iosr-JECE   Volume-16 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2021

Abstract: The method of accurately approximating the foreground object in images and videos is known as Image Matting. It is an awfully technique in applications like image editing and video editing, where-in particularly film production for creating visual effects. In this paper the foreground object in images through Digital Matting Algorithms by employing a Bayesian Approach is estimated. A decent alpha matte with minimum labelling efforts using most informative sequence of regions for user input is provided in this paper. In this process a trimap is created first after that background and foreground regions are compared.

Keywords: Image Processing, Image Segmentation, Digital Matting Algorithms and Bayesian Approach

[1]. A. Levin D. Lischinski and Y. Weiss,"A Closed Form Solution to Natural Image Matting".
[2]. M. T. Orchard and C. A. Bouman,"Color Quantization of Images", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 39(12):2677– 2690, December 1991.
[3]. A. Berman, A. Dadourian, and P. Vlahos,"Method for removing from an image the background surrounding a selected object", U.S. Patent 6,134,346, 2000.
[4]. Yung-Yu Chuang, Brian Curless, David H. Salesin, and Richard Szeliski,"A Bayesian Approach to Digital Matting", In Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2001), Vol. II, 264-271, December 2001.
[5]. Y. Zheng, C. Kambhamettu,"Learning Based Digital Matting", ICCV, 2009

Abstract: Due to the increasing number of vehicles on road, the noise pollution levels have risen beyond the limits. No longercan a person travel from one place to another without being subjected to high intensity noise coming from vehicles at traffic junctions. The commuters try to persuade the honk even when the traffic light is red increases the undesired sound decibels to rise in the periphery of the junctionthis noise may have various effects on a person like hearing imparity, high blood pressure, stress, etc., at traffic signals people tend to blow horn restlessly adding nothing but noise to the environment. This paper tries to solve this problem by proposing an Arduino based solution. By using sound sensor and Arduino and with Matlab analysis the noise produced in the traffic can be reduced by cutting down on the unnecessary honking by drivers. Reduction in the level of noise pollution helps to increase productivity, stress reduce etc.

Keywords: Traffic, noise pollution, Arduino, Matlab software, Db

[1]. www.government.nl/noise-nuisancewww.piarc.org/knowledge-basewww.intechopen.com
[2]. Hiral Jariwala (2017) NOISE POLLUTION & HUMAN HEALTH: A REVIEW Researchgate.
[3]. L.C. (Eelco) den Boer, A. (Arno) Schroten August 2007: Traffic noise reduction in Europe.

Abstract: Free space optical communication (FSO) is very impressive because of its high data rate, less cost, and license free long–range operation. However, the climate conditions like haze, rain, fog etc are the barriers for the achievement of the desired performance of an FSO link. Here, we have implemented a hybrid polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) at 100Gbps data rate. The proposed model enhances the system performance by increasing the user capacity by reducing the multipath fading effect. The efficiency of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of bit error rate (BER) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) for three modulation schemes, i.e. BPSK, QPSK and 4-QAM.The system is simulated by using OPTISYSTEM 16.0 software. On the basis of simulation outcomes, it is reported that though QAM and QPSK have the same spectral efficiency, low BER is achieved in case of QPSK. This work shall be useful for the FSO application even in poor weather conditions.

Keywords: Free space Optics, CO-OFDM, PDM, Acceptable link range, OSNR, BER

[1]. A.Kumar, A.Dhiman, D.Kumar, N.Kumar, "Free Space Optical Communication System un er Different Weather Conditions", IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 52-58, 2013.
[2]. V. V. Sudheer and A. Mandloi, "Enhanced coherent optical OFDM FSO link using diversity for different weather conditions IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT), 2016, pp. 1221-1225, doi: 10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7808026.
[3]. M. Singh, J. Malhotra, M.S. Mani Rajan, D. Vigneswaran, M.H. Aly, "A long-haul 100 Gbps hybrid PDM/CO-OFDM FSO
transmission system: impact of climate con itions an atmospheric turbulence" Alexandria Eng. J. (2020) ,10.1016/j.aej.2020.10.008.
[4]. P. Patel, V. Mishra and V. Singh, "Performance analysis of CO-OFDM FSO system under different weather conditions," 2014 2nd International Conference on Emerging Technology Trends in Electronics, Communication and Networking, 2014, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ET2ECN.2014.7044972.
[5]. G. Kaur, D. Srivastava, . Singh, Y. arasher, "Development of a novel hybri DM/OFDM technique for FSO system and its
performance analysis",Optics & Laser echnology,Vol. 109, 019.

Abstract: Coronavirus could be a modern viral disease in people. This infection was to begin with found in Wuhan city of China in December 2019. This infection can effectively spread from human to human so worldwide crisis has been pronounced. The strategy proposed here is IOT based sensors to check whether a patient is enduring from irregular changes. Beside this, infrared temperature sensor will sense the temperature of individual and send caution to family people and government too. Besides, it'll certainly offer assistance to control this infection from spreading due to the programmed sensor location and determination framework. Modern strategy of location covid-19 fever side effects depending on IOT cloud administrations to fathom the higher time delay of checking the swarmed clients that enter open....

Keywords: IoT, Covid-19, MCU

[1]. www electronics.projecthub.com
[2]. https://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Easy-NonContact-Automatic-Hand-Sanitizer- Automatic hand-sanitizer-dispenser.
[3]. "COVID-19 tracker," Republic of the Philippines Department of Health, 23 July2020, https://www.doh.gov.ph/covid19tracker.
[4]. R. Vishal, A. Therukar and B. Shukla, \Monitoring Social Distancing for COVID-19 using Open CV and Deep Learning, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 6, Jun. 2020, pp. 2258-2260.
[5]. Health impact of hand washing. WELL fact sheet 2006. at: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/factsheets/fact-sheetshtml/Hand washing.

Abstract: Thisproject deals with the study of energy meter recordings and app billing system. This enables easy wireless access to existing energy meter by the user and aims to maneuver faraway from the routine method of manual reading of electricity meters during which a meter reader visit the all meter location sporadically and skimthe meter value manually. We will use current sensor to measure the parameters and will use NodeMCU ESP8266 to post the date to an HTML Webpages. In this system we can keep a watch on the meter readings regularly and send message to the user about energy consumption and billing. In this project energy meter is interfaced to the microcontroller. The energy consumption is constantly monitored by the energy meter. Depending upon the......

Keywords— Energy meter,monitoring, mobile billing, manual reading, NodeMCU ESP8266, microcontroller, LCD, SMS, IoT.

[1]. SomaShekara Sreenadh Reddy Depuru, WangLingfeng, Vijay and Devabhaktuni, "Smart meters for power grid: Challenges issue advantages and status", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, pp. 2736-2742, 2011.
[2]. Chen Ming, Seifedine Kadry, A. Antony Dasel, "Automating Smart Internet of Things devices in modern homes using context-based fuzzy logic ", Computational Intelligence,2020.
[3]. M. Kathiresh, A. Mahaboob Subahani, Internet of Things 4.0, pp. 177,2020.
[4]. Katelyn Brinker, Reza Zoughi, "Future trends for l & M", Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine IEEE, vol. 23, no. 3,pp. 3-9, 2020.
[5]. Karrupusamy P, "AdvancedMetering Infrastructure with Secure Chord Lookup Protocol for IoT Systems", Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation, vol. 2, pp. 112, 2021.
[6]. S maitra, energy meter by using embedded- new content which is mainly used to measure the energy consumption by a consumer or customer or a person. IEEE paper pp.1-8, 2008

Abstract: Patch antenna finds enormous applications in present time as it has lot of advantages. The main advantages are it can be directly printed on the circuit boards, it is in expensive, it can be designed in different shapes, can be designed with less weight and size also. If slots are considered in the patch antenna then the parameters of the antenna like VSWR and Return loss are still more improved. In the present paper patch antenna resonating at bio medical applications (2.45 GHz) with single slot and multiple slots are considered. The performance characteristics are compared with the regular micro strip patch antenna resonating at same 2.45 GHz.

Keyword: Implantable antennas, Biomedical applications, HFSS, Slotted Patch Antenna

[1] Balanis, C.A, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York 1997.
[2] John D Kraus, ―Antennas and Wave Propagation, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi.
[3] S. W. Lu, T. F. (1999). CPW-fed slot-loop coupled patch antenna on narrow substrate. Electronics Letters, 682-683.
[4] Yen, P. H.-F. (2001). Analysis of a cpw-fed slot ring antenna. Proc. APMC2001 International Conference, 1267-1270.
[5] H. Tehrani, K. C. (2002). Multi frequency operation of microstrip-fed slot-ring antennas on thin low-dielectric permittivity substrates. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1299-1308..

Abstract: Today, technology is developing within the same direction in line with rapidly increasing human needs. The work done to meet these needs makes life easier a day, and these studies are concentrated in robotic arm studies. Robot arms work with an outside user or by performing predetermined commands. Nowadays, the foremost developed field of robot arms in every field is the industry and medicine sector. Designed and realized in the project, the robot arm has the power to maneuver in 4 axis directions with 5 servo motors. Thanks to the holder, you'll take the specified material from one place and carry it to a different place, and also mix it with the material it receives. While doing this, robot control is provided by connecting to the Arduino Uno microcontroller to send signals from hand to the arm.

Keyword: Maneuver, Servo Motors, Arduino Uno Microcontroller

[1]. WMHW Kadir, RE Samin, BSK Ibrahim. Internet controlled a robotic arm. Procedia Engineering. 2012.
[2]. MAK Yusoff, RE Samin, mobile robotic arm. Procedia Engineering. 2012.
[3]. AM Al-Busaidi, Development of an educational environment for online control of a biped robot using MATLAB and Arduino, (MECHATRONICS), 9th France-Japan.2012.
[4]. HS Juang, KY Lurrr. Design and control of a two-wheel self-balancing robot using the Arduino microcontroller board. Control and Automation (ICCA), 2013.
[5]. R Krishna, GS Bala, SS ASC, BBP Sarma. Design and implementation of a robotic arm based on haptic technology. Int. J. of Eng. Research. 2012. 6. Electric Electronic Technology-Step and Servo Motors, SVET, 2007.

Abstract: In wireless communication system compact antennas are required to minimize the size, hence these requirements can be overcome by microstrip antenna. The present study shows a design of rectangular microstrip antenna by loading rectangular slot in the form of C shape on the patch. The microstrip antenna is designed using slot loading technique, which is resonating at three different frequencies 1.40 GHz, 5.23 GHz and 5.88 GHz. The simulation software High Frequency Structure simulator used to simulate the design. Antenna dimensions of 8x4x0.16cms is fabricated using low cost FR4 substrate and The antenna is working for triple band between 1.40 GHz to 5.88 GHz with virtual size reduction of 60 %, good return loss, gain and the impedance bandwidth is observed hence it shows the application in C and L band.

Keyword: C shaped slot, FR4 Substrate, HFSS and Multiband

[1]. C.A. Balanis Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design Wiley-Intersicence. 2012.
[2]. Apleen Kaur, Jaswinder Kaur, Naveen Kumar," Super Wide-Band Slotted Trishul-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications", International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-8 Issue-5, June 2019. [3]. Venkata A. P. Chavali and Amit A. Deshmukh," Half U slot and rectangular slots are loaded nearly square shaped microstrip antenna for wideband response"Progress In Electromagnetics Research Vol 104, 129-141,2020.
[4]. I.A. Shah, S. Hayat a, A. Basir a, M. Zada , S.A.A. Shah a , S. Ullah a , S. Ullah," Design and analysis of a hexa-band frequency reconfigurable antenna for wireless communication", I.A. Shah et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 98 (2019) 80–88.
[5]. Sachin Chetal1, Anil Kumar Nayak2 and R. K. Panigrahi3," Multiband antenna for WLAN, WiMAX and future wireless applications", URSI AP-RASC 2019, New Delhi, India, 09 - 15 March 2019..