Abstract: The cement industry is indispensable for global infrastructure development, yet poses severe environmental challenges, accounting for 8–10% of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, 12–15% of industrial energy use, and extensive natural resource depletion. This review systematically examines the sector’s ecological and health impacts, revealing that 40–50% of emissions stem intrinsically from clinker chemistry and kiln combustion, while co-pollutants (NOₓ, SO₂, PM) exacerbate climate change, biodiversity loss, and respiratory diseases. To address these dual crises, we synthesize emerging sustainability strategies across the concrete lifecycle. Key findings.........
Key Word: Portland cement, CO₂ emissions, Supplementary cementitious materials, Carbon capture and storage, Recycled concrete aggregate, and Sustainability
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