IOSR-JAP   Volume-15 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. – Oct. 2023

ABSTRACT: In the present work Sm3+ substituted Mg-Zn ferrites synthesised by Citrate Gel Auto- Combustion method and range of 0.000 to 0.0030 (X step of 0.0005). X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV-vis investigation and, fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD and SEM images indicate nanoscale ranges as well as the cubic spinel structure, which is merely phased, and confirm the normal crystallite size. The lattice parameter and volume decrease as density increases. The FTIR data clearly suggests that two metallic bands have formed, confirming the cubic spinel ferrites. The UV-vis investigation demonstrates that the calculated direct band gap energy values have a violet shift. They are excellent for water purifications, memory storage devices.

Keywords - Chemical synthesis: Nano particle: Structural characterization: Optical studies

[1] K D Martinson Et Al. J. Alloys Compd. 894 162554 (2022)
[2] Vivekdhand, Hyunhoshin, Gyeonghunhan, S Bharadwaj, Kyongyoprhee And Sanghoonkim J. Alloys Compd. 910, 164765 (2022)
[3] V Ludhiya, D Ravinder And A Edukondalu Inorg Chem Commun. 150 110558 (2023)
[4] Banoth Baburao, N Hari Kumar, Avula Edukondalu, M Venkata Narayana And D Ravinder Inorg. Chem. Commun. 148 110355 (2023).
[5] A Sadaqat Et Al. Ceram. Int. 45 22538 (2019)

ABSTRACT: Attention is drawn to the method of creating a significant electromagnetic force created by a vortex electric field. Action of the vortex electric field on the dielectric is not compensated by the action of the bound charges of the dielectric on the source of the vortex field, but it satisfies the momentum conservation law.

Key Word: Vortex field, Alternative electric current, Dielectric, Bound charges, Lift force

[1]. Millis M.G. Nasa Breakthrough Propulsion Program. Acta Astronautica. 1999; 44(2-4): 172-182.
[2]. Evans R. Greenglow And The Search For Gravity Control, Leicestershire: Troubador Publishing Ltd, 2015.
[3]. Gerasimov S.A. Aerospace Electromagnetic Thruster With Average Foucault Currents. Advances In Aerospace And Technology. 2022; 7: 25-31.
[4]. Gerasimov S.A. Electromagnetic Thrust Force Of Unclosed Foucault Currents. Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics. 2023; 15(3): 49-52.
[5]. Lombardi G.G. Feynman's Disk Paradox. American Journal Of Physics. 1983; 51(3): 212-214.

ABSTRACT: To optimize the central zone parameters for minimizing the combined effects of astigmatism and primary spherical aberration, we employ a systematic approach involving numerical optimization techniques. We introduce a novel merit function that quantifies the extent of image degradation caused by defocus, astigmatism, and spherical aberration. This function serves as a comprehensive metric for evaluating system performance. Through an iterative optimization process, the central zone parameters are systematically adjusted to minimize the merit function, thereby enhancing image quality and correcting aberrations. The highest degree of the amplitude apodization parameter β leads to an enhancement in the lateral resolution of the central peak

Keywords: Point spread function, Optical aberrations, defocus, Primary Spherical aberration, Astigmatism, Central zone parameter

[1]. Salkapuram Vidya Rani,*Padamuttum Anitha,Nampallysabitha,Dasarikaruna Sagar Engineering Point Spread Function Of Two Zone Aperture Optical Imaging System Under The Combined Influence Of Defocus And Spherical Aberrations.
[2]. A N K Reddy And D Karunasagar, Pramana – J. Phys. 84(1), 117 (2015)
[3]. A N K Reddy And D Karunasagar, Adv. Opt. Technol. 2016, 1608342 (2016)
[4]. W Yang And A B Kotinski, The Astrophys. J. 605, 892 (2004)
[5]. Chenying He, Zhengyi Zhan, Chuankang Li, Xiaofan Sun, Yong Liu, Cuifang Kuang, And Xu Liu Effects Of Optical Aberrations On Localization Of MINFLUX Super-Resolution Microscopy.

ABSTRACT: This paper proves that the Schrödinger equation is no longer valid to stand as the fundamental postulate of quantum mechanics. Most of the non-harmonic wave equations cannot be represented by this equation including the one's in their simplest form has been derived. As the motion of a particle is more complicated and not always harmonic or Gaussian which forms the basis of defining an alternative equation that is all encompassing, complete and accurate to correctly describe the properties and behaviour of a quantum particle.

[1]. Griffiths, David J. (2004). Introduction To Quantum Mechanics (2nd Ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-111892-8. [2]. Zwiebach, Barton (2022). Mastering Quantum Mechanics: Essentials, Theory, And Applications. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-04613-8. OCLC 1347739457. [3]. Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1930). The Principles Of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [4]. Von Neumann, John (1932). Mathematische Grundlagen Der Quantenmechanik. Berlin: Springer. English Translation: Mathematical Foundations Of Quantum Mechanics. Translated By Beyer, Robert T. Princeton University Press. 1955. Https://Jhs.Press.Gonzaga.Edu/Articles/10.33972/Jhs.24 [5]. Lerner, R. G.; Trigg, G. L. (1991). Encyclopaedia Of Physics (2nd Ed.). VHC Publishers. ISBN 0-89573-752-3.

ABSTRACT: A Glass composition of quaternary oxide constituents of different Al2O3 content with a composition (80-x)B2O3-xAl2O3-10CdO-10ZnO; (x=0 to 20 mol % with a step of 5 mol %) was fabricated by conventional melt quenching method. The primary structural disorderness confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The non-crystalline nature of the produced glasses were verified as the absence of crystalline peaks in X-ray diffraction spectra. The density of the glass system decreased from 4.410 g.cm-3 to 3.138 g.cm-3with the increase of Al2O3content. Optical absorption spectroscopic studies were carried out on the glass system. The Cut-off wave length (λc) varied between 378 nm-500 nm whereas, the optical band gaps (Eopt) decreased with the addition of Al2O3 in the glass network. The role of NBOs on the physical and optical properties was also discussed.

Keywords: Density, X-ray diffraction study, optical properties

[1]. J. Zhong, P.J. Bray, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 111 (1989) 67-76.
[2]. G. Ferlat, A.P. Seitsonen, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, Nat. Mater.11 (2012) 925–929.
[3]. B.N. Meera, J. Ramakrishna, J. Non-Cryst.Solids. 159 (1993) 1-21.
[4]. A.C. Wright, N.M. Vedishcheva, Phys. Chem. Glasses Eur. J. Glass Sci. Technol. B 54 (4) (2013) 147–156.
[5]. C.E. Stone, A.C. Wright, R.N. Sinclair, S.A. Feller, M. Affatigato, D.L. Hogan, N.D. Nelson, Y.B. Dimitrov, E.M. Gattet, D. Ehrt, Phys. Chem. Glass. 41(2000) 409-412.

ABSTRACT: A mathematical model is proposed for the quantitative analysis of Doppler Shifts. In the model, four equations: Equation of Light Speed, Equation of Position, Vision of Light and Vision of Object are established and correlated together such that the wavelength, frequency and light speed of various Doppler Shifts including Axial Doppler Shift, Acceleration Doppler Shift and Transverse Doppler Shift can be calculated. In general, the mathematical analyses agree very well with the observations..

Keywords: Doppler Effect, Doppler Shift, Axial Shift, Acceleration Shift, Transverse Shift, Equation of Light Speed, Vision of Light, Redshift, BlueShift, Cosmological Redshift

[1]. Alec Eden The Search For Christian Doppler, Springer-Verlag, Wien 1992. Contains A Facsimile Edition With An English Translation.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Light Speed In Vacuum Is Not A Constant And Time Doesn't Change With Velocity–Discrepancies Between Relativities And Yangton & Yington Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2015, Pp. 367-373. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp.20150406.12.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu, Redshift Caused By Acceleration Doppler Effect And Hubble's Law Based On Wu's Spacetime Accelerating Shrinkage Theory, American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 6, No. 1, 2017, Pp. 10-15. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp.20170601.12.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Equation Of Light Speed." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 14(02), 2022, Pp. 47-59.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Vision Of Object, Vision Of Light, Photon Inertia Transformation And Their Effects On Light Speed And Special Relativity." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), Vol. 9, No. 5, 2017, Pp. 49–54.

ABSTRACT: Recently several mature and very well defined galaxies at high redshifts existing 300M years after the Big Bang (or 13.5B years before present) were found by James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). It indicates that the age of the universe may be 26.7B years instead of 13.8B years claimed by Big Bang Theory. One possible answer to this new discovery is Multibang Theory based on Yangton and Yington Theory. In this paper, a mature galaxy in an ancient Big Bang that is generated long before 13.8B years ago with a large starting Wu's Unit Length (and wavelength), is proposed which has the same wavelength as that of the high redshifts existing 300M years after Big Bang Explosion (or 13.5B years before present) in the Big Bang where earth was born.

Keywords: Big Bang, Redshift, Multiverse, Multibang, Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Wu's Unit Length

[1]. Rajendra P Gupta. "JWST Early Universe Observations And ΛCDM Cosmology". Monthly Notices Of The Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 524, Issue 3, September 2023, Pages 3385–3395, Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Mnras/Stad2032.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton And Yington–A Hypothetical Theory Of Everything", Science Journal Of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID Sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, Doi: 10.7237/Sjp/242.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures And Unified Field Theory Based On Yangton And Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, Pp. 165-171. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp. 20150404.13.
[4]. Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521672295.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Time, Space, Gravity And Spacetime Based On Yangton & Yington Theory, And Spacetime Shrinkage Versus Universe Expansion". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 4, 2016, Pp. 58-64. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp.20160504.13.

ABSTRACT: The solution casting method had been used to prepare PEO/TiO2 nanocomposites films reinforced with different wt% (5,10,15) of Nano-TiO2. The XRD studies revealed that the appearance of intensity peaks at 320 and 430 in PEO/TiO2 nanocomposites suggest the incorporation of Nano-TiO2 into pure PEO and formation of different ordered phases in small domains. SEM studies revealed that the percentage of dark regions is higher compared to bright regions in higher wt% of Nano-TiO2 Nanocomposties, which revealed a degradation in crystallanity of Nanocomposite films. The noticeable porous structures in SEM micrographs, may act as conducting pathways for ions from cathode to anode or vice-versa, supporting enhancement of ionic conductivity in PEO/TiO2 Nanocomposite......

Keywords: Reinforced, Hybrid materials, Nano-TiO2, PEO/TiO2 Nanocomposites, Optical properties

[1]. Vashisth , A ., Kowalik , M ., Gerringer , J ., Ashraf , C ., Duin , A . C . T . V., & Green , M . J . (2020). Reaxff Simulations Of Laser Induced
Graphene (Lig) Formation For Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS Applied Nano Materials , 3(2), 1881 1890.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1021/Acsanm.9b02524
[2]. Yoo , D . H ., Cuong , T . V ., Pham , V . H ., Chung , J . S ., Khoa , N . T ., Kim , E . J ., & Hahn , S . H . (2011). Enhanced Photocatalytic
Activity Of Graphene Oxide Decorated On Tio2 Films Under UV And Visible Irradiation. Current Applied Physics , 11 (3), 805 808.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Cap.2010.11.077
[3]. Zhao , B ., Macminn, C . W ., & Juanes , R . (2016 ). Wettability Control On Multiphase Flow In Patterned Microfluidics. Proceedings
Of The National Academy Of Sciences , 113(37), 10251 10256. Https://Doi.Org/10.1073/Pnas.1603387113
[4]. Li , Y ., Rodrigues , J . D ., & Tomás , H . (2012). Injectable And Biodegradable Hydrogels: Gelation, Biodegradation And Biomedical
Applications.
Chem . Soc . Rev 41(6), 2193 2221. Https://Doi.Org/10.1039/C1cs15203c
[5]. Bahrami , A ., Mehr , M ., Driel , W ., Zhang , K . (2021). Facile Synthesis Of Ag Nanowire/Tio 2 And Ag Nanowire/Tio2/Go
Nanocomposites For Photocatalytic Degradation Of Rhodamine B. Materials , 4(14), 763. H ttps://Doi.Org/10.3390/Ma14040763

ABSTRACT: This paper dicusses mass and energy questions of the photon in the universe by using quantum relativity.Questions of rest mass versus relativistic energy are dicussed and the creations of photons with the new intensity formula.Many calculations using Light Tensor are performed studying the relationship between gravitation and mass creation in the universe.Velocity and acceleration calculations in combination with expansion questions in the universe have also been done and calculated.Mass, radius and time periods have also been calculated in combination with the expansion in the universe, which also has been determined.The dark matter in our galaxy have also been determined together with mass creation using special and general relativity.Different curvatures(space-time)(elliptic, flat and hyperbolic) with different light speeds are also discussed.This leeds to a discussion between black holes versus galaxes.

[1]. Einstein, A., Ann.Physics, 49, 769 (1916)
[2]. Barrera.T., 18 (2022). The Universe, Mass Of The Photon.
[3]. Yngström S., Int. J. Theo. Phys. 33 (7): 1479 , (1994)
[4]. Yngström S. And Thelin B., Appl. Spectrosc. 44, No 9, 1566 (1990)
[5]. Thelin B. And Yngström S., Spectrochim. Acta 41b, 403 (1986)

ABSTRACT: Molar concentrations have significant effect in the growth, structural, optical and phototransport properties of nanocrystalline ZnS thin films. Bimolecular recombination mechanisms of carriers exhibit is observed in the study of photocurrent vs. intensity of activation of white light (WL) illumination on the ZnS films. The effect of light intensity on the biased films showed that photosensitivity increases linearly with intensity of WL illumination due to effective carrier transport mechanism with increasing concentrations of Zn2+ and S2- ions. Two types of distinct dark and photoconductivity activation processes are found in low and high temperature regions in the films. The spectral response characteristics at different concentrations of Zn2+ and S2- ions in the films showed blue shift at 305nm and peak heights increase with increase of molar concentrations.

Keywords : molar concentration, ZnS, photoconductivity, activation energy

[1]. A Rahdar, V Arbabi And H Ghanbari, World Academy Of Science, Engineering And Technology 61 2012 P657
[2]. V L Gayou, B Salazar-Hernandez, R Delgado Macuil, G Zavala, P Santiago And Aloliva, Journal Of Nano Research Vol.
9(2010)125
[3]. Schmid Et Al, Nanotechnology Assessment And Perspectives Mackmillan India Ltd (2006)79
[4]. R H Roussingnol, D Richard, C H R Flytzanis, Appl. Phys. B51(1990)437
[5]. K Fgukumi, A Chayahara, K Kodono, T Saguchi, Y Horino, M Miya, J Hayakawa, M Satou, J. Appl. Phys. 30(1991) L742