iosr-JEEE   Volume-16 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. – Oct. 2021

Abstract: In the current work, the morphology, structure, and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles were studied to examine the effect of hydrothermal temperatures treatment on the nanoparticle's properties. The prepared TiO2 nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transforming infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometers. Hydrothermal treatment leads to a crystalline transition from the anatase phase to the monoclinic phase in the commercial nanoparticles of TiO2 and decreases the particle size. Results from the HR-TEM indicated that a nanosheet was observed in comparison to commercial TiO2 nanoparticles after hydrothermal treatment. Analysis of UV-Vis revealed that the transmission and absorption of TiO2 samples treated with different hydrothermal reaction temperatures were changed compared to the original sample. Taken together, hydrothermal temperature treatment signifies the morphology, structure, and optical properties of TiO2.

Keywords: nanostructure, TiO2, anatase, bronze, hydrothermal treatment.

[1]. M Abdelhamid Shahat, F M El-Hossary, Ahmed Ghitas, A M Abd El-Rahman and A. A. Ebnalwaled, Low-temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Applications, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1171 (2021) 012008 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1171/1/012008. [2]. Salem, W., El-Deen, F.N., Ebnalwaled, K. Badry. M, Abdel Latef. A. A., UV‑Induced Antibacterial Activity of Green‑Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles for the Potential Reuse of Raw Surface and Underground Water, J Plant Growth Regul (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10391-6
[3]. Baloyi, S. and J. Moma, Modified Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Applications. 2019.
[4]. Guo, Q., et al., Fundamentals of TiO2 Photocatalysis: Concepts, Mechanisms, and Challenges. Advanced Materials, 2019. 31(50): p. 1901997.
[5]. Nakata, K. and A. Fujishima, TiO2 photocatalysis: design and applications. J Photochem Photobiol C C13:169-189. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 2012. 13: p. 169–189..

Abstract: It is known that even for a far end phase fault the REF relays may false operate due to saturation of the phase due to spill over of the harmonic currents. This article describes a method of choosing the Kpv( knee point voltage ) of both the phase and neutral current CTs so that the differential current may not cause false operation due to saturation of the current transformers either at phase or neutral end of the power transformers..

Keywords: REF Settings, Power Transformer, Low Impedance REF Principle, Current Transformer, Interposing Auxiliary CTs, Knee point voltage

[1]. Alsthom Network Protection and Automation Guide (Protective Relays Measurement and Control), May 2011 edn. Micom 30 series, REF Protection application guide, Issue B1, Alsthom
[2]. A comparison between high impedance and low impedance REF Transformer protection by Casper Labuschagne and Izak Vander Merwe, pp. 1–9. Eskom Enterprises and Schweitzer Engg (2005–2007)
[3]. D. Robertson (ed.), Power System Protection Reference Manual, Reyrolle Protection, Chapter 6 (Orient Press)
[4]. Performance of REF Protection scheme in the presence of CT remanence, ed. by K.J.A. Jallil, A.H.A. Bakae, W.N. Wan Mahadi, Hanif—Power Energy Conference, 2008 IEEE Second International
[5]. Application Notes MICOM series P63x/UK AP/A54 MiCOM P631, P632, P633, P634.

Abstract: Optimal Placement and parameter setting of flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTs) devices can increase loadability, improve stability, reduced active and reactive power losses in transmission line. In this paper, sensitivity based analysis has been proposed to determine optimal location and size of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) to improve the overall (voltage stability, power transfer capability and reduce losses) performance of power system. The effect of TCSC on the network is included as a variable reactance. Further, the suitable location of the TCSC is identified using the real power loss minimization based sensitivity-index, total reactive power loss minimization based sensitivity index and real power flows minimization based sensitivity.......

Keywords: FACTS, TCSC, Optimal Placement, Sensitivity Based Approach, Loss Minimization, Voltage Profile Improvement.

[1]. J.Namratha Manohar and J. Amarnath , "Statistical Analysis of Power System on Enhancement of Available Transfer Capability Applying FACTS", International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Science And Engineering, Vol.3,No. 7, JULY 2012.
[2]. P.S..Vaidya and V.P.Rajderkar, "Enhancing Power System Security by Proper Placement of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator.(TCSC)", IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol.4,No. 5, October 2012.
[3]. S.Y.Ge and T.S.Chung, "Optimal active power flow incorporating power flow control need in Flexible AC Transmission Systems". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 2, May 1999.
[4]. C.R. Fuerte-Esquivel, E. Acha, and H. Ambriz-Perez, " A thyristor controlled series compensator model for the power flow solution of practical power network" , IEEE Tran on power systems, vol. 15, no.1, February, 2000.
[5]. B.H.Li and Q.H. Wu, P.Y.Wang and X.X.Zhou , "Influence of the transient process of TCSC and MOV on power system stability", IEEE Tran on power systems, vol. 15, no.2, May, 2000

Abstract: This paper presents the design and simulation of two stages common source low noise amplifier using diode connected load technique. The amplifier designed and simulated using 130 nm CMOS technology. The amplifier circuitry provides 50.33 GHz bandwidth with power gain of 15 dB. Output noise reduced to 138.2 uVrms as using diode connected load technique and the circuitry gives noise figure of 0.9 dB and input referred third order intercept point of 34.66 mdB. The proposed LNA dissipates very low power reached to 0.8 mW using power supply of 1.2 V.
Background: Low noise......

Keywords: Low noise amplifier (LNA); ultra-wide-band (UWB); Noise figure (NF); Diode connected transistor.

[1]. A. S. Kushwah, and S. Katare" A Review on Wide Bandwidth Low Noise Amplifier for Modern Wireless Communication" International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). 2017; 4 (10): 917-920.
[2]. Multi-band OFDM physical layer proposal, IEEE P802.15 working group for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), http://grouper. Ieee.org/groups/802/15/pub/2003/Ju103/03267r5p802 15 TG3a-Multi-band-OFDM-CFP-Presentation.ppt.
[3]. M. Bansal, and Jyoti "Utilizing CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier for Bluetooth Low Energy Applications" Applications of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Engineering. 2019: 239-251.
[4]. Y-L. Wei, S. S. Hsu, and J-D. Jin "A Low-power low-noise amplifier for K-band applications" IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 2009; 19 (2): 116-118.
[5]. C-C. Wu, M-F. Chou, W-S. Wuen, and K-A. Wen " A Low Power CMOS Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra-widband Wireless Applications" IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. 2005: 5063-5066.

Abstract: Voltage instability has become the major threat to power system security and a challenge to power system operators to ensure voltages at all buses remain within acceptable limits under highly stressed conditions. Various voltage stability indices (VSI) have been proposed by researchers for fast and accurate assessment of voltage stability. These indices are helpful in taking steps towards voltage stability limit enhancement by placing distributed generation support at proper locations and for providing appropriate MW and MVAr support. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various VSIs proposed for voltage stability assessment. The study can be useful in identifying VSI for specific area of distributed generation placement and sizing for voltage stability enhancement.

Keywords: Voltage instability, Voltage collapse point, distributed generation, Voltage stability index, weak lines ..

[1]. Taylor CW, Power system voltage stability, McGraw Hills, New York; 1994.
[2]. Kundur, P. 2011. Power System Stability and Control. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, India.
[3]. C.Concordia'Voltage instability' International journal of Electrical power and energy systems, vol.13, No.1,1991 pp 14-24.
[4]. Mousavi OA, Bozorg M, Cherkaoui R. Preventive reactive power management for improving voltage stability margin. Electr Power Syst Res 2013;96:36–46.
[5]. Eremia M, Shahidehpour M. Handbook of electrical power system dynamics: modeling, stability, and control. Wiley; 2013.

Abstract: Background: As discussed in "Concept of Earth Wire based Communication System" paper, published in IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 14, Issue 2 Ser. I (Mar. – Apr. 2019), page no. 72-74 gives the idea of implementation of communication system which uses earth-wire as a medium of transmission of signal from one point to another point in a given enclosed electrical wiring structure which is practically demonstrated in this paper as a unidirectional communication system working on two different floors of a buildings, houses, etc structure.....

Keywords: Earth-wire communication, Encoders, Decoders, unidirectional communication, Digital Communication

[1]. http://www.seil.co.in/tmt.html
[2]. https://shyamsteel.com/blogs/difference-between-fe500-and-fe500d-tmt-rebar/
[3]. https://civilsir.com/m20-grade-of-concrete-and-their-mix-ratio/
[4]. https://www.engineeringcivil.com/concrete-mix-design-m-20-grade-of-concrete.html
[5]. https://www.researchgate.net/post/how_we_calculate_of_Sand_cement_and_aggregate_of_M20_ratio_or_other_ratio

Abstract: Solar Panels are gaining popularity with time and have made their mark in the sector of renewable energy and power generation. One of the key factors that play a role in varying the efficiency of a solar panel is the tilt angle when the solar panel is installed. The optimum tilt angle may be regarded as a gamechanger with respect to the efficiency of a solar panel. This paper aims to provide a brief summary about the functioning of a solar panel and the various factors that may play a role in affecting the optimum usage of the technology. Moreover, the study aims to highlight one determining factor, the optimum tilt angle of a solar panel. After reviewing various existing literature on this, the research conducted analyses data samples from Jay Jalaram in Ahmedabad to find the optimum tilt angle for the location. The study links the existing models to the investigations and conclusions performed by the authors, to determine the optimum tilt angle for a latitude of 23.09°. This study will help increase the efficiency of power generation of solar panels at an industrial level in the future.

Keywords: Solar Panels, Optimal Tilt, Efficiency, Power Generation

[1]. Hua, Y.P., Oliphant, M., and Hu, E.J., Development of renewable energy in Australia and China: A comparison of policies and status, Renewable Energy, 2016, vol. 85, pp. 1044–1051.
[2]. Nann, S., Potentials for tracking photovoltaic systems and V-troughs in moderate climates, Sol. Energy, 1990, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 385–393.
[3]. Yaping Hua, He, W. & Liu, P. Optimum Tilt Angles of Solar Panels: A Case Study for Gansu Province, Northwest China. Appl. Sol. Energy 56, 388–396 (2020).
[4]. M.J. Ahmad, G.N. Tiwari, Optimum tilt angle for solar collectors used in India, Int J Ambient Energy, 30 (2009), pp. 73-78
[5]. D.R. Myers, Solar radiation modeling and measurements for renewable energy applications: data and model quality