IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2017

Abstract: Water is vital for the survival of all living things. Water shortages are experienced in many urban centers in developing countries due to rapid growth in population, economic development and changes in life style which increase the demand for urban water. However, reliable data on quantity of water used for domestic purpose is difficult to come by in many developing countries. This study therefore intends to provide reliable data on quantity of domestic water use in Bauchi metropolis. The study used stratified systematic random sampling technique to collect data and the data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel software.............

Keywords: domestic, quantity, water use.

[1] Abrashinsky, N. (2004). Domestic Use of Water, International Environmental Problems and Policy, University of Wisconsiri-E and Claire USA.
[2] African Green City Index (2015). Assessing the performance of Africas Major Cities, Economist Intelligence Unit Scimens Cairo Egypt.
[3] Ayanshola, A.M F. & Salami, A.W. (2010). Modelling of Domestic Water Demand at Household Level in Illorin Nigeria. Retrieved May 6, 2014 from http://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/ayanshola/modelyofresident
[4] Bauchi State Water Board (BSWB), (2014). Communication with the General Manager (BSWB).
[5] Donnelly, K. & Cooley, H. (2015). Water Use Trends in the United States, Pacific Institute. USA

Abstract: A physiologically-based biokinetic (PBBK) model has been developed for predicting simultaneously the ADME properties of lead, mercury, and selenium in a number of target tissues of humans. Independent models for mercury, lead and selenium which were developed in a previous study undertaken by us were integrated into a single model for the mixture of these elements. Oral doses were presented in μmol/kg/day, while tissue concentrations were in μmol/kg. The integration was based on the fact that interaction among these elements affects their bioaccumulation in the respective tissues, resulting in alterations to their partition coefficients. Combined oral doses of mercury and lead were categorized as either low or high, while selenium doses were categorized as either low, adequate or high. With the combined dose of mercury and lead categorized as low, and selenium dose also categorized as low,.............

Keywords: physiologically-based, biokinetic, model, mercury, lead, selenium, interaction

[1] M. E. Andersen. Toxicokinetic modelling and its application in chemical risk. Toxicology Letters, 138, 9-27.
[2] US Air Force. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic/Toxicokinetic Modeling In Risk Assessment. Technical report, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, 2005.
[3] US Environmental Protection Agency. Approaches for the Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models and Supporting Data in Risk Assessment. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/R-05/043F, 2006.
[4] M. Mumtaz, J. Fisher, B. Blount, and P. Ruiz. Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models in Chemical Risk Assessment. Journal of toxicology, 2012, 1-11, 2012.
[5] M. E. Andersen, H. J. Clewell, M. L. Gargas, F. A. Smith, and R. H. Reitz. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics and the risk assessment process for methylene chloride. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 87, 185-205, 1987

Abstract: The work focused on the elemental and physicochemical analysis in the textile waste (Effluent and Sludge) where two effluent samples and one sludge sample were collected from Grameen Knit Dyeing Industry (GKDI). Every effluent sample is divided into liquid sample (L1 and L2) and residual sample (R1 and R2). Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) method used for the elemental analysis. The study revealed that,in the sludge (S) the Sb concentration was found 50.2 mg/L which exceeded the standard. Here Co concentration exceeded the standard. Here the highest Cr and Cd valuewas found in the (S) which exceeded the standard level. The total alkalinity, hardness and free CO2 level of discharged water was harmful for the environment. From this study it is revealed that the sludge contain high content of heavy metal and other harmful elements. Soda ash method can be applied to reduce the 'Cr' concentration...

Keywords: element, grameen knit dyeing, neutron, sludge, waste.

[1]. M.S. Sultana, M.M.Rahman, A.K.M.R.Alam, A.H.M.Saadat, and M.J.Uddin, Analysis of some trace elements in the uncultivated soils of Savar by ICPMS,Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Science,1, 2003, 57- 62.

[2]. K.Kestioglu, and M.Yalili, Treatability of Textile Industry Wastewater with High COD Content by Chemical- Precipitation and Adsorption, Ecology Journal, 15(59), 2006, 27-31.

[3]. C. Tang, and V. Chen, Nano filtration of textile wastewater for water reuse,Desalination, 143(1), 2002, 11– 20.

[4]. M.Marcucci, G.Ciardelli, A.Matteucci, L.Ranieri, and M. Russo, Experimental campaigns on textile waste water for reuse by means of different membrane processes,Desalination, 149(3), 2002, 137–143.

[5]. APHA-AWWA-WEF,Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.(20th Ed.)(USA:Washington DC. American Public Health Association, 2005).

Abstract: Lactobacilli, the Gram positive, non spore forming, catalase negative rod shaped lactic acid bacteria are used widely as starter cultures for food fermentations and also as probiotic cultures due to their functional attributes. In this study, four lactobacilli each isolated from different sources namely: carrot, idli batter, dahi and duck feces were assessed for various attributes like antimicrobial, bile salt hydrolysis, proteolytic and lecithinase activities and their ability to grow at different salt concentrations. All the isolates were able to grow in salt concentrations as high as five percent and possessed bile salt hydrolase, an enzyme that imparts bile salt tolerance. All of them were also found to be antagonistic against S. aureus with the isolate from carrot giving the largest zone of inhibition of 16mm diameter. Two of the isolates were found to be moderately proteolytic and none of the isolates showed lecithinase activity.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Bile salt hydrolysis, Lactobacilli, Proteolytic activity, Salt tolerance

[1]. H. Pyar and , K.K. Peh., Characterisation and Identification of Lactobacillus acidophilus using Biolog Rapid Identification System. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6(1), 2013, 189-193
[2]. W.F. Harrigan, Laboratory methods in food microbiology (3rd Edition, Academic Press,1998 )
[3]. T. R Tagg, A.S Dajani, and L. W. Wannamaker, Bacteriocin of Gram-positive bacteria. Bacteriological Reviews.40(3),1976, 722-756.
[4]. Y.T.Ahn, G.B. Kim, K.S., Lim, Y.J. Baek, H.U. Kim , Deconjugation of bile salts by Lactobacillus acidophilus isolates. International Dairy Journal 13(4), 2003, 303–311.
[5]. H. Korkeala, T. Alanko, T.Tiusanen (1992) Effect of sodium nitrite and sodium chloride on growth of lactic acid bacteria. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 33(1), 1992, 27–32.

Abstract: Extrusion cooking technologies are used for cereal and protein processing in food products. In this study extruded products were prepared by using six different levels of chana flour i.e. 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% respectively. Among all the samples including the control one, the one which secured highest overall acceptability score was T5 (20% chana flour). Results found in this study showed that higher chana flour level could also contribute to the reduction in expansion and increased in bulk density. Study revealed that treated extrudates required more force to breakdown.............

Keywords: Extruded puff snack; physic-chemical properties; sensory quality; pasting viscosity; hardness.

[1] Havck, B.W. & Huber, G.R. (1989). Single screw vs twin screw extrusion. The American Association of Cereal Chemists, 34, 930– 939.
[2] Castells, M., Marin, S., Sanchis, V. and Ramos, A.J. (2005). Fate of mycotoxins in cereals during extrusion cooking: a review. Food Additives and Contamination, 22, 150–157.
[3] Ali, Y., Hanna, M. A. and Chinnaswamy, R. (1996). Expansion characteristics of extruded corn grits. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und- Technologie 29,702-707.
[4] Hern´andez-D´ıaz, J.R., Quintero-Ramos, A., Barnard, J. and Balandran-Quintana, R.R. (2007). Functional properties of extrudates prepared with blends of wheat flour/pinto bean meal with added wheat bran. Food Science and Technology International 13, 301-308
[5] Brncic, M., B. Tripalo, S. Rimac Brncic, S. Karlovic, A. Zupan and Z. Herceg, (2009). Evaluation of textural properties for whey enriched direct extruded and puffed corn based products. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 15: 204-214

Abstract: The study sought to determine effects of occupational safety and health awareness among on work environment in the Kenyan Kisumu County Water Service industry. The study utilized a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of employees of Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO) and Lake Victoria South Water Service Board (LVSWSB) working in water treatment works, waste water treatment plants and construction sites. From population of 410, Sample size was determined using standard formula by Fisher (1983). Since the population was <10,000, the formula by Mugenda & Mugenda, (2003) was applied and 81 number of Questionnaires used to obtain primary data finally analyzed using quantitative techniques. A simple random sampling........

Keywords: Occupational health, safety, exposure, Hazards, water service industry, work environment

[1] Antonsen, S., Safety Culture: theory, method and improvement, Ashgate Pub Co, Uk, 2009,172
[2] Australian Safety and Compensation Council, National Code of Practice for Induction for Construction Work, 2007.
[3] Bandura,A (1989) Social Cognitive Theory. In R Vasta (Ed) Annals of Child Development. Vol. 6. Six theories of Child Development (pp.1-60). Greenwich, CT JAI Press.
[4] Campbell, A ; All Signs Point to Yes; Literacy's Impact on Workplace Health and Safety, Ottawa; The Conference Board of Canada. 2008.
[5] European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Annual Report 2007. Available online at htt://osha.europa.eu

Abstract: The study sought to determine the relationship between occupational safety and health, and staff satisfaction in the Kenyan Kisumu County Water Service industry. The study utilized a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of employees of Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO) and Lake Victoria South Water Service Board (LVSWSB) working in water treatment works, waste water treatment plants and construction sites. From population of 410, Sample size was determined using standard formula by Fisher (1983). Since the population was <10,000, the formula by Mugenda & Mugenda............

Keywords: Occupational health, safety, productivity and staff satisfaction

[1] Antonsen, S., Safety Culture: theory, method and improvement, Ashgate Pub Co, Uk, 2009,172
[2] Australian Safety and Compensation Council, National Code of Practice for Induction for Construction Work, 2007.
[3] Bandura,A (1989) Social Cognitive Theory. In R Vasta (Ed) Annals of Child Development. Vol. 6. Six theories of Child Development (pp.1-60). Greenwich, CT JAI Press.
[4] Campbell, A ; All Signs Point to Yes; Literacy's Impact on Workplace Health and Safety, Ottawa; The Conference Board of Canada. 2008.
[5] European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Annual Report 2007. Available online at htt://osha.europa.eu

Abstract: The aims of the present study were to throw lighton somebehaviouralaspectsof the nest-breeding Nile green tilapia, Tilapia zilli in one of its natural environments, namely Mansouria Canal, Nile Delta, Egypt, to clarify the relationship between these aspects and some hematological and biochemical parameters, and toestimate the infection variables of ectoparasiticmonogeneans on this cichlid host. During the spawning time, males and females of the green tilapia were observed to colour up, cooperatein diggingthe spawning pits, defend their eggs, and pay intensive care to theirfingerlings..........

Keywords: Mansouria Canal, Tilapia zilli, Reproductive Behaviour, Hematological Profile, Monogenean Microfauna.

[1] A.Svetina,Ż.Matašin, A.Tofant, M. Vuèemilo, and N.Fuan, Haematology and some blood chemical parameters of young carp till the age of three years,ActaVeterinariaHungarica, 50, 2002, 459-467.
[2] M.Pavlidis, W. C.Futter, P. Katharios, and P.Divanach, Blood cell profile of six Mediterranean mariculture fish species,Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23, 2007, 70-73.
[3] U.Gabriel, O. A. Akinrotimi, and F. Eseimokumo, Haematological responses of wild Nile tilapia Oreochromisniloticus after acclimation to captivity,Journal of Biological Sciences, 4, 2011, 225-230.
[4] G. P. Moberg, and J. A.Mench, The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare (Cabi). First Edition, 2000,pp. 384.
[5] O. A.Akinrotimi, O. M. G.Abu, E. J.Ansa, O. M. Edun, andO. S. George, Haematological responses of Tilapia guineensis to acute stress. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 5(47), 2009, 338 –343.

Abstract: Coffee when contaminated with moulds such as Aspergillus and Penicillium species due to poor processing and storage can produce mycotoxins such as Ochratoxin A (OTA) associated to many health hazards to consumers. The aim of this research was to determine the levels of moulds and Ochratoxin A in coffee processed by dry and wet methods. The coffee samples were collected from Estates and Factories located in the main coffee processing zone in Nyeri County, Kenya. The parameters determined in the green beans were; moisture content, levels of moulds and OTA contamination. The moisture content of coffee samples were determined by dry oven method, OTA levels by use of HPLC.........

Keywords: Factories and estates, Moulds, Ochratoxin A, Processing methods.

[1] R. J. Clarke (2003). Coffee: green coffee/roast and ground. In : Encyclopedia of Food Science and Nutrition, (2nd ed.), Caballera, B., Trugo, L.C., Finglas, P., Eds .Oxford: Academic Press; (p. vol 3). London, UK.
[2] C. F. Silva, L. R. Batista, and R. F. Schwan, Incidence and distribution of filamentous fungi during fermentation, drying and storage of coffee (coffea arabica l.) beans. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 39, 2008, 521–526.
[3] W. Masoud, L. B. Cesar, L. Jespersen and M. Jakobsen, Yeast involved in fermentation of Coffea arabica in East Africa determined by genotyping and by direct denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Yeast, 21, 2004, 549–556.
[4] C. F. Silva, R. F. Schwan, E. S. Dias and A. E. Wheals, Microbial diversity during maturation and natural processing of coffee cherries of (Coffea arabica L.) in Brazil. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 60, 2000, 251–260.
[5] K.Velmourougane, R. Bhat and T. N. Gopinandhan, Impact of drying surface and raking frequencies on mold incidence, Ochratoxin A contamination, and cup quality during preparation of Arabica and Robusta cherries at the farm level. Food Borne Pathology & Disease, 7(11), 2010, 1435–1440.