iosr-JRME   Volume-16 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – June 2026

Abstract: Background: The technological, informational, and social transformations that characterize the twenty-first century have generated new challenges for educational systems, requiring approaches capable of integrating human development, technological innovation, and critical education. In this context, the discussion of Emotional Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence, and Non-Intelligence has gained increasing relevance, as these dimensions directly influence teaching and learning processes, knowledge construction, and the development of citizens capable of acting ethically......

Keywords: Emotional Intelligence; Artificial Intelligence; Critical Education; Non-Intelligence

[1]. Arantes, T. R. de R. (2025). Documentary research, bibliographic research, and systematic review: Defining aspects and brief considerations. Cadernos de Estudos Interdisciplinares, 7(2), e722501. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15799019
[2]. Barbosa, C. M., et al. (2025). Artificial intelligence in education: Pedagogical, ethical, and legal challenges in the personalization of teaching. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Lattice, 2(3). ISSN 2966-389X. https://doi.org/10.70579/pl.v2i3.73
[3]. Botelho, L., Ferreira, N. S., Santos, L., Gusmão, E. M., Melo, D. S., Silva, C. V. S., Silva, L. S., Siqueira, T. G. S., Ferreira, V. A., Silva, L. A. S., Silva, M. R., Oliveira, C. E. F., Mendes, C. F., & Melo, K. A. P. (2025). Technological innovation: Artificial intelligence in education and transformations in the teaching and learning process. Caderno Pedagógico, 22(12), e20540. https://doi.org/10.54033/Cadpedv22n12-071
[4]. Brazil. (2023). Bill No. 2,338 of 2023: Proposal for the regulation of the development and responsible use of artificial intelligence in Brazil. Federal Senate. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233
[5]. Brazil. (2023). Law No. 14,533, of January 11, 2023: Establishes the National Digital Education Policy and amends Laws No. 9,394 of December 20, 1996, No. 9,448 of March 14, 1997, No. 10,260 of July 12, 2001, and No. 10,753 of October 30, 2003. Presidency of the Republic. Retrieved March 9, 2026, from https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2023-2026/2023/lei/l14533.htm

Abstract: This article paper presents issues on administrative challenges in the implementation of senior secondary school curriculum. It is important here to draw our attention to what curriculum means. Curriculum is an embodiment of all the knowledge skills and attitudes which a nation, through her schools imparts to her citizens. Curriculum also involves the acquisition of skills needed to perform tasks. It embodies the acquisition of requisite attitudes, interests, feelings motions towards self, others, a profession and the environment. The implementation of curriculum has many challenges beginning from the planning. The implemented curriculum is the actual curriculum....

[1]. Ajayi, I.E. (2021). Curriculum development, implementation and evaluation: The Nigerian experience. Owerri: University Press, Plc.
[2]. Anwuka, S. (20005). A theory for distance education. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Ed.), Distance education: International perspectives. New York: Routledge.
[3]. Bishop, T. (2012). Getting to now your university: An orientation and information guide for students of National Open University of Nigeria. Lagos: NOUN.
[4]. Effanga, T. (2011). Critical factors considered in the planning for the administration of long-distance interactive video instruction. Doctoral Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
[5]. Ekpo, R. (2019). Developing a curriculum: A practical guide. London: George Allen University Press..

Abstract: This paper examines the exploitation and utilization of visual imagery in teaching 6th-grade Geography subdiscipline at lower secondary schools toward student competency development. Based on a theoretical analysis of media utilization in geography instruction and an evaluation of History and Geography 6 textbook content, the study establishes foundational principles tailored to the discipline's characteristics. Consequently, the paper proposes principles and structured processes for exploiting and utilizing visual imagery in teaching 6th-grade Geography subdiscipline. The research findings contribute to proposing specific solutions to innovate teaching methods and enhance.....

Keywords: Visual imagery, 6th-grade Geography, Lower secondary school, teaching methods, teaching media

[1]. Ministry of Education and Training (2018), General Education program for History and Geography at Lower secondary school level, Hanoi.
[2]. Ministry of Education and Training - Vietnam - Belgium Project (2010), Active teaching and learning. Several teaching methods and techniques - Pedagogical University Publishing House. Hanoi.
[3]. Do Ngoc Hung (editor-in-chief of the Geography section) and associates (2021), History and Geography 6 textbook - Connecting knowledge to life series, Education Publishing House of Vietnam.
[4]. To Xuan Giap (1997), Teaching media, Education Publishing House, Hanoi.

Abstract: This study investigates the integration of the CDIO framework with the Engineering Design Process (EDP) in high school STEM education and its effects on students’ problem-solving competence. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design was employed, with 49 students participating in a structured STEM intervention based on iterative design cycles. Data were analyzed using the R statistical environment, including paired-samples t-tests, effect size analysis, and Pearson’s correlation......

Keywords: CDIO; Engineering Design Process; STEM education; problem-solving competence; high school students.

[1]. Bybee, R. W. (2014). The BSCS 5E instructional model: Personal reflections and contemporary implications. BSCS.
[2]. Crawley, E. F., Malmqvist, J., Östlund, S., & Brodeur, D. R. (2007). Rethinking engineering education: The CDIO approach. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-38290-6
[3]. Crawley, E. F., Malmqvist, J., & Lucas, W. A., & Brodeur, D. R. (2014). The CDIO syllabus v2.0: An updated statement of goals for engineering education. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on CDIO.
[4]. Hsu, Y.-S., Lin, K.-Y., & Yang, Y.-T. C. (2018). Impact of STEM education on students’ problem-solving skills and creativity. International Journal of Science Education, 40(7), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2018.1449988
[5]. Kelley, T. R., & Knowles, J. G. (2016). A conceptual framework for integrated STEM education. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-016-0046-z

Abstract: Education is a fundamental pillar of development, playing a crucial role in transforming a nation from underdevelopment to prosperity. Every country must therefore be deliberate and strategic in their investment in education. Despite high-profile reforms in Liberia, like the Education Reform Act of 2011 and the strategy of the Sector Plan Get to Best Education (2017-2021), significant gaps persist in both funding adequacy and expenditure efficiency. This study analyses the adequacy and efficiency of education spending in Liberia between 2012 and 2023, and its impacts on education outcomes specifically using primary school completion rates in Liberia.....

Keywords: Public education expenditure, adequacy, efficiency, education outcome, primary school completion rate, GDP per capita.

[1]. Abera, A., Mersha, D., & Mosisa, T.(2025). The Impacts of Public Expenditure on Sustainable Environmental Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. ETHIOPIAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (EJDR), 372.
[2]. African Development Bank. (2020). African Economic Outlook 2020: Developing Africa’s workforce for the future. African Development Bank Group. https://www.afdb.org
[3]. Al-Samarrai, S., Cerdan-Infantes, P., & Lehe, J. (2019). Mobilizing Resources for Education and Improving Spending Effectiveness: Establishing Realistic Benchmarks Based on Past Trends. Policy Research Working Paper 8773. World Bank.
[4]. Becker, G. M., DeGroot, M. H., & Marschak, J. (1964). Measuring utility by a single‐response sequential method. Behavioral science, 9(3), 226-232.
[5]. Durrani, I. H. (2016). Exploring variations in the relative technical efficiency in providing school education: a case study of Sindh, Pakistan. International Journal of Education Economics and Development, 7(3-4), 155-197.

Abstract: This study investigates the role of the coordinating tutor as an epistemic guide to professional reflexivity within Italian initial teacher education pathways (PEF) established by the Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers (DPCM) of 4 August 2023. Particular attention is devoted to indirect internship modules, which constitute a central component of teacher preparation and, in some pathways, the primary context for professional reflection and development......

Keywords: Professional Reflexivity; Coordinating Tutor; Epistemic Guidance; Initial Teacher Education; Reflective Mentorship.

[1]. Presidency of the Council of Ministers. Decree of the President of the Council off Ministers of 4 August 2023 concerning initial teacher education for lower and upper secondary school teachers. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic. 2023;224. Available from: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2023/09/25/23A05393/sg.
[2]. Mortari L. Culture of research and pedagogy. Rome: Carocci; 2007.
[3]. Schön DA. The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books; 1983.
[4]. Mezirow J. Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1991.
[5]. Korthagen FAJ. Linking practice and theory: the pedagogy of realistic teacher education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2001.

Abstract: Background: The global energy transition has generated profound changes in the interactions among economic systems, technological development, natural resources, and sustainable development, fostering new productive, commercial, and geopolitical arrangements associated with the establishment of low-carbon energy matrices. In this context, strategic resources, particularly critical minerals used in renewable energy technologies, have become increasingly important in international relations, highlighting the need to investigate the connections between geoeconomics, geopolitics, and sustainability.....

Keywords: Energy Transition; Geoeconomics; Strategic Resources; Sustainable Development.

[1]. Arantes, T. R. de R. (2025). Documentary research, bibliographic research, and systematic review: Defining aspects and brief considerations. Cadernos de Estudos Interdisciplinares, 7(2), e722501. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15799019
[2]. Babic, M., Graff, N., Linsi, L., & Weinhardt, C. (2024). The geoeconomic turn in international trade, investment, and technology. Politics and Governance, 12. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.903
[3]. Baldwin, R. (2019). The great convergence: Information technology and the new globalization. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674237841.
[4]. Barbosa, M. C., & Gomes, R. L. R. (2024). Ceará, the Federation of Industries of the State of Ceará (FIEC), and green hydrogen production: A global benchmark in energy transition and economic decarbonization. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 29(12, Series 9), 14–29. e-ISSN 2279-0837; ISSN 2279-0845. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2912091429
[5]. Baumann, R. (2025). Geoeconomics and the Brazilian productive structure (Discussion Paper No. 3078). Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea). ISSN 1415-4765.

Abstract: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into English language education has transformed the way students engage with reading activities. Among emerging AI-assisted learning applications, Gizmo has gained increasing attention for its ability to convert learning materials into interactive quizzes, flashcards, and personalized practice activities. This review examines the potential of the Gizmo application in supporting English as a Foreign Language (EFL) reading instruction for high school learners. Drawing on literature related to reading.......

Keywords: artificial intelligence, EFL reading, Gizmo, reading comprehension, educational technology

[1]. Anderson, N. J. (2003). Scrolling, clicking, and reading English: Online reading strategies in a second/foreign language. The Reading Matrix, 3(3), 1–33.
[2]. Chapelle, C. A. (2003). English language learning and technology. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
[3]. Grabe, W. (2009). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice. Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
[5]. Hughes, A. (2003). Testing for language teachers (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.