iosr-JEEE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2015

Abstract:This paper aims at production of electricity by using the concept of the rotation of wind turbine due to the wind caused by the moving train and also by using an electrical power generation system. As anyone living near railway tracks will tell you, speeding trains generate quite a bit of wind as they whoosh past. The idea is to design a wind turbine that can be installed between the sleepers on a track, and as the train passes overhead, the wind drives a turbine to generate electricity. This device could be placed along railway or subway lines, and make good use of an otherwise wasted resource. An electrical power generation system comprises a variable capacitor and a power source. The power source is used in the form of a generator to prime the variable capacitor that effectively multiplies the priming energy of the power source by extracting energy from the passing vehicle. By alternately priming the variable capacitor using charge from the power source and discharging it at a later time in a cyclic manner to change the capacitance, a significantly large amount of electrical energy is produced due to change in capacitance.
Keywords: variable capacitor, turbine, railways, generation, wind.

[1]. J. Skea, D. Anderson, T. Green, R. Gross, P. Heptonstall and M. Leach, Intermittent renewable
generation and maintaining power system reliability, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol.2, no.1, pp.82-89, 2008.
[2]. B. Bletterie and H. Brunner, Solar shadows, Power Engineer, vol.20, no.1, pp.27-29, 2006.
[3]. G. P. Harrison and A. R. Wallace, Optimal power Flow evaluation of distribution network capacity
for the connection of distributed generation, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol.152, no.1, pp.115-122,2005.
[4]. J. S. Bak, H. L. Yang, Y. K. Oh, Y. M. Park, K. R. Park, C. H. Choi, W. C. Kim, J. W. Sa, H. K. Kim and G. S. Lee, Current status
of the KSTAR construction, Cryogenics, vol.47, no.7-8,pp.356-363, 2007.
[5]. T. M. Weis and A. Ilinca, The utility of energy storage to improve the economics of wind-diesel power plants in Canada, Renew.
Energy, vol.33, no.7, pp.1544-1557, 2008.
[6]. F. Barbir, T. Molter and L. Dalton, Regenerative fuel cells for energy storage: Efficiency and weight trade-offs, IEEE Aerosp.
Electron. Syst. Mag., vol.20, no.5, pp.35-40, 2005.

Abstract: Solar Energy consists of abundant amount of energy. To utilize this energy for electrical applications PV panels were introduced. Panels can generate DC electricity directly through sunlight. Spectrum of sun is quite wide which varies according to the geographical location. To harness maximum amount of energy from available sunlight tracking of PV panel was introduced. In this paper A PV power pack based single axis solar tracking system prototype is developed. The overall solar tracking system consists of a mechanism that enables the PV panels to follow or track the sun. The mechanical structure consists of one servo motor that drives the mechanism, LDR sensors for measuring light intensity and a programmable microcontroller responsible for giving electric signals to the motors in accordance to the sun angle in order to achieve solar tracking (keeping the PV panel perpendicular to the sunlight). Based on the system requirement tilt angle is provided of 25 angle southwards. The feedback control system operation is based on servo mechanism principles and the controller is responsible for the solar tracker motion. The controller coding and servo mechanism is simulated in PROTEOUS 7.

Keywords: Tracking, Microcontroller, LDR, Servo motor, single axis, simulation.

[1]. Adhikari, N., Singh, B., Vyas, A., L.,Chandra, A. and Haddad K., A. 2011.Analysis and Designof Isolated Solar-PV Energy Generating System, IEEE.
[2]. Ajayi, A., B., Majekodunmi O., A. and Shittu A., S. 2013 Comparison of Power Output fromSolar PV Panels with Reflectors and Solar Tracker, Journal of Energy Technologies and policy. 3:70-77.
[3]. Aleksandar, S., Sladjana S., Ferid S. and Zlatko B. 2009. Microcontrollerbased solar trackingsystem. 518-521.
[4]. Alexandru, N., T. and Cătălin. 2011. Designing the tracking system for a string ofphotovoltaicmodules, International Conference on Optimization of the Robots and Manipulators.
[5]. Ansari, F., Chatterji, S. and Iqbal, A. 2010. Automatic maximum power point tracker for solarPV modules using dSPACE software, International Journal of Sustainabl.29(3).
[6]. Arsalan, S. 2013. Sun Tracking System with Microcontroller 8051, International JournalofScientific & Engineering Research.4:2998-3001.

Abstract:In this paper, the radiation performance of a small printed knight's helm shape patch antenna designed on glass epoxy FR4 substrate discussed. The proposed antenna is capable to cover Wi MAX, Wi Fi, WBAN and Bluetooth operations and UWB applications. The Simulated results for various parameters like radiation patterns, total field gain, return loss, VSWR, radiation efficiency etc. are also calculated with high frequency structure simulator HFSS. Its simulate results display impedance bandwidth from 3.04 GHz to 10.96GHz the antenna complies with the return loss of S11 less then -10db and VSWR < 2 throughout the impedance bandwidth.
Keywords: Ultra-Wide Band, Multiband Band, Patch antenna

[1]. FCC report and order for part-15 acceptance of ultra wide band systems (UWB) from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz , washington, DC,2002
[2]. Ashish Mathur ,Deepak Sharma,Geetika Mathur "Design and Simulation of Dual Band Patch Antenna for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Applications Using HFSS, ICMARS2012- Jodhpur, Volume 1, Issue 1 pp.771-774, December 11-15, 2012
[3]. Ashish Mathur ,Deepak Sharma,Geetika Mathur "Design and Simulation of Rectangular and Half Ring Patch Antenna for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Applications Using HFSS, ICMARS2012- Jodhpur, Volume 1, Issue 1 pp.296-300, December 11-15, 2012
[4]. Ashish Mathur ,Deepak Sharma,Geetika Mathur "Design and Simulation of Dual Band Patch Antenna for ISM, WI-MAX and C-Band Rejection Using HFSS" in International Conference in Advancement on Information Technology (ICAIT), Souvenir March 22-23, 2013.
[5]. Prof. P.S.Ashtankar and Dr.C.G.Dethe "Design and Modification of Circular Monopole UWB Antenna for WPAN Application Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol 3, No.5, 2012

Abstract: Field Effect Diode (FED)s are interesting devices in providing the higher ON-state current and lower OFF-state current in comparison with SOI-MOSFET structures with similar dimensions. For channel length shorter than 75nm, Short Channel Effects (SCEs) deteriorates the FEDs electrical characteristics. The impact of band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) on the OFF-state current of the Side contacted FED (S-FED) has been investigated in this paper. Simulation results show that for the 65nm channel length, the BTBT increases the OFF-state current of the S-FED device noticeably. For the first time in this paper, we introduce a novel FED structure in which the oxide layer in the channel has been used. This is the so-called Silicon On Raised Insulator FED (SORI-FED). The oxide layer suppresses the electron tunneling path from the valence band into the conduction band at the device channel depth. Hence, OFF-state characteristic of the SORI-FED device improves. For 65nm channel length, the simulation results show that the SORI-FED OFF-state current is eight orders of magnitude lower than OFF-state current in M-FED. Furthermore, the SORI-FED provides 35% reduction in gate delay in comparison with M-FED.
Keywords:Band-To-Band-Tunneling (BTBT), Field Effect Diode (FED), Modified FED (M-FED), Side contacted FED (S-FED), Silicon On Raied Insultor FED (SORI-FED)

[1]. Y. Bo et al., IEEE. Trans. Elec. Dev. 55 (11), 2008, 2846.
[2]. P. P. Sung and S. Rajan, IEEE. Trans. Elec. Dev. 58(3), 2011, 866.
[3]. G. Joshi and A. Choudhary, Int. J. Nanosci. 10(01n02), 2011, 275.
[4]. Kranti, T. M. Chung and J.-P. Raskin, Int. J. Nanosci. 4(05n06), 2005, 1021.
[5]. S. A. Loan, S. Qureshi and S. S. K. Iyer, IEEE. Trans. Elec. Dev. Lett. 57(3), 2010, 671.
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Abstract: The objective of this paper is to study and discuss on the different characteristics, like charge distribution over the surface area of the electrode of a capacitor, surface current sharing density per unit height of the electrode, having non-traditional conical electrode shape in comparison with the traditional typical parallel plate capacitors, particularly used with power frequency of 50 Hz. The study shows that the nontraditional conical shape of a capacitor creates the nonlinear, exponential or polynomial functionality. It develops logarithmic polarization-distribution in the dielectric medium. This offers usan exponential / polynomial reactive power distribution along the surface.
Keywords: Conical Shaped Electrodes, Capacitor, Charge distribution, current sharing. (Cup= capacitance with unit differential height of a parallel plate electrodes,)( Cuc= capacitance with unit differential height of conical electrodes)

[1]. H. Samet, M.E.H. Golshan, ―Employing stochastic models for prediction of arc furnace reactive power to improve compensator performance,‖ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran,IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2008, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 505–515/ doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd:20070320.
[2]. Isamu Hosono Masao Yano, ―Suppression and measurement of arc furnace flicker With a large static var compensator,‖ Member, IEEE Masatoshi Takeda Shunichi Yuya, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Amagasaki , Japan, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No.6 Nov./Dec. 1979
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[4]. Yasushi Yamanol, M. Miyazaki', Shinichi Kobayashi, Yoshio Saito2, ―Measurement of 2-Dimensional Surface Charge Distributions under Vacuum Flashover Events on Insulators with Sub-milli-second temporal resolution,‖ Saitama University, 255, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan, XXIInd Int. Symp. On Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum-Matsue-2006, Page 152.
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[7]. Koh-ichi Sakai, Dan Labrado Abella, Junya Suehiro, Masanori Hara,―Charging and Behavior of a Spherically Conducting Particle on a Dielectrically Coated Electrode in the Presence of Electrical Gradient Force in Atmospheric Air,‖ Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Kpshu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 9, No. 4; August 2002, page 577.
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[10]. Steffen Bernet, Dietmar Krug, Seyed Saeed Fazel Kamran, Jalili, ―Design and Comparison of 4.16 kV Neutral Point Clamped, Flying Capacitor and Series Connected H-Bridge Multi-Level Converters,‖ Berlin University of Technology Einsteinufer 19, 10587 Berlin, Germany.IAS 2005 0-7803-9208-6/05/$20.00 © 2005 IEEE page 121.

Abstract: Still continuing our study of tubular linear oscillation motors (LOTM), the work presented in this paper shows a simulation of a tubular linear motor oscillating, the latter is that a coil iron nucleus C.I.N.C. Determining the inductance of the coil turns the model in mathematical equations that govern the operation of (LOTM) in order to know the performance of the motor. Note that it is very difficult to calculate the inductance of such a motor type by classical methods because the coil is magnetically saturated is to say the system is not linear, so the necessity of use computer tools.

Key words: linear motor; ferroresonance, oscillating motor, inductance, coil.

[1]. S. Kikuchi and K. Ishikawa « A New Type 4-Legged Linear Parametric Motor with Excellent Performance» IEEE Transactions
on magnetic, vol. 33, No. 5, September 1997. IEEE Transactions on magnetic, vol. 34, No 4 , July 1998.
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Double Driving Surfaces, IEEE Transactions on magnetic, vol. 34, No 4 , July 1998.
[3]. Yorshinori Mitsuo Natsusaka Koichi Murakami, « Anomalous phenomena in the performance of the parametric motors »
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Abstract: Image is one of the gifts of nature. It may either be dark (night) or light (day). This may equally be the sun or any form of light (Huiyu, 2010). This paper is aimed at the use of image as a street light switch. The system is design in such a way that, the circuit will be in a casing, where there will be a provision for the sensor (LDR) to be outside the case to enable the light dependent resistor (LDR) senses either light of dark. If the LDR senses darkness, it will serve as a switch to ON the circuit where the output will display a 220v output, which any form of 220v bulb can be attached or connected serially or parallel inform of a street light. Likewise if the LDR senses light, it switches OFF automatically. The system work with respect to environmental sensor, which respond to the illumination intensity that switches ON when senses darkness and equally switches OFF when senses light. The application is made up of three units, the power control unit, the operating unit or sensor and the control system. The system is automatic and therefore has no need of manual switching of the system to operate but just the gift of nature, which is image.

Keyword: image, street light, sensor

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[7]. Digital image processing Huiyu Zhou, Jiahua Wu, Jiangovo Zhang (2010).
[8]. Electronic device and circuit second edition Jimme J. cathey (2002).

Abstract: A Combination Of Wind And Solar Resources Offers A Unique Possibility In Generating Electricity Either As Grid-Connected Or As Standalone Hybrid Power System. This Paper Is Aimed At Modeling Of Hybrid Solar And Wind For Power Generation Using Matlab/Simulink Soft Ware. A Case Study Of Maiduguri Is Presented With Data Obtained From A Meteorological Station For A Period Of Five Years. A Model Was Developed To Simulate A Combination Of A Wind Turbine And Solar Photovoltaic Array To Satisfy The Maximum Load Of 2.015kw And To Charge A Battery Bank. The Battery Bank Supplies The Load In The Event Of Hybrid Power Deficiency. The Result Shows That The Low Wind Resource Can Be Hybridized With The High Solar Profile To Generate Firm Power For Standalone System.

Keywords: Solar resources, wind resources, hybrid system, load demand.

[1]. Bala E.J., Ojosu J.O., and Umar I.H., Government Policies and Programmes on the Development of Solar-PV Sub-Sector in Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy, Vol. 8, No. 1 and 2, pp 1-6, 2000
[2]. Zhou W., Yang H.X., Fang Z.H,(2007), "A Novel model for photovoltaic array performance prediction Applied Energy, vol. 84, no. 12, pp. 1187-1198.
[3]. Halasa, G. (2009). Wind-Solar Hybrid Electrical Power Generation in Jordan. Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4, 205-209.
[4]. Yang H.X., Fang Z.H,(2007), "A Novel model for photovoltaic array performance prediction Applied Energy, vol. 84, no. 12, pp. 1187-1198.
[5]. Altas, I.H., & Sharaf, A.M. (2007). A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for Matlab Simulink GUI Environment. Retrieved from www.mendeley.com/.../photovoltaic-array-simulation
[6]. Ekren, O., and B. Y. Ekren, "Size optimization of a PV/Wind hybrid energy conversion system with battergy storage using response surface methodology," Applied Energy, 85, 1086 – 1101, 2008.

Abstract: Management of reactive power and voltage control constitute part of the major challenge in power system industry. Adequate reactive power control solves power quality problems like voltage profile maintenance at all power transmission levels, transmission efficiency and system stability. Power demand increases steadily while the expansion of power generation and transmission has been severely limited due to the inadequate resources and environmental forces. These give cause for concern as they contribute to the constant power failure in the Nigeria power system. In this work the Nigeria 330KV network, 30 bus system is considered. To alleviate/eradicate some of these problems mentioned, compensation in power system becomes very essential. Compensation reduces generating MVA and MVAR. The reduction in MVAR helps electrical companies to transmit more power and absorbing more customers without expanding their power networks.

[1]. B. Caven, "A Study of Voltage Profile in the NEPA Network: Analysis and Recommendation", Engineering Focus, Jan/April 1992.
[2]. F.O. Enemuoh, "Simulation Modeling of Voltage Stability of an Interconnected Electric Power Network" Ph.D Thesis, Electrical Engineering Dept. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, pp22, April 2012.
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Abstract: The frequent outages of power supply due to the occurrence of faults on the system constituents a major problem to electricity consumers in Nigeria. As it is being witnessed all around Nigeria, most commercial cities especially Lagos: Using 33-/11-kV Idi-Araba Injection substation, Mushin, Lagos as a case study, data containing number of faults on each feeders and their respective downtime were collected. This data collected were analysed mathematically to estimate the reliability of the injection substation for a period of five years. The results obtained from the analysis of the 11-kV feeders show that 2011 electricity supply was the most reliable with 81.18% of the system working without failure and 33-kV feeder shows a maximum reliability of 97.02% in 2007 working without failure. The percentage of the system working without failure for 11-kV over the period of five (5) years shows that the system was reliable with 63.61% out of 84.38% availability. Again, for the 33-kV feeder, the system was reliable with 93.39% reliability out of 99.01% availability.

Keywords: Reliability, Availability, MTTR, Failure rate, Feeders.

[1]. C. O. A. Awosope, Lecture Notes On Power System Analysis 2010.
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Abstract: Using PSPICE a resonant dc-dc converters operating at constant frequency was simulated. The paper concentrates on the working of a half bridge topology employing ZVS techniques. The operation of converter with LC filter in the output is discussed. The design and fabrication was done on a 5V, 50W converter using MOSFET to validate the performance of the converter. The converter has illustrated low reverse voltage, less current stresses and negligible conductivity losses owing to unsymmetrical duty ratio operation and zero voltage switching. This topology exhibits the merits of both resonant (zero switching loss) converters and switched mode (low conduction loss) circuits.

Keywords: Asymmetrical pulse width modulated ( APWM , Half bridge converter, Gate pulse, Switched mode power supplies (SMPS), Unsymmetrical duty ratio, Zero Current Switching (ZVS), Zero voltage switching (ZVS),

[1]. Ned Mohan, Undeland and Robins, "Power electronics converters, applications and design" (John wiley and sons).
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Abstract: A new integrated power electronics interface (IPEI) for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in order to optimize the performance of the power train is proposed in this paper. As Power electronics interfaces plays important role in the automotive vehicle technologies the proposed IPEI is responsible for the power-flow management for each operating mode. The operating modes will explain how IPEI works during different modes like charging/discharging and traction/breaking modes. In this concept, an IPEI is proposed and designed to realize the integration of the dc/dc converter, on-board battery charger, and dc/ac inverter together in the BEV power train with high performance. The proposed concept improves the system efficiency and reliability, and reduces the current, voltage ripples, and also reduces the size of the passive and active components in the BEV drive trains compared to other topologies. And control strategy for IPEI is designed and analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results related to the output waveforms are obtained and validated.

Index Terms: Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), interleaved dc/dc converter, on-board battery charger, power-train control strategies, power-train modeling, small-signal model.

[1]. C. C. Chan, A. Bouscayrol, and K. Chen, "Electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles: Architectures and modeling," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 589–598, Feb. 2010.
[2]. C. C. Chan, "The state of the art of electric and hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles,"Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 704–718, Apr. 2007.
[3]. A. Emadi, S. S. Williamson, and A. Khaligh, "Power electronics intensive solutions for advanced electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicular power systems,"IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 567– 577, May 2006.
[4]. A. Emadi, Y. J. Lee, and K. Rajashekara, "Power electronics and motor drives in electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2237–2245, Jun. 2008.
[5]. S. S. Raghavan, O. C. Onar, and A. Khaligh, "Power electronic interfaces for future plug-in transportation systems," IEEE Power Electron. Soc. Newsletter, vol. 23, Third Quarter 2010.
[6]. Y.-J. Lee, A. Khaligh, and A. Emadi, "Advanced integrated bidirectional AC-DC and DC-DC converter for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 3970–3980, Oct. 2009.

Abstract: In this paper, a Metal Detection System with GSM technology has been presented. The system senses or detects a metallic object and sends an alert message in form of an SMS text to an embedded security GSM number for further actions. The design methodology employed in this work, consist of the following stages: Power Supply Unit , Metal Detectors, Modem for SMS and Call (cell phone), Graphical Liquid Crystal Display (GLCD), Microcontroller and the Multiplexer unit for selecting detector ports. The design specification was strictly followed with series of experimental tests. The results obtained were quite satisfactory. If design is fully implemented in restricted areas like Banks, Airports etc, it would help to detect unwanted dangerous metallic objects like guns or sharp objects carried by suspicious persons; and thereby contributing greatly to the reduction of crime rate.

Key Words: Microcontroller-based, Metal Detection System, GSM Technology.

[1]. Alexander, C.K. and Sadiku, M.N.O. (2000): Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA, Pg. 212
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Abstract: This paper presents simulation results of single phase photovoltaic inverter. The proposed inverter system converts photovoltaic power into single phase AC supply efficiently without using transformer and batteries. In this the simulation results of transformer less single phase photovoltaic inverter are shown. Maximum Power Point Tracing (MPPT) algorithm is implemented in order to extract maximum power from a PV module. A boost converter is also implemented to raise the DC voltage level to desired level, an inverter with controlled PWM scheme is implemented for conversion of DC input into AC supply. The simulation is carried out on SIMULINK/Sim power systems.

Keywords: PV-AC conversion, PV inverter, transformer less inverter, Boost converter, PV inverter model in Sim Power Systems.

[1] M Geethu Chacko, Riya Scaria, An Improved Transformer Less Inverter Topology For Cost Effective PV Systems, Proceedings of 07th IRF International Conference, Bengaluru, India, 22nd June-2014, pp.170-177.
[2] Eftichios Koutroulis, Frede Blaabjerg, Design Optimization of Transformer less Grid-Connected PV Inverters Including Reliability, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 1, January 2013, pp.325-335.
[3] Xu Renzhong, Xia Lie, Zhang Junjun, and Ding Jie, Design and Research on the LCL Filter in Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters, International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 3, June 2013.
[4] T. L. N. Tiruvadi, S. Venkatesh, K. V. Suneel, A. Rama Krishna,(PV) Rural Home Power Inverter Using FPGA Technology, International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE), Volume-1, Issue-6, April 2013,pp.5-9.
[5] Ramaprabha Ramabadran, Badrilal Mathur, MATLAB Based Modelling and Performance Study of Series Connected SPVA under Partial Shaded Conditions, Journal of Sustainable Development, Volume 2, No.3, Nov 2009, pp. 85-94.

Abstract: In car-sharing applications and during certain time slots, some parking stations become full whereas others are empty. To redress this imbalance, vehicle redistribution strategies must be elaborated. As automatic relocation cannot be in place, one alternative is to get a leader vehicle, driven by a human, which come to pick up and drop off vehicles over the stations. This paper deals with the vehicle redistribution problem among parking stations using this strategy and focusing on automatic parking and vehicle platooning. We present an easy exit parking controller and path planning based only on geometric approach and vehicle's characteristics. Once the vehicle exits the parking, it joins a platoon of vehicles and follows it automatically to go to an empty parking space.

Keywords: Automatic Parking, Platooning, Car-sharing, Path Planning

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