IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-12 ~ December 2015

Abstract: The new ideas of the students to obtain information at door-steps are relevant in our modern world as a global village. Geospatial data of individual student can help in developing areas of interest for easier placement on carrier opportunities. Library served as a repository of knowledge where people search for information. This study focuses on the how easy to locate student's interest and the discipline area related to their studies using GIS. Geographic information system is concerned with the ability to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, process and display georeferenced data for geospatial analysis. We are also concern with digital library information retrieval to update learning facilities in Federal polytechnic Nasarawa The steps involved in transforming into library digitally depend on the capabilities of accurate data. However, with the advent of web GIS, ArcGIS, Online, and Internet network, the students nowadays were facing tremendous challenges. The acquisitions of ICT become necessary to all Nigerian institutions in other to meet the current trend in education.

Key work: Geospatial data, Digital Library, Information, GIS Online

[1]. Smith, David A, & Crane, Gregory. (2001). Disambiguating geographic names in a historical digital library Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (pp. 127-136): Springer.
[2]. Dragicevic, Suzana. (2004). The potential of Web-based GIS. Journal of Geographical Systems, 6(2), 79-81.
[3]. Greenstein, Daniel, & Thorin, Suzanne E. (2002). The Digital Library: A Biography. Strategies and Tools for the Digital Library: ERIC.
[4]. Rishe, Naphtali, Chen, Shu-Ching, Prabakar, Nagarajan, Weiss, Mark Allen, Sun, Wei, Selivonenko, Andriy, & Davis-Chu, D. (2001). TERRAFLY: A High-Performance Web-based Digital Library System for Spatial Data Access. Paper presented at the ICDE Demo Sessions.
[5]. Hill, Linda L, Carver, Larry, Larsgaard, Mary, Dolin, Ron, Smith, Terence R, Frew, James, & Rae, Mary‐Anna. (2000). Alexandria digital library: user evaluation studies and system design. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(3), 246-259.
[6]. Chuanming, Yu. (2004). GIS-based Digital Library: Principle and Its Application [J]. Information Studies: Theory & Application, 6, 025.

Abstract: The dipping angles of refracting interfaces at Afikpo, Nigeria have been estimated. The seismic refraction method was used. Compressional waves were utilized. The instrumentation includes a seismograph and its accessories. Three layers of the subsurface were revealed by the waves with two refractors, first and second from the earth's surface obvious. The average velocities of the layers were from the surface,413ms-1 ,1139ms-1 and 2287ms-1.The dipping angle of the first refracting interface to the second was estimated to be 11° while the dipping angle of the second refracting interface to third was 12°.

Key words: Dip, Interface, geophone, head wave, refractor.

[1]. Agha, S.O. (2006). Assessment of strength of foundation materials in some parts of Afikpo, Nigeria, using seismic refraction method. Nigeria Journal of physics. 18 (1), 153-157.
[2]. Dobrin, M.B. (1976): Introduction to geophysical prospecting(3rd edition). McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York .
[3]. Lowrie, W. (1997): Fundamentals of geophysics. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K.
[4]. Odii,F.O., Agha S.O. and Augustine C.(2014): Mapping of near-surface intrusives in Abakiliki: A seismic refraction method: The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology(PJST).15(2), 288-292
[5]. Okwueze, E.E. (1988): Mapping bedrock surface and lithology with seismic refraction method in a basement area. Physics.26, 33-40.

Abstract: The principles and procedures for seismic refraction surveying have been applied in the study of the hydrogeology of Afikpo-a sedimentary basin in south-Eastern, Nigeria. The instrument used is a seismograph and its accessories. Compressional seismic waves were used for single line profiling of the area. The result obtained showed that the first, second and third layers of the study area have average velocities of 298m/s, 671m/s and 1554m/s respectively. The result indicates that the zone of saturation in the area is the third layer and its probable lithology is sandstone.

Key words: Hydrogeology, sedimentary, saturation, lithology.

[1]. Anyigor, S. I. and Agha, S. O.(2015): Observation of Intrusions in Seismic Refraction surveys(A Case Study of Afikpo). International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences. 6(1),19-22.
[2]. Dobrin, M. B. and Savit, C. H.(1988). Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting(4th edition). McGraw-Hill, New York. 120-125.
[3]. Kearey, P. and Brooks, M.(1991). An Introduction to Geophysical Exploation(2nd edition). Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
[4]. Lowrie, W.(1997). Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press,
[5]. Kogbe, C. A.(1989). Geology of Nigeria. Elizabeth Publishing Company, Lagos. 279-298.U.K. 84-91.
[6]. Selemo, D.(1999). Aeromagnetic Study of the basement relief in Afikpo basin, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Calabar, Nigeria.

Abstract: Sarawak has been the popular cultural tourism attractions in Malaysia. The multi-racial and cultural Sarawak has the potential to develop cultural tourism and offers cultural experiences to local and foreign visitors. Sarawak Cultural Village (SCV) is one of the most visited sites at Sarawak. The cultural village provided various facilities and services to enrich visitor's cultural experiences. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the facilities and services provided at SCV. The evaluation based on visitor's opinion on the importance and performance rating of the listed attributes. About 300 questionnaires were distributed to the visitors to the cultural village during weekdays and weekends, public and school holidays. The socio-demographic data were evaluated using Frequency Analysis. The data showed the different socio-demographic, socio-economic, and trip characteristics of the visitors. The demographic and trip characteristics data provided the information of visitor's motivation and preference activity during their visit to SCV. The Importance-Performance Analysis (IP Analysis) was used to evaluate the overall facility and service attributes, and the final result has been translated into Importance-Performance action grid.

[1] Edginton, M. 1980. A Comparative Analysis of International Tourists' Satisfaction in Mongolia. Journal of Tourism Management 27(6), 1331-1342.
[2] Martila, J. A., & James, J. C. (1977). Importance-Performance Analysis. Journal of Marketing, 2(1), 77-79.
[3] Fletcher, J. E., R. A. Kaiser, & S. Groger. (1992). An Assessment of the Importance and Performance of Park Impact Fees in Funding Park and Recreation Infrastructure. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 10(3), 75-87.
[4] Hammit, W.E., Bixler, B.D. and Noe, F.P. (1996). Going Beyond Important Performance Analysis to Analyze the Observance Influence of Park Impacts. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 14 (1), 45-62.
[5] Reichheld, F. (1996). The Loyalty Effect: The Hidden Force Behind Growth, Profits, and Lasting Value. Bain & Company. Boston, MA: Inc. Harvard Business Scholl Press.
[6] Uysal, M., Howard, G. and Jamrozy, U. (1991). An Application of Importance–Performance Analysis to a Ski Resort: A Case Study in North Carolina. Visions in Leisure and Business 10, 16–25.
[7] Kim, S.I. (1991). Park Management Evaluation Using Importance-Performance Analysis. Journal of Korean Forestry Society, 80, 103-108.

Abstract: Air borne fungal pollutants have been recognized as major allergens and they cause various health problems in humans. The concentration of fungal spore in is a result of complex interaction of biological materials with environmental factors. We have studied the variation in number of airborne fungal spores during different times of day in different seasons by Gravity plate method. The study was conducted in the indoor and outdoor areas of Sabzimandi in Freeganj Ujjain. Our results show that there is seasonal variation in load of fungal spores in air and quantity fungal spore in air during the evening are more than the quantity of air borne fungal spores in the morning.

Key words: Fungal pollutants, allergens, time of day, airborne fungi, Gravity plate method.

[1]. Chakrabarti, H.S., Das, S. and Gupta-Bhattacharya, S. (2012). Outdoor airborne fungal spora load in a suburb of Kolkata, India: its variation, meterological determinants and health impact. Int. J. Environ. Health research, 22(1):37-50.
[2]. Ghosh, D., Chakraborty, P., Gupta, J., Biswas, A., Gupta-Bhattacharya S. (2010). Asthma-related hospital admissions in an Indian mega-city: role of ambient aeroallergens and inorganic pollutants. Allergy. 65(6):795–796.
[3]. Grinn-Gofron, A. (2011). Airborne Aspergillus and Penicillium in the atmosphere of Szczecin, (Poland) (2004–2009). Aerobiologia 27:67–76.
[4]. Hyvarinen, A., Vahteristo, M., Meklin, T., Jantunen, M., Nevalainen A. and Moschandreas, D. (2001). Temporal and Spatial Variation of Fungal Concentrations in Indoor Air. Aerosol Sci. and Techno. 35: 688–695
[5]. Ianovici, N., Maria, C., Nicoleta Raduţoiu M., Hanis, A. and Tudorica, D. (2013). Variation in airborne fungal spore concentrations in four different microclimate regions in Romania. Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 41(2):450-457
[6]. Igborgbor, J.C. and Ogu, G.I. (2015). Microbial assessment of air in the vicinity of some dump site in delta state. IOSR J. of Engineering, 05 (01), 07-15.

Abstract: Can really global coordination on policy measures halting or reducing global warming succeed? Or should each country take measures to protect itself against the consequences of climate change? The forces driving global warming – population growth, economic development, need for cheap energy, the ambition by developing countries to catch-up with advanced nations, externalities, reneging, opportunism with guile, etc - are simply too formidable for global coordination to succeed. We have to accept living in a new evolutionary stage, viz the climate change period.

Key Words: climate change, global coordination, greenhouse gase emissions (GHG) emissions – total versus per capita, energy consumption, South Korea, China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, super fund, Stern.

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Abstract: Geographic Information System is process of collecting, manipulating, analyzing, and storing as well as displaying all geographical data for geospatial purposes, used to solve most of our environmental abnormalities emanating from the hydrological phenomena. It is very important to realize that water from the rivers or streams can be identified using Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), and Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The quantity and volume of water can be simulated using appropriate data of steam flow and it directions. The software Arcgis 10.0 has an application specifically for hydrological modeling.

[1]. Alexandria (1994), Water pollution control Federal Public Education Department, Egypt 22314.
[2]. Born, Stephen M. and Allen H. Miller 1988 "Assessing Networked Coastal Zone Management Programs" Coastal Management 16:229-243
[3]. Chow, V.T., Maidment, D.R., and Mays, L.W. (1988) Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 530-537.
[4]. Christopherson, Robert W, Hall, Prentice, & Thomsen, Charles E. (2012). Introduction to Physical Geography. Montana.
[5]. Hart, David, Bernard J. Niemann, Jr. Stephen J. Ventura, and Allen H. Miller 1995 "Support for Development of Coastal GIS Applications in Wisconsin." GIS/LIS '95 Proceedings Vol. 1, pp. 388-398.
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Abstract: The deteriorating condition of rural populace in developing countries challenges the traditionalapproaches of rural development. To this end, the paradigm shift from capital centered approach to people centered approach is increasingly focused. This paper examines the role of local organizations in rural development at three spatial level of administration, to ascertain the extent of collaboration, betweenVillages, Districtsand Local Government Area. The spatial levelsconstituted the sample population. Andthe sample frame was drawn at random in fourteen villages of the two districts were local organizations are operating.Data were collected through questionnaires, informal interview and physical observations.

[1] Asia Development (ADB) (2000). Rural Asia: Beyond the Green Revolution. Manila: ADB

[2] Carney, D. (1998). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods:What Contribution can it make? In Carney, D.(Eds) Sustainable Rural Development. London:DFID

[3] Chandrakirana, K.(1999). Local capacity and its Implication for Development: The Case Study of Indonesia.Jakarta: World Bank

[4] Cohen, J.B., and Upholf, N. T., 1980: Participation Place in Rural Development: Seeking: Through SpecificityWorldDevelopment Vol. 8 pp 213-235

[5] Esman, M. J., 1978 "Development Administration and Constituency Organization" Journal of Review vol.,8, pp 213-235

[6] Esman, M. J. and N. T. Uphoff (1984). Local organization: Intermediaries in Rural DevelopmentNeyYork: Cornel University Press

Abstract: In the past few years, classic methods of synthesis have been replaced by newer methods of synthesis involving principles of Green Chemistry given by Anastas and Warner leading to environmentally safer products and processes and reducing pollution and thus making the environment greener. In this review article I have compared old classical method of Knoevenagel reaction with greener methods for a more sustainable, pollution free future society.

Key Words: Green chemistry, Knoevenagel reaction, solvent free reactions, sustainable chemistry, use of ultrasound radiations, catalysis, microwave chemistry and use of ionic liquids.

[1]. Emil Knoevenagel, "Condensation von Malonsäure mit Aromatiachen Aldehyden durch Ammoniak und Amine". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 31 (3): 1898, 2596–2619.
[2]. Jones, G. Org. React. 1967, 15.
[3]. Li. C. & Chen. L., Organic Chemistry in Water, Chemical Society Reviews, Vol.35, No.1, January 2006, 68-82.
[4]. Liese, A., Seelbach, K. & Wandrey, C. Industrial Biotransformations, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany 2006.
[5]. Li. J. J., Johnson, D. S., Sliskovic, D. R. & Roth, B. D., Contemporary Drug Synthesis, Wiley- Interscience, New Jersey, USA., 2004.
[6]. Johnson J. R., Organic Reactions, John Wiley, New York. Vol. 1, 1942, 210.

Abstract: The Honey is a natural product which is synthesized by honey bees by collecting nectar from different kinds of flowers having both food and medicinal values which are useful to the mankind and other organisms. Minerals are one of the most important elements of the biological (vital) activities of the living organisms. In our investigation we studied elemental composition of some floral honeys of particular area and their ash contents and also mentioned the importance of essential (micro to macro) and non essential elements (whose functions are unknown).

Keywords: Meleto Palionology, Frequency classes, Pollen morpho types, Chromoproteins, Metal activators, Unifloral, Multifloral.

[1]. Messallam,A.S and El-Shaarway,M.I.1987 Chemical Characteristics of bee honey in Saudi Arabia. J.Coll.Agric, King Saudi Univ., Riyadh, S.A.,9:243-251, Pearson,D.1976. The chemical analysis of foods.7th Edition, Chuchill Livingstone, Edinburgh/ London/
[2]. Abu- Tarboush.H.M., Al-Kahtani, H.A and El-Sarrage, M.S, 1993. Floral type identification and quality evaluation of some honey types. Food Chem., 46..13-17.
[3]. Agashe, S.N.1997. Melitopalynological work for apiculture development in Karnataka with particular reference contributions by the Palynology laboratory, Development of Botany, Bangalore University, India Bee J 59: 36-38
[4]. Chaturvedi, M.1998. Indian Honeys: An evaluation of qualitative pollen analysis, pp.196-208.In: Khatija,F and Ramanujam,C.G.K. 1993 pollen and chemical characterization of Apis cerana and A floral honeys from Hyderabad urban comp;ex. J.Palynol. , 2959-67.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of agricultural activities on heavy metal concentrations and spatial distribution using Geographical Information System (GIS), geostatistics and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. The random systematic method was used for sampling strategy by dividing the study area into a grid of 5 km× 5 km and collecting 135 composite soil samples from 0-20 cm depth. These samples were analyzed for total concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr, Co, As and V), soil pH, organic matter and soil texture. Interpolation of heavy metals concentration was done by geostatistics methods and the appropriate method for interpolation was selected using spatial correlation analyzes and MAE and MBE functions.

[1] Amini, M., M. Afyuni, H. Khademi. 2007. Mass balance modeling of Cd and Pb, in farms of Isfahan.Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Reasources.10(2):77-89.
[2] Angelone, M., Bellanca, A., Sprovieria, M., Neri, R., Salvagio and Manta, D., "Heavy metals in urban soils: a case study the city of Palermo (Sicily), Italy", The since of the Total Environment, Vol. 300, pp. 229-243, 2002.
[3] Corwin, D.L., and Wagenet, R.J., "Application of GIS to the modeling of nonpoint source pollutants in the vadouse zone: A conference overview", J .Environ. Qua. 25:403-411, 1996.
[4] Corwin, D.L., Loague, K., and Ellsworth, T.R.,"Advanced information technologies for assessing nonpoint source pollution in the vaduose zone", J .Environ. Qual .28:357-37, 1999
[5] De vos, W., Batista, M.J., "Demetriades, A., Duris ,M.J., Lexa, J., Lis, J., Sina, K.,O' connor, P.J., Metallogenic Mineral Provinces and World Class Ore Deposits in Europe", In: Geochemical Atlas of Europe. Part 1 Background Information, Methodology and Maps, by Salminen, R. and et al, 2005, : Geological Survey of Finland.[Online] Availability

Abstract: Biomedical waste poses a big threat to both human beings and also to the environment. Today, about one fourth of the total biomedical waste is found hazardous. The safe and appropriate disposal of the healthcare related waste, are of big concern for mass wellbeing. This paper, gives a review about the awareness of people about biomedical waste management, their attitude towards it and, various practices in biomedical waste management. Various techniquesare discussed in the paper along with a new hybridized technique which seems to be very efficient and reliable in biomedical waste treatment process. The objective of this technique is to eliminate the risk of getting infected during the waste treatment and also to bring down the stress in the biomedical waste management procedures.In this technique, disinfecting is done using ultraviolet rays and ultrasonic waves. Keywords: Biomedical Waste Management, Healthcare, Segregation, Waste treatment, Disposal

[1]. S. Thirumala, "study of bio-medical waste generation and Management in various hospitals in davangere city of Karnataka, india", NUJHS Vol. 3, No.3, September 2013, ISSN 2249-7110
[2]. Alok Sharma, Varsha Sharma, Swati Sharma, Prabhat Singh, "Awareness of Biomedical Waste Management Among Health Care Personnel in Jaipur, India", OHDM - Vol. 12 - No. 1 - March, 2013
[3]. Rajesh K Chudasama, Matib Rangoonwala, Ankit Sheth, SKC Misra, A M Kadri, Umed V Patel " Biomedical Waste Management: A study of knowledge, attitude and practice among health care personnel at tertiary care hospital in Rajkot", Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science | Vol. 1 | Issue 1 | July – September 2013
[4]. Vijai Krishna, Nikita Naik & Sadhana Chaurasia, "Bio Medical Waste Management in Varanasi City, (U.P.), India", IJERD e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X,Volume 10, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP.12-18
[5]. Sanjeev R, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R, Prashant PS, Meera Gopalakrishnan, "Knowledge, attitude, and practices about biomedical waste management among dental healthcare personnel in dental colleges in Kothamangalam: a cross-sectional study", Health Sciences 2014;1(3):JS001I

Abstract: In this study, the effect of Terminalia macroptera (TM) stem bark on food intake (FI), food to body weight conversion index (FBWCI) and organometric changes in liver, kidney and heart was examined in female wistar albino rats (ave. wt., 175g). The animals were randomized into 7 groups (n=4) per extract evaluation. The extracts were administered orally by gavage in graded doses (50 - 1200 mg/kg body wt). Tested and control rats were allowed access to food and water ad libitum. FI and body weights of rats were determined at intervals of 3 days respectively while organometric analysis was performed on day 28.

[1] H. Von Maydell, Trees and shrubs of the sahel. Their characteristics and uses (Germany, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, 1990). [2] T. Pham, H. Wangensteen, B. Paulsen, D. Diallo and K. Malterud. Terminalia macroptera, an African Medicinal Plant. Planta Medica, 76, 2010, P065. [3] Y. Zou, B. Zhang, H. Barsett, K. T. Inngjerdingen, D. Diallo, T. E. Michaelsen and B. S. Paulsen, Complement Fixing Polysaccharides from Terminalia macroptera Root Bark, Stem Bark and Leaves, Molecules, 19, 2014, 7440-7458. [4] A. E. Akpovona, O. I. Onoagbe and T. P. Prohp. Proximate and Phytochemical Analyses of Mature Stem Bark of Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr. Journal of the Chemical Society of Nigeria, 2015, (in press, reference number: JCSN 032). [5] J. Conrad, B. Vogler, S. Reeb, I. Klaiber, S. Papjewski, G. Roos, E. Vasquez, M. C. Setzer and W. Kraus, Isoterchebulin and 4,6-0- isoterchebuloyl-D-glucose, novel hydrolysable tannins from Terminalia macroptera. Journal of Natural Products, 64, 2001, 294–299. [6] P. A., Sharpe, H. M. Blanck, J. E. Williams, B. E. Ainsworth and J. M. Conway, Use of complementary and alternative medicine for weight control in the United States, Journal of Alternative and Complemenary. Medicine, 13, 2007, 217-222.

Abstract: Low cost pomelo peels were prepared as adsorbents for the adsorption of methyl red from aqueous solution. In the present study, experiments were carried out for the removal of methyl red dye and performed in the laboratory scale using pomelo peels. Factors like adsorbent contact time, pH, and amount of adsorbents were studied for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. For pomelo peel, maximum removal (93.5%-94.8%) was obtained at adsorbent mass of 1g/100 ml at pH 6.5 and contact time of 80 minutes. The equilibrium adsorption behavior was examined by applying Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The adsorption capacity of pomelo peel is comparable to other cellulose-based adsorbents. The pomelo peel was found to be very effective adsorbent for methyl red adsorption.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption isotherm, Batch Study, Methyl Red, Pomelo peel.

[1]. G. Crini, Non-conventional low cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review, J. Bioreso. Technol, 97, (2006),1062-1070.
[2]. M.S. El-Geundi, color removal from textile effluents by adsorption techniques,Water Res,25, (1991), 271-273.
[3]. C. Namasivayam, N. Muniyasami, K. Gayatri, M. Rani, K. Ranganathan,Removal of dyes from aqueous solutions by cellulose waste orange peel, Bioreso. Technol, 57,(1996), 37-43.
[4]. F.A. Pavan, A.C. Mazzocoato, Y, Gushiken, Removal of Methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption using yellow passion fruit peel as adsorbent,Bioreso. Technol, 99, (2008), 3162-3165.
[5]. B.H. Hameed, A.T.M. Din, A.L Ahmed, Adsorption of Methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: Kinetics and equilibrium studies, J. Hazard. Mater. 141, (2007),819-825.
[6]. M. M. Nassar, M.SM.S. El-Geundi, comparative cost of color removal from textile effluents busing natural absorbents, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 50,(1991), 257-264.
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[8]. S.S. Khare, K.K Pandey, R.M Srivastava, V.N. Singh, Removal of Victoria blue from aqueous solution by fly ash. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 38,(1987) 99-104.

Abstract: A study was carried out to evaluate the response of some selected varieties of commonly sold mangoes and tomatoes to post-harvest fungal fruit rot in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Fungi isolated from naturally infected tomato and mango varieties were asceptically inoculated into healthy fruits and observed for a total duration of 5 days for the development of rot symptoms. Naturally infected tomatoes had the highest fungal contamination compared to mangoes. A. niger was the most commonly occurring fungus with 40% frequency of occurrence, followed by Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma sp. and Alternaria sp. with 20% frequencies of occurrence respectively.

[1] D.S. Hill and J.M. Waller, Pest and diseases of tropical crops, 2ndEd.(Longman, 1999).
[2] S. Gorinstein, B.O. Martin, Y. Park, R. Haruenkit, A. Lojek, I. Milan, A. Caspi, I. Libma, and S. Traktenberg, Comparison of some
biochemical characteristics of different citrus fruits,Food Chemistry, 74(3), 2001, 309-315.
[3] K.J. Mumtaz, The facts of tomatoes your INDIAN Cook, Bawarchi Health and Nutrition, (Available online at:
www:bawarchi/com/health/tomato/htmlgk, 2003).
[4] F.Defosent, Manual of fruit disease. 2nd Ed.(New York:McGraw Hill, 1933).
[5] C.I. Onuoha and E.C.Nwagbara, Comparative studies of rot fungi of plantain and banana of different post-harvest ages, Global
Research Journal of Science, 2011, 54-57.
[6] J.M. Jay, Modern Food Microbiology. 4th Ed. (New York:Chapman and Hall Inc., 2003).
[7] E.M. Embaby, M. Hazaa, L.F. Hagag, T.E. Ibrahim and F.S. Abd El-Azem, Decay of some citrus fruit quality caused by
fungi,Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 9(11), 2013, 5920-5929.

Abstract: Moringa oleifera pod, a low-cost agricultural waste was utilized to produce activated carbon which was used in the treatment of Chromium ion in wastewater effluent from the Tannery section of the Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology (NILEST), Samaru, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, which has several components that constitute pollution in the environment. The effect of time and temperature on the quality of treatment and also the effect of agitation on the quality of treatment achieved using the activated carbon produced were assayed. The activated carbon showed a significant ability in removing Chromium ions from samples of tannery waste water. Higher efficiencies were observed with increase in temperature, time length of experiment, and higher magnetic stirring speed. The stream from the Tannery section is having high concentration of Chromium ion, which is highly carcinogenic when exposed to the environment if not treated properly. This work therefore, suggests that the availability of moringa oleifera pods in the surrounding communities should be utilized in solving this environmental pollution.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera pods, Temperature, Chromium, Activated carbon, wastewater effluent.

[1] Emelie Arnoldsson, Maria Bergman, Nelson Matsinhe, and Kenneth M Persson (2008): Assessment of drinking water treatment using moringa oleifera natural coagulant. Vatten 64:137–150.
[2] Pandey, Anjula; Pradheep, K.; Gupta, Rita; 'Drumstick tree' "(Moringa oleifera Lam.): a multipurpose potential species in India Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" (2011) 58: 453-460
[3] Peter Papoh Ndibewu, Robert L. Mnisi, Sharon N. Mokgalaka and Rob I. McCrindle (2011): Heavy Metal Removal in Aqueous Systems Using Moringa oleifera: A Review; Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B 1 (2011) 843-853.
[4] A.K. Meena, A. Sachan, R. Kaur, B. Pal, B. Singh, Moringa oleifera: a review, Journal of Pharmacy Research (2010) 840-842.
[5] J.W. Fahey, (2005): Moringa oleifera: a review of the medical evidence for its nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties, Trees for Life Journal 1 (2005) 5.
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[7] N. Foidl, L. Mayorga, W. Vasquez (1999): Utilization of marango (Moringa oleifera) as fresh forage for cattle. FAO Anim. Prod. Health Paper 143 (1999) 341-346.

Abstract: Commiphora africana is a plant used as herbal remedy against snakebite in Nigeria, Central Africa and South Africa. This study was aimed at evaluating the plant's effect against Naja nigricollis venom. Crude methanol extract (CME) and n-butanol fraction (NBF) of the extract were used. Mixtures of CME and minimum lethal dose (LD99) of N. nigricollis venom were pre-incubated at 370C for 15 minutes. Twenty mice were allocated into four equal groups. Group I was given LD99 of the venom only. Mice in groups II, III and IV were respectively given 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg of the extract incubated each with LD99 (9.70 mg/kg) of the venom. The same procedure was adopted using NBF. However, NBF was evaluated at 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg. All administrations were intraperitoneal.

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