, USA.
[5] Budiyono, Wadiasa, I. N., Johari, S., Sunarso, Increasing biogas production rate from cattle manure using rumen fluid as inoculums, International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 10(1), 2010, 68-75.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	General combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects on average daily gain in body weights at various ages of rabbit in northern guinea savannah zone of Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Kabir1, M., Akpa1, G.N., Nwagu2, B.I. Adeyinka2, I.A. Shehu3, D.M., Galadima3, M.A. and Yahaya4, H.K.
	:	10.9790/2380-07414851

ABSTRACT: Complete diallel experiment was carried out involving three rabbit breeds (Chinchilla {CHC}, New Zealand White {NZW} and Californian White {CAW}). Data on post weaning average body weight gain were analysed by complete diallel analysis after first been corrected for significant effects of season of birth and sex of animal using the least squares constants. The variations due to general combining ability (GCA) as well as specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant

[1] M. Kabir, G.N. Akpa, B.I. Nwagu, and I.A. Adeyinka, Estimates of general and specific combining abilities for litter traits in 3 x 3 diallel crossing of rabbits: Proc. 36th Annual Conf. Nigerian Society for Animal Production (NSAP), Abuja, Nigeria, 2011b, 39–41
[2] G.F. Sprague and L.A. Tatum, General versus specific combining ability in single crosses of corn, Journal of American Society of Agronomy, 22, 1942, 320–326
[3] C.R. Henderson, Estimation of general, specific and maternal combining abilities in crosses among inbred lines of Swine, Doctoral diss., Iowa State College, 1948.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Choice Of Livelihood Activities Among Rural Dwellers In Southeast Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ifeanyi-obi, C.C and 2Matthews-Njoku, E.C
	:	10.9790/2380-07415256

ABSTRACT: The broad objective of this study is to identify socio-economic determinants of choice of livelihood activity among rural dwellers in southeast Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the rural dwellers in the study area, assessed livelihood activities in the study area and identified socio-economic determinants of choice of livelihood activity in the area. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select one hundred and sixty rural dwellers for this study.

[1]. Adesope, O.M, Ifeanyi-obi, C.C and Aboh, C.L. Socio-economic factors affecting rural household expenditure on mobile phone services. Journal of nature science and sustainable technology. Vol. 5(3). 2011. USA.
[2]. Adi, B. (2007) Determinants of agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood strategies in Rural communities; Evidence from Eastern Nigeria. The Journal of developing areas, volume 40, number 2, spring spring 2007.Pp 93-94.
[3]. Akpabio (2005). Rural and Agricultural Soicology. In: Ike Nwachukwu (ed) (2005). Agricultural Extension and Rural sociology. Snaap Press Ltd, Enugu.
[4]. Bryceson, D. F.: 2002, 'The Scramble in Africa: Reorienting Rural Livelihoods'. World Development , 725– 739.
[5]. Carney, D. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods: what contribution can we make? Conference proceedings of the International Development's National Resources advisers' conference, July 1998pp428

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Mechanical Properties of Spinach
Country	:	India
Authors	:	P.G.More, A.S.Kakade, S.U. Khodke
	:	10.9790/2380-07415761

ABSTRACT: In this paper, the mechanical properties such as brust strength, toughness, displacement were determined for spinach of the local variety. These properties are necessary in the processing and transportation, separating and packing. The results showed that on six different packaging materials

[1]. Anonymous. 2009. Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
[2]. Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition
[3]. Anonymous, 2013. http://www.stablemicrosystems. com
[4]. Piagentini, A.M., and Güemes D.R. 2002. Shelf life of fresh-cut spinach as affected by chemical treatment and type of packaging film. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering .Vol.19(04), P:383-389.
[5]. Nabil S. Albaloushi N., Mostafa A. Azam and Ayman H. Amer Eissa., 2012. Mechanical properties of tomato fruits under storage condition Journal of Applied Sciences Research.Vol.8 (6), P:3053-3064

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Garrett's Ranking Analysis of Various Clinical Bovine Mastitis Control Constraints in Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R. John Christy
	:	10.9790/2380-07416264

ABSTRACT: Economic losses due to mastitis are recognized worldwide as a major problem on dairy farms and mastitis limits enhanced milk production efficiency in many dairy herds despite the amount of knowledge available on the subject. This study was conducted with an objective to assess the farmers ranking on various clinical bovine mastitis control constraints in Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu which was randomly selected for the present study.

[1]. Blood D C and Radostits O M 1989 Veterinary Medicine. A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses. 7th
Edition, E L B S/Bailliere Tindall. London.
[2]. Byarugaba D K, Nakavuma J L, Vaarst M and Laker C 2008: Mastitis occurrence and constraints to mastitis control in smallholder
dairy farming systems in Uganda. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 20, Article #5.Retrieved March 30, 2014, from
http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/1/byar20005.htm
[3]. Chenyambuga, S.W., C.Waiswa, M.Saimo, P.Ngumi and P.S.Gwakisa, 2010. Knowledge and perceptions of traditional livestock
keepers on tick-borne diseases and sero-prevalence of Theileria parva around Lake Victoria Basin. Livestock Research for Rural
Development 22: 7.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Genetic Divergence in Bread Wheat F3 Populations for Morphological and Yield Traits
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Shahid Khan 1, Fida. Mohammad1, Kamran Rahatullah2 , Nazeer Ahmed3, Saeed Ahmed4, Zia-ur-Rehman1, Gul. Ghani1 and Muhammad. Adnan1
	:	10.9790/2380-07416570

ABSTRACT: To study genetic divergence for morphological traits in bread wheat F3 populations, an experiment was conducted comprising 13 F3 populations and 6 parental cultivars during 2011-2012 at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results of the data exhibited significant (P≤0.01) variation among wheat genotypes regarding days to heading, days to maturity, flag leaf area, spikes m-2, grains spike-1, grain weight spike-1, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. Differences among parental (P) cultivars and F3 populations were also highly significant for all the traits.

[1]. Ajmal, S.U., N. Zakir, and M.Y. Mujahid (2009). Estimation of genetic parameters and character association in wheat. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 1(1): 15-18.
[2]. Ambreen, A., M.A. Chowdhry, I. Khaliq, and R. Ahmad (2002). Genetic determination for some drought related leaf traits in bread wheat. Asian J. Pl. Sci. 1(3): 232-234.
[3]. Asif, M., M.Y. Mujahid, N.S. Kisana, S.Z. Mustafa, and I. Ahmad (2004). Heritability, genetic variability and path coefficient of some traits in spring wheat. Sarhad J. Agric. 20(1): 87-91.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Susceptibility of Different Potato Varieties to Infestation by Potato Tuber Moth and Role of the Plant Powders on their Protection
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Aziza Sharaby., Hashim Abdel-Rhman., Shadia Abdel-Aziz , Sawsan.S. Moawad
	:	10.9790/2380-07417180

ABSTRACT: laboratory evaluation of the susceptibility of tubers of 12 potato varieties locally available and cultivated in Egypt to infestation by PTM was carried out through the study of its ovipositional and feeding preferences using choice and non -choice tests. For protecting potato tubers from PTM infestation during storage, different concentration of five plant powders were tested as dusts against adults or dusts against neonate larvae. Tuber damage indices as well as persistence indices for tested materials were assessed. The choice test between 12 potato varieties indicated that the highly susceptible varieties were Bern and Nicola; while the moderately susceptible included Glob, Sanorata, Diamonda and Charisma.

[1]. Abd-El Samea, S.A. (1990): Biological studies on some lepidopterous insects by using extraction of some plants. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufya University, Egypt; 110 p
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[3]. Ashalew S and Ahmed I. 2012: Evaluation of some botanicals to control potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella under storage condition at Bako, Westren Ethiopia. Esci J.of Plant Pathology, 1 (1) 14- 180

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Embryonic and Larval Development of Silver Barb (Barbodes gonionotus) in a Mobile Hatchery under Laboratory Condition
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	1Siddhwartha Kumar Basak, 2Biplob Basak, 3Nipa Gupta, 2S.M. Mustafizur Rahman, 2Dr. Mohammad Mahfujul Haque
	:	10.9790/2380-07418190

ABSTRACT: This investigation was carried out for 14 days to determine different developmental stages of embryo and larvae with special emphasis on time requirement for progress of the stages. For breeding of silver barb, PG was injected as an inducing agent for ovulation of eggs inside the ovary however; external stripping was applied to ejaculate the eggs. Sophisticated digital camera (Olympus C×41) connected with a laptop was used for intensive observation on the developmental stages in the close proximity of Low Cost Mobile Hatchery (LCMH). Well fertilized eggs were transformed into fry through different stages of embryonic development, hatchlings to larvae and then fry completing several morphological and physiological changes.

[1] Karim, K.A.T.A., S. Dewan and M.G. Hossain. 1988. Length weight relationship and condition factor of Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker). Bangladesh J. Aquaculture, 10: 49-54.
[2] Gupta, M.V. and A. Rab. 1994. Adoption and economics of silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) culture in seasonal waters in Bangladesh. Published by ICLARM, Metro Manila, Philippines, with financial assistance from USAID, Baridhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
[3] Chakraborty, B.K., M.I. Miah, M.J.A. Mirja and M.A.B. 2006. Habib. Induction of gynogenesis in endangered sarpunti, Puntius sarana (Hamilton) and evidence for female homogamety. Aquaculture; 258: 312-320.
[4] Hussain et al., (eds.) 2008. A guide book on aquaculture technologies. Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries & Livestock. 96 pp.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Changes in pigments and photosynthetic parameters of cowpea under two inorganic arsenicals
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Puspendu Dutta* and S. Mondal
	:	10.9790/2380-074199103

ABSTRACT: A net house experiment was conducted to investigate the relative effects of two inorganic forms of arsenic namely, arsenate (As V) and arsenite (As III), on some physiological parameters in leaves of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) cv. BCKV-1. Cowpea plants were grown in pot culture and were treated with different doses of As (V) and As (III) as 0 (control) 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg L-1. The application of arsenic in either form showed an adverse effect on pigment and protein contents, net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance especially at higher doses of 30 and 40 mg L1. A higher reduction in photosynthetic pigments, protein, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were recorded in As (III) treatments than As (V), while net photosynthetic rate and intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) were most severely affected in As (V).

[1]. E.O. Uthus, Arsenic essentiality and factors affecting its importance. In: Chappel, W.R., Abernathy, C.O., Cothern, C.R. (Eds.), Arsenic Exposure and Health (Science Reviews Ltd., Northwood, , 1994) 199-208.
[2]. P.N. Williams, A.R. Price, A. Raab, S.A. Hossain, J. Feldmann and A.A. Meharg, Variation in arsenic speciation and concentration in paddy rice related to dietary exposure. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 2005, 5531-5540.
[3]. J. R. Wang, F. J. Zhao, A. A. Meharg, A. Raab, J. Feldman, and S. P. McGrath, Mechanisms of arsenic hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata. Uptake kinetics, interactions with phosphate, and arsenic speciation. Plant Physiology 130, 2002, 1552-1561.
[4]. A.O. Fayiga and L.Q. Ma, Using phosphate rock to immobilize metals in soil and increase arsenic uptake by hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. Science of the Total Environment 359, 2006, 17-25.
[5]. P. Bhattacharya, A.C. Samal, J. Majumder and S.C. Santra, Arsenic contamination in rice, wheat, pulses and vegetables: A study in a arsenic affected area of Wes Bengal, India. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 213, 2010, 3-13.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Recurring Outbreaks of Fowl Pox in a Poultry Farm in Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Okwor, Emmanuel C*.,Eze, Didacus C and Chah, Kennedy F.
	:	10.9790/2380-0741104108

ABSTRACT:This paper reports on recurring outbreaks of fowl pox in a particular pen present in a poultry farm located at Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria. The outbreaks were seen in one batch of white cockerel and two batches of brown layers. Reduced egg production, weight loss, nodular lesions on the combs, wattles and eyelids, and diphtheritic lesions in the mucous membranes of the oral cavity characterized the disease. At post mortem, a characteristic whitish cheesy material conforming to the shape of the cornea was common in the severe outbreak in layers, but absent in the cockerels and the mild outbreak in layers.

[[1]. Adebajo, M. C., Ademola, S. I., and Oluwaseum, A. 2012. Seroprevalence of fowl pox antibodies in indigenous chickens in Jos North and South Council Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria: implication for vector vaccine. ISRN. Veterinary Science. 154971: 1 – 4.
[2]. Afonso, C. L., Tulman, E. R., Lu, Z., Zsak, L., Kutish, G. F., and Rock, D. L. 2000. The genome of fowl pox virus. Journal of Virology.74: 3815 – 3831.
[3]. Andrews, C., Pereinra, H.G., and Wildy, P. 1978. Viruses of Vertebrates, 4th ed. BailliereTindall, London pp 356-389.
[4]. Ariyoshi, R., Takase, K., Matsuura, Y., Deguchi, K., Ginnaga, A., Fujikawa, H. 2003. Vaccination against fowlpox virus via drinking water. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.65(10): 1127-1130.
[5]. Buller, R.M. and Palumbo, G.J. 1991. Poxvirus pathogenesis. Microbiology Review.55: 80-122.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Cognitive awareness of extension workers, farmers of major insect pests infecting dates, palms
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Mithal A. Salman*, Ahlam T. Kadhum*, Salam Kashkool Kalaf
	:	10.9790/2380-0741109117

ABSTRACT: The research aims at identifying cognitive awareness of extension workers and farmers of the prevalence of major insect pests infecting palms and dates, determining the cognitive awareness of extension workers and farmers of infection symptoms with date, palm pest insects, identifying cognitive awareness of extension workers and farmers of prevention, control methods of major insect pests infecting palms, dates, comparatively determining cognitive awareness of extension workers, farmers of major insect pests infecting palms in terms of (the prevalence of pests, symptoms of infection, prevention and control) and determining the relationship between farmers' cognitive awareness of major insect pests infecting palms and each of the following factors (age, education, annual income from the production of dates, experience in palm cultivation, amount of production).

[1]. Jubouri, Ibrahim Jaddou, 2007, inventory and diagnosis of the vital factors in date palm environment, and approval for the development of an integrated pest management program in Iraq, palm, research published in the Journal of the University of Aden of Natural and Applied Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 3.
[2]. Al-Janabi, Thamer Ni'ma Hamad, 2002, palm farmers' application level of the recommendations relating to major scientific palm service operations in Iraq, master thesis, unpublished, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Baghdad.
[3]. Al-Sakran, Mohammed bin Suleiman and Siddiq Tayeb Munir, 2006, the adoption of palm tissue technology among date, palm farmers in the Central Region in Saudi Arabia, Search No. (145), Research Center of The College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, p (1 - 20).