iosr-JEEE   Volume-17 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2022

Abstract: In electrical power systems or networks, protection systems play a vital role in ensuring system safety and reliability, therefore, optimized performance of the protection system should be intensively evaluated to ensure that no failure is experienced. Evaluating the Burden of a current transformer (CT) is a valuable means of measuring the efficiency of the protection system, since it is the principal point of communication amid the power system network and the protection system. Having compared the performance of rated C800 CT at different.......

Key Words: System protection, Current transformer, Burden, Cable size and length.

[1]. Ariana, H., Michael, J. T., and Brad, H. (2017). Beyond the Knee Point: A Practical Guide to CT Saturation. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.
[2]. Barner, K N. Klingerman, M. Thompson, R. Chowdhury, D. Finney, and S. Samineni, (2019). Out of Phase Synchronization: proceedings of the 73rd Annual Georgia Tech Protective Relaying Conference, Atlanta, GA.
[3]. Cowan, P., Neale, R. (2017): Holistic Substation Asset Management. Energize Power Journal of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 42-25.
[4]. Forford, T. and Linders, J. R. (2018). A Half Cycle Bus Differential Relay and Its Application. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 1110-1120.
[5]. Linders, J. R., Barnett, C. W. and Chadwick, J. (2018). Relay Performance Considerations with Low-Ratio CTs and High-Fault Currents. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 31, Issue 2.

Abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the dependence of equilibrium constants of the reactions of 5,5ʹ- dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), DTNB, with the sulphydryl groups of dog carbonmonoxyhaemoglobin on pH, and the effect of organic phosphates on these equilibrium constants at 450 nm. The equilibrium constants showed strong pH dependence varying about three orders of magnitude for stripped dog carbonmonoxyhaemoglobin and about four orders of magnitude for haemoglobin in the presence of inositol hexakisphosphate (inositol-P6, an organic
phosphate) between pH 5.6 and 9.0. The values of Krt, the equilibrium constant for the r t tertiary structure transition, are 0.33 and 2.28 for stripped haemoglobin and haemoglobin in the presence of inositol-P6,
respectively. The corresponding t-isomer population are 24.76% and 73.82%. The comparability study showed that inositol-P6 had no effect on the affinity of dog carbonmonoxyhaemoglobin for DTNB at all experimental pHs.

Keywords: pH dependence, DTNB, Dog, Haemoglobin, Inositol-P6.

[1]. Murray R K, Bender D A, Botham K M, Rodwell V W, and Weil P A, Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry; 28th Ed.; McGraw-Hill Company Incorporated: New York, 2009.
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Abstract: Due to the adverse effect of various ailing health issues of cattle supply in southern Nigeria, farmers become eager to adopt efficient technical methods for its health monitoring. This study has documented various automated wireless sensor network (wsn) health monitoring system which is used to examine and monitor cattle health status. The major objective of this research work uses of telecommunication based system to monitor growth (increase in weight) and the velocity of movement of cattle, hence determine its health status in real time. The network sensor is inserted on the collar of the cattle that records and stores the data which compares the modeled result with the measured.......

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Automation, Monitor, Base station.

[1]. Rajshree S. Thakre, Prof. Vidya Bodhe "Zigbee based Health Monitoring & Feedback system in animal health care", International Jpurnal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol.6, special Issue 11, may 2017
[2]. Anushka Patil, Chetana Pawar, Neha Patil, Rohini Tambe "Smart Health Monitoring System for Animals", 2015 IEEE
[3]. M. Janzekovic, P. Vindis, D. Stajnko, and M. Brus, "Polar sport tester for cattle heart rate measurements," in Advanced Knowledge Application in Practice, I. Fuerstner, Ed. Croatia: Sciyo, Nov. 2010, ch. 9, pp. 157-172.
[4]. A. Kumar and G. P. Hancke, "Energy efficient environment monitoring system based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low cost requirements," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 2557-2566,Aug. 2014.
[5]. B. C. Baker, "AN685-thermistor in single supply Temperature sensing circuits," Microchip Technol. Inc., Chandler, AZ, USA Tech. Rep. DS00685B, 1999.

Abstract: Power quality enhancement analysis was conducted in this research to have knowledgeable insight on the Egbema 33/11kV and 11/0.415kV distribution feeders responsible for conveying supply to Mgbede, Aggah, Okwuzi, Etekwuru 1 and 2. Load flow analysis was conducted using Newton Raphson (NR) on the network and emanating results revealed that 37 out of 41 buses were heavily loaded resulting to poor voltage profile below the 95% IEEE approved lower limit voltage regulation margin. In a bid to improve the system for optimal power distribution, appropriate sizes of capacitor banks were deployed at precisely 27 bus bars using a biological inspired artificial.....

Keywords: Genetic-Algorithm; Optimal; Capacitor; Load; Flow; Newton-Raphson; Real; Reactive; Power; Voltage; Drop; Power Loss

[1]. Okorie, P.U., Aliyu, U.O, Jimoh, B. & Sani, S.M. (2015). Enhancement Indices of Electric Distribution Network System Assessment. Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering Research, 3(1), 1 – 6.
[2]. Eseosa, O. & Roland, U. (2014). Genetic Algorithm- Based Optimal Placement of TCSC and UPFC in the Nigeria 330KV Integrated Transmission Line Network at Different Reactive Power Loadings. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 6, (5), 82 – 89.
[3]. Satish, K, Vishal, K. & Barjeev, T. (2013). Optimal Placement of Different Type of DG Resources in Distribution Networks. Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 53, 752-760.
[4]. Mirsaeidi, S., Li, S., Devkota, S., Li, M., He, J., Tzelepis, D., & Said, D. M. (2022). A power loss minimization strategy based on optimal placement and sizing of distributed energy resources. International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields, e3000.
[5]. Rajaram, R, Sathish, K.K & Rajasekar, N. (2015). Power System Reconfiguration in a Radial Distribution Network for Reducing Losses and to Improve Voltage Profile using Modified Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm with Distributed Generation (DG)" Energy Reports, 1, 116 – 122.

Abstract: The aim of the current study is to evaluate the occurrence of arsenic in coal collected from Thar coalfield, Pakistan, and its behavior during the combustion. Fractionation of arsenic (As) in coal samples was carried out by Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction scheme (BCR-SES) and single-step-based BCR method (BCR-SS). These methods are validated using the certified reference material of sediment BCR 701 and standard addition method. The stepwise fractions of (As) in laboratory-made ash (LMA) have been also investigated. The extractable (As) content associated with different phases in coal and LMA samples were analyzed by electro thermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The extraction efficiency of As by BCR-SS was slightly higher than....

Keywords: Thar coalfield Arsenic, Single and sequential extraction, Laboratory-made ash

[1]. Arain MB, Kazi TG, Jamali MK, Jalbani N, Afridi HI, Baig JA (2008) Speciation of heavy metals in sediment by conventional, ultrasound and microwave assisted single extraction methods: a comparison with modified sequential extraction procedure. J Hazard Mater154:998–1006
[2]. Baig JA, Kazi TG, Arain MB, Shah AQ, Sarfraz RA, Afridi HI, KandhroGA, Jamali MK, Khan S (2009) Arsenic fractionation in sediments of different origins using BCR sequential and single extraction methods. J Hazard Mater 167:745–751
[3]. Dai S, Ren D, Chou CL, Finkelman RB, Seredin VV, and Zhou Y (2012) Geochemistry of trace elements in Chinese coals: a review of abundances, genetic types, impacts on human health, and industrial utilization. Inter J Coal Geol 94:3–21
[4]. Finkelman RB, Orem W, Castranova V, Tatu CA, Belkin HE, Zheng B,Lerch HE, Maharaj SV, Bates AL (2002) Health impacts of coal and coal use: possible solutions. Intern J Coal Geol 50:425–443
[5]. Gómez D, Dos Santos M, Fujiwara F, Polla G, Marrero J, Dawidowski L,Smichowski P (2007) Fractionation of metals and metalloids bychemical bonding from particles accumulated by electrostatic precipitation in an Argentine thermal power plant. Microchem J 85:276–284

Abstract: Measuring, processing and transmitting the performance parameters of the switchgear system to the control room in the power substations without physical connection is big challenge, but the recent technology,the wireless sensor playing dominant role in the power substations especially in the hybrid power grid power substations. The hybrid grids are connected with multi generation system with many electronic devices and high voltage equipment's. These devices and equipment's are susceptible and generation electromagnetic interference (EMI) signal to each other. The wireless pressure sensor module which is used in the switchgear system consists of sensor element, differential amplifier, buffer, chopper, Radio frequency (RF) transmitter. The operation of pressure sensor modules under EMI environment undergoes many technical issues. The present work focusses on analysis and simulation of RF stage under the influence of intermodulation with the presence of EMI is carried out using PYHTON.

Keywords: SiC(Silicon Carbide) RF amplifier, Intermodulation, Electromagnetic Interference(EMI).

[1]. F. Fiori, "On the Susceptibility of Chopper Operational Amplifiers to EMI," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1000–1006, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TEMC.2016.2544950.
[2]. F. Fiori, "Susceptibility of chopper OpAmps to EMI," IEEE Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 2015-Septm, pp. 1018–1021, 2015, doi: 10.1109/ISEMC.2015.7256306.
[3]. I. N. A. Tuning, "INVESTIGATION OF INTERMODULATION C2 / co," vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 0–4, 1983.
[4]. J. H. Mulligan and C. A. Paludi, "Varactor Tuning Diodes as a Source of Intermodulation in RF Amplifiers," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. EMC-25, no. 4, pp. 412–421, 1983, doi: 10.1109/TEMC.1983.304130.
[5]. M. F. Karsi and W. C. Lindsey, "Effects of CW interference on phase-locked loop performance," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 886–896, 2000, doi: 10.1109/26.843206.

Abstract: This report presents the Implementation of PID controller on FPGA using Xilinx ISE 14.7. Main concerns of these project are to tune parameters using MATLAB. This paper presents the RTL design, synthesis, and implementation of VHDL code is carried out using Project Navigator ISE 14.7 software. The simulation is visualized using ISIM simulator. Xilinx device of Spartan Family Spartan 6 is used for hardware evaluation. The system used is second order state system.

Keywords: PID Controller, Proportional, Integral, Differentiator, RTL Design, Result analysis, VHDL Programming, MATLAB Programming

[1]. FPGA Implementation of PID Controller by Fares Sassi , Mehdi Abbes, Abdelkader Mami [ICCEITP 2356-5608]
[2]. Digital P-I-D Controller Implementation for Speed Control Applications Using FPGA by C. Pratibha Rohini , A. M. Prasad [IJSR 2319-7064]
[3]. Hardware Implimentation of FPGA based PID Controller by Bhushana Thakur, Prof. Sujata Kulkarni [IJERT 2278-0181]
[4]. FPGA Implementation of PID Controller Using Xilinx System Generator by Santosh Kumar B []IJRSI 2321–2705]
[5]. Implementation of Digital PID controller in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) by V. Subasri, K. Lavanya and B. Umamaheswari [IIC PE 2006]

Abstract: Electricity supply in Nigeria is insufficient, unreliable and absolutely unsustainable. Most of the rural communities in the Southwestern states of Nigeria are not connected to the grid, even though there are abundant renewable energy resources (RES) that can easily be harnessed to bridge the wide supply-demand energy deficit. RES alone, due to its stochastic nature, cannot be reliable, hence the need to combine two or more RES (with conventional energy sources) to form a hybrid system that are complementary in nature. This work examined the techno-economic viability of off-grid Small Hydro-Solar PV-Diesel Hybrid Power System (HPS) with battery storage in two selected villages in Southwest States of Nigeria. The hydro and solar resources for the study areas (Itapaji in Ekiti State and Owena in Ondo State) covering a period of twenty five years were used for the study......

Keywords: Off-grid, rural electrification, small hydro, solar PV, southwestern states, viability study

[1]. Adebanji, B. Adepoju, G.A. Ojo J.O. and P.K. Olulope, Optimal Sizing of an Independent Hybrid Small Hydro-Photovoltaic–Battery- Diesel Gener tor Hybrid Power System for a Distant Village. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 6, 208-213, (2017).
[2]. Adebanji, B., G.A. Adepoju, P.K., Olulope, E.T. Fasina.and O. Adetan, "Feasibility and Optimal Design of a Hybrid Power System for Rural Electrification for a Small village in Nigeria". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol.10, 6214-6224, 2020.
[3]. Uzoma C.C. and K.C. Amadi,Energy Access: A Key to Rural Development in Nigeria, Research & Reviews: Journal of Social Science, (2019)
[4]. Ajeba W.S.,Adebanji B and Fasina ET, Comparative Analysis of Off-Grid Small Hydro-Solar PV-Diesel Hybrid System in Southwest, Nigeria, European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 6, 208-213, 2021.
[5]. Fagbohun.O.O. and Adebanji (2014), "Integrated Renewable Energy Sources for Decentralized Systems in Developing Countries", IOSR International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IOSR-JEE), Vol.9. Issue 5 Ver1 (September-October).pp.26-35.