iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-5 ~ May 2025

Abstract: Background: Hypokalemia, defined as a serum potassium concentration below 3.5 mmol/L, is a common electrolyte disturbance, often resulting from increased renal excretion, gastrointestinal losses, or drug-induced factors. This condition is frequently observed in hospitalized patients and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Medications such as diuretics and antibiotics are known to cause hypokalemia, but the spectrum of drugs involved and the population characteristics remain underexplored......

Keywords:Hypokalemia, drug-induced hypokalemia, Furosemide, Ceftriaxone, electrolyte imbalance, adverse drug reaction (ADR), hospitalized patients.

[1] Anthony J. Viera, Md, Mph, And Noah Wouk, Md, University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill School Of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Potassium Disorders: Hypokalemia And Hyperkalemia. 2015; 92(6):487-49
[2] Jung Nam An, Jung Pyo Lee, Hee Jung Jeon, Do Hyoung Kim, Yun Kyu Oh, Yon Su Kim And Chun Soo Lim. Severe Hyperkalemia Requiring Hospitalization: Predictors Of Mortality. An Et Al. Critical Care 2012, 16:R225.
[3] Rehan Hs, Hotha P, Antimicrobial Agents Induced Hypokalemia: A Possible Causality Association. Indian J Crit Care Med 2019; 23(4):175–177.
[4] B Paice, J M B Gray, D Mcbride, T Donnelly, D H Lawson. Hyperkalaemia In Patients In Hospital. British Medical Journal Volume 286 9 April 1983.
[5] Carmen Falcone, Leonida Compostella, Antonella Camardo, Li Van Stella Truong, Francesco Centofanti. Hypokalemia During Antibiotic Treatment For Bone And Joint Infections. Department Of Orthopaedics-Osteomyelitis, Istituto Codivilla-Putti, Cortina D’ampezzo, Bl, Italy, Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 8 October 2017

Abstract: Invisalign is the most advanced and revolutionary technology ever in orthodontics and is the first treatment method based exclusively on 3D digital technology. It is a set of discreet and comfortable, clear plastic aligners which fit perfectly and intimately on the teeth and the patients can easily remove them for eating and brushing their teeth. They do not damage the teeth or periodontal tissues and not lead to root resorption. They work by pushing the teeth, not pulling them. The system incorporates the biological principles of tooth movement, reciprocal forces, biomechanics, and anchorage.....

Keywords : Invisalign, orthodontic therapy, biomechanics

[1] Weir T. Clear Aligners In Orthodontic Treatment. Aus Dent J. 2017;62:58–62
[2] Wheeler T. Orthodontic Clear Aligner Treatment. Semin Orthod 2017; 23: 83-9
[3] Lou T, Mair A. An Historical Overview Of Clear Aligner Therapy The Evolution Of Clear Aligners: Oral Health Group. 14 Sept 2020. Https://Www.Oralhealthgroup.Com/Features/Anhistorical-Overview-Of-Clear-Alignertherapy-Theevolution-Of-ClearAligners/
[4] Naidu S, Suresh A. Invisalign – A Brief Overview. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2018, 6(7), 183-8
[5] Lagravère M, Flores-Mir C. The Treatment Effects Of Invisalign Orthodontic Aligners - A Systematic Review. JADA Dec 2005, Vol 136 (12): 1724–9

Abstract: Resumo Os lábios situados no terço inferior do rosto, desempenham um papel significativo na beleza facial, e sua proporção e estrutura têm impacto direto na estética. A literatura apresenta divergências sobre o comprimento ideal dos lábios, com diferentes padrões estéticos para homens e mulheres. O envelhecimento do lábio superior é influenciado por fatores genéticos e ambientais, como exposição solar e tabagismo, resultando em alterações na altura e exposição dos lábios. A Harmonização Orofacial, incluindo técnicas como o lip lifting ou lifting labial, oferece opções para melhorar a....

[1] Fitzgerald R, Carqueville J, Yang PT. An Approach To Structural Facial Rejuvenation With Fillers In Women. International Journal Of Women's Dermatology. 2018;5(1):52-67.
[2] Barbosa GA. Rejuvenescimento Do Lábio Superior Por Técnica De Lip Lift. Journal Of Multidisciplinary Dental. 2020;10(3):115- 9.
[3] Zhao H, Et Al. Different Techniques And Quantitative Measurements In Upper Lip Lift: A Systematic Review. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2023;47:1364-76.
[4] Bozdag KZ, Et Al. Upper And Lower Lip Soft Tissue Thicknesses Differ In Relation To Age And Sex. International Journal Of Morphology. 2017;35(2):852-58.
[5] Hernandez PMQ, Et Al. Evaluation Of The Attractiveness Of Lips With Different Volumes After Filling With Hyaluronic Acid. Scientific Reports. 2023;13:4589.

Abstract: Ectopic pregnancy is a condition in which there is implantation of blastocyst at a site other than the uterus such as fallopian tube, ovaries, scar of which cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of less than 0.1%. Early intervention is key to preserving fertility and eliminating the need for invasive surgeries. We are reporting four case series of cervical ectopic pregnancies and their reproductive outcomes based on monitoring serial beta hCG levels, also.

Key Words: cervical ectopic pregnancy, medical management of cervical ectopic pregnancy, methotrexate, reproductive outcome, early diagnosis by ultrasonography

[1] Kochi K, Hidaka T, Yasoshima K, Et Al. Cervical Pregnancy: A Report Of Four Cases. J Obstet Gynecol Res 2014;40:603e6.
[2] Ushakov FB, Elchalal U, Aceman PJ, Schenker JG. Cervical Pregnancy: Past And Future. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1997; 52: 45–59.
[3] Vela G, Tulandi T. Cervical Pregnancy: The Importance Of Early Diagnosis And Treatment. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2007; 14: 481–484.
[4] Verma U, English D, Brookfield K. Conservative Management Of Nontubal Ectopic Pregnancies. Fertil Steril 2011; 96: 1391– 1395.
[5] Jurkovic D, Hacket E, Campbell S. Diagnosis And Treatment Of Early Cervical Pregnancy: A Review And A Report Of Two Cases Treated. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996; 8: 373–380..

Abstract: Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media causes hearing impairment and serious lifelong consequences when treatment is delayed. Early detection an effective treatment result in a good outcome and possible complications can avoided. The aim of this study was to determine the factors resulting in delayed care seeking for treatment of CSOM in upper karnali.......

Keywords: Chronic suppurative otitis media; Karnali; Delay care; Lack of knowledge

[1]. Adhikari P. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media In Schoolchildren Of Kathmandu Valley. Intl Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 11(2): 175-178.
[2]. Bbatia P.L. Varughese R. Pattern Of Otorhinolaryngological Diseases In Jos Community. Nig Med J 1987; 17:67-73.
[3]. J. Acuin. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: Burden Of Illness And Management Option. World Health Organization; 2004.
[4]. Holborow C,Martinson F, Anger N. A Study Of Deafness In West Africa. International Journal Of Peditric Otorhinolaryngology 1982;4:107-132
[5]. Gower DJ, Meguirt WP. Intracranial Complication Of Acute And Chronic Infectious Ear Disease: A Problem Still With Us. Laryngoscope 1983; 93: 1023-31.

Abstract: Background: CAUTI remain a significant concern in health care. CAUTIs cause significant morbidity and mortality for patients. Higher rates of CAUTIs and antibiotic resistant organisms have been reported in parts of Asia. The present study was done to assess the incidence of CAUTI, to identify the predisposing risk factors to study the uropathogens associated with it and to detect the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in the isolated organisms in a tertiary care hospital........

Keyword: CAUTI, incidence, risk factors, Gram negative bacilli, multidrug resistant organisms

[1] Burke JP, Riley DK. Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection. In: Mayhall CG, Editor. Hospital Epidemiology And Infection Control. Baltimore: Williams And Wilkins; 1996:139-153.
[2] Us Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) Events Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) And Non-Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) (And Other Urinary System Infection (USI)) [Internet]. 2025 [Cited 2025 Janauary.]
[3] A. Schweiger , S.P. Kuster , J. Maag , S. Zu¨Llig , S. Bertschy , E. Bortolin Et Al. Impact Of An Evidence-Based Intervention On Urinarycatheter Utilization, Associated Process Indicators, Andinfectious And Non-Infectious Outcomes. Journal Of Hospital Infection106 (2020) 364 -371.
[4] Werneburg GT. Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections:Current Challenges And Future Prospects. Research And Reports In Urology 2022;14: 109–133.
[5] Elvy, Juliet, And Alaric Colville. "Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection: What Is It, What Causes It And How Can We Prevent It?" Journal Of Infection Prevention, 2009; 10(2):36-41..

Abstract: Orthodontics is a specialized field focused on diagnosing and treating dental and facial irregularities, primarily through the management of malocclusion—misalignments of teeth and jaws that can affect function and aesthetics. This study investigates the relationship between mesiodistal width of maxillary incisors and arch form across different classes of malocclusion, classified into Angle's system: Class I (normal), Class II (posterior positioning), and Class III (anterior positioning).........

Keywords: Lingual Arch Form, Arch Form Template, Malocclusion, Maxillary Anterior Teeth, Mesiodistal Width.

[1] Proffit, W. R., Fields, H. W., & Sarver, D. M. (2019). Contemporary Orthodontics (6th Ed.). Elsevier.
[2] Angle, E. H. (1899). Classification Of Malocclusion. Dental Cosmos, 41(5), 248-264.
[3] Lee, R. T., & Poon, K. C. (2021). The Importance Of Mesiodistal Width In Orthodontic Diagnosis. The Angle Orthodontist, 91(4), 516-523.
[4] O'Brien, K., & Wright, J. (2015). The Impact Of Dental Arch Form On Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes. European Journal Of Orthodontics, 37(3), 221-229.
[5] Ahn, H., & Hwang, J. (2020). Relationship Between Dental Arch Form And Treatment Strategy In Various Malocclusions. American Journal Of Orthodontics And Dentofacial Orthopedics, 158(3), 370-378.

Abstract: Background: Increasing number of medical colleges has led to a persistent shortage of bones for educational and research purposes, prompting reliance on artificial substitute. Despite their utility, artificial bones lack the diversity inherent in actual human bones, posing a significant impediment to effective learning. Aims and objectives: This present study aims to address the bone shortage by presenting an ethical and practical technique for the comprehensive utilization of bones from dissected cadavers.......

Keywords: osteology, bone procurement, cadaver, anatomy

[1]. Paranjape VM, Pandhare SR, Bahetee BH, Gaikwad A. A Cost Effective And User Friendly Method Of Procurement Of Bones From Formalin Fixed Specimens-A Pilot Study. Indian Journal Of Clinical Anatomy And Physiology. 2017;4(4):558-61.
[2]. Sreenivasan S, Sreenivasan V. Ethics Of The Use Of Dead Bodies In Anatomy Teaching In India. Indian Journal Of Medical Ethics. 2022;08(4):1-9.
[3]. Wijaya AN, Margiana R, Kusumaningtyas S, Furqonita D. Comparison Of Decomposition Rate Of Hind Limbs Of Preserved Mice With Ethanol-Glycerin And Formaldehyde Of Advance Fixative Solution. Anat Cell Biol. 2021;54:225-31.
[4]. Appendix E: Chlorine Disinfectant Preparation (2023) Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. Available At: Https://Www.Cdc.Gov/Hai/Prevent/Resource-Limited/Chlorine-Disinfectant.Html.
[5]. Sadhu A, Meyur R, Kundu B, Biswas S, Chakraborty S: Trends In Body Donation For Medical Education: 10 Year Retrospective Study Indian Journal Of Basic & Applied Medical Research. 2013;8(2):1089-92..

Abstract: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) prove to be a severe diabetic complication because they frequently require amputation of the foot. Dyslipidaemia has been reported to be associated with the progression of DFUs; further research is needed to assess its impact. This cross-sectional study explores the relationship between lipid profile and severity of DFU in 59 patients who were classified using Wagner's grading system. Results indicated significant correlations between the severity of DFU and high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides (p < 0.05) suggesting a relationship between lipid management and prevention of progression of DFU and early lipid testing for risk assessment.......

[1] Pradeepa R, Mohan V. Epidemiology Of Type 2 Diabetes In India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021 Nov;69(11):2932-2938. Doi: 10.4103/Ijo.IJO_1627_21. PMID: 34708726; PMCID: PMC8725109
[2] Maiti, S., Akhtar, S., Upadhyay, A.K. Et Al. Socioeconomic Inequality In Awareness, Treatment And Control Of Diabetes Among Adults In India: Evidence From National Family Health Survey Of India (NFHS), 2019–2021. Sci Rep 13, 2971 (2023). Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/S41598-023-29978-Y
[3] Bekele, F., Chelkeba, L. Amputation Rate Of Diabetic Foot Ulcer And Associated Factors In Diabetes Mellitus Patients Admitted To Nekemte Referral Hospital, Western Ethiopia: Prospective Observational Study. J Foot Ankle Res 13, 65 (2020). Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S13047-020-00433-9
[4] Chen, W., Wang, X., Jiang, Q. Et Al. Association Between Triglyceride Glucose Index And Severity Of Diabetic Foot Ulcers In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Foot Ankle Res 16, 68 (2023). Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S13047-023-00663-7.

Abstract: Background: Empyema thoracis, defined as purulent pleural effusion, describes the presence of collection of pus in intrapleural cavity. Empyema thoracis is classified into 3 different phases which describe the progression of disease, namely purulent phase, fibrinopurulent phase and organizing phase based on the contents of pleural cavity . Materials and Methods: Thirty children range( 1month to 12 years) with stage 2-3 empyema who underwent surgical decortications.....

Keywords:Empyema, Decortication

[1] YL Ho , M Fauzi, Sothee K, A Salleh, AY Khamis And Basheer A Kareem (2020) Paediatric Empyema Thoracis: Roles And Outcomes Of Surgical Intervention In Advanced Disease.Int J Respir Pulm Med 2020, 7:126, Volume 7 | Issue 1
[2] Jung Ar Shin, MD,A Yoon Soo Chang, MD, Phd,A Tae Hoon Kim, MD, Phd (2013) Surgical Decortication As The First-Line Treatment For Pleural Empyema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;Volume 145:933-9
[3] Chen JS, Huang KC, Chen YC, Hsao-Hsun Hsu, Shuenn-Wen Kuo, Et Al. (2009) Paediatric Empyema: Outcome Analysis Of Thoracoscopic Management. TJTCS 137: 1195-1199.
[4] Ekpe EE, Akpan MU (2013) Outcome Of Tube Thoracostomy In Paediatric Non-Traumatic Pleural Fluid Collections. Afr J Paediatr Surg 10: 122-126.
[5] Baranwal AK, Singh M, Marwaha RK, Kumar L (2003)Empyema Thoracis: A 10-Year Comparative Review Of Hospitalised Children From South Asia. Arch Dis Child 88: 1009- 1014.

Abstract: Supernumerary testicles (SNT), also referred to as polyorchidism, are testicles that are present in excess of two. With only roughly 200 cases reported in the literature to date, it is an incredibly uncommon abnormality. A patient with polyorchidism may appear with an acute scrotum or may be asymptomatic and incidentally detected during imaging or physical examination.......

[1] Bergholz, R.; Koch, B.; Spieker, T.; Lohse, K. Polyorchidism: A Case Report And Classification. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2007, 42, 1933–1935
[2] Balawender K, Wawrzyniak A, Kobos J, Golberg M, Żytkowski A, Zarzecki M, Walocha J, Bonczar M, Dubrowski A, Mazurek A, Clarke E, Polguj M, Wysiadecki G, Smędra A. Polyorchidism: An Up-To-Date Systematic Review. Journal Of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(2):649. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Jcm12020649
[3] Nurfajri DH, Pranoto D, Pramod SV, Safriadi F, Hernowo BS. Polyorchidism And Testicular Malignancy, What Can We Learn: A Case Report. Urol Case Rep. 2021 Aug 30;39:101828. Doi: 10.1016/J.Eucr.2021.101828. PMID: 34504774; PMCID: PMC8411227. .

Abstract: Background Undergraduate students' induction in surgical knowledge and skills underlines the importance of evidence-based teaching and learning has happened, and records for achieving all learning competency-based outcomes, not just classroom teaching, and assessment of skills, along with feedback skills, may help build confidence among students and teachers over -E-portfolio. Digital recording of learning and documentation will bring confidence for lifelong learning........

Keywords: Teaching learning, E-Portfolio, Domains, Assessment, medical students

[1] Hrisos S, Illing JC, Burford BC. Portfolio Learning For Foundation Doctors: Early Feedback On Its Use In The Clinical Workplace. Med Educ. 2008;42(2):214–223. Doi: 10.1111/J.1365-2923.2007.02960.X.
[2] Vance G, Williamson A, Frearson R, O'Connor N, Davison J, Steele C, Burford B. Evaluation Of An Established Learning Portfolio. Clin Teach. 2013;10(1):21–26. Doi: 10.1111/J.1743-498X.2012.00599.X. - DOI - Pubmed
[3] Davis MH, Ponnamperuma GG, Ker JS. Student Perceptions Of A Portfolio Assessment Process. Med Educ. 2009;43(1):89–98. Doi: 10.1111/J.1365-2923.2008.03250.X. - DOI - Pubmed
[4] Ross S, Maclachlan A, Cleland J. Students' Attitudes Towards The Introduction Of A Personal And Professional Development Portfolio: Potential Barriers And Facilitators. BMC Med Educ. 2009;9:69. Doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-9-69. - DOI - PMC - Pubmed
[5] Rees C, Sheard C. Undergraduate Medical Students' Views About A Reflective Portfolio Assessment Of Their Communication Skills. Medical Education. 2004;38:125–128. Doi: 10.1111/J.1365-2923.2004.01750.X. - DOI - Pubmed

Abstract: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a rapidly progressing dental condition affecting infants and young children, often resulting from poor feeding practices, sugar-rich diets, and inadequate oral hygiene. ECC leads to significant health, psychological, and financial burdens for children and their families. This case report highlights the full-mouth rehabilitation of a 4-year-old girl suffering from severe ECC, managed under general anesthesia due to behavioral challenges and extensive carious lesions. The treatment involved pulpectomies, extractions, restorations, fluoride application....

Keywords: Early Childhood Caries, Pulpectomy, General Anaesthesia, Extraction, Space Maintainer, Pediatric Patients, Pediatric Dentistry

[1] Winter GB, Hamilton MC, James PM. Role Of The Comforter As An Aetiological Factor In Rampant Caries Of The Deciduous Dentition. Arch Dis Child. 1966 Apr;41(216):207-12.
[2] Tinanoff N, O'Sullivan DM. Early Childhood Caries: Overview And Recent Findings. Pediatr Dent. 1997 Jan-Feb;19(1):12-6.
[3] Kagihara LE, Niederhauser VP, Stark M. Assessment, Management, And Prevention Of Early Childhood Caries. Journal Of The American Association Of Nurse Practitioners. 2009 Jan 1;21(1):1-0.
[4] Mathew MG, Jeevanandan G, Maganur PC, Tamah AA, Ayyashi YA, Tawhari AI, Vishwanathaiah S. Evaluation Of Risk Factors Associated With Caries Development After Full-Mouth Rehabilitation For Early Childhood Caries Under General Anesthesia. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2024 Jan 1;25(1):85-91.
[5] Colak H, Dülgergil CT, Dalli M, Hamidi MM. Early Childhood Caries Update: A Review Of Causes, Diagnoses, And Treatments. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013 Jan;4(1):29-38.

Abstract: Background: Snakebite envenomation during pregnancy is an uncommon but serious medical emergency, especially in tropical regions like India. Maternal and fetal outcomes depend on the type of venom, timing of treatment, and the clinical management provided. Case Presentation: We present a case of a 28-year-old pregnant woman, gravida 3 para 1 at 34 weeks gestation, who was referred with hemotoxic envenomation following a snakebite on the right hand. She had received initial antivenom at a peripheral facility and.....

Keywords: Snakebite, pregnancy, envenomation, antivenom therapy, maternal-fetal outcome, obstetric emergency

[1] R.L. Langley, Snakebite During Pregnancy: A Literature Review, Wilderness Environ. Med. 21 (2010) 54–60,
Hp://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Wem.2009.12.025.
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[3] Gold B, Dart R, Barish R. Bites Of Venomous Snakes. N Eng J Med. 2002;345:347–356.
[4] David P. Principal Acons Of Venoms And Their Symptoms. In: Bauchot R, Ed. Snakes: A Natural History. New York:
[5] Sterling Publishing Co; 2006:208 –209. 10] I. Adam, A.S. Gerais, Abrupo Placentae Following Snake Bite In A Sudanese Woman, Saudi Med. J. 26 (2005) 686–687...

Abstract: Background: With growing emphasis on dental aesthetics in India, orthodontics has witnessed a surge in demand, accompanied by rapid technological advancements such as CBCT, 3D printing, and digital diagnostics. However, the extent to which these innovations are perceived and implemented by orthodontists versus general dental practitioners remains underexplored. Aim: This study aimed to assess the perceptions and clinical adoption of recent orthodontic advancements among orthodontists and general dental......

Keyword: Orthodontist; Dental Practitioner; Recent Advancement In Orthodontist; Clinical Implementation; Modern Orthodontic Practices

[1]. Singh P. Orthodontic Allegations Raised Against Registrants By The General Dental Council. Br Dent J 2016;221:291-4.
[2]. Taneva, E., Kusnoto, B., & Evans, C. A. 3D Scanning, Imaging, And Printing In Orthodontics. Issues In Contemporary Orthodontics 2015;148(5):862-7.
[3]. Christensen GJ. Orthodontics And The General Practitioner. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002;133:369–371.
[4]. Vicéns J, Russo A. Comparative Use Of Invisalign® By Orthodontists And General Practitioners. Angle Orthod 2010;80:425-34.
[5]. Koroluk LD, Jones JE, Avery DR. Analysis Of Orthodontic Treatment By Pediatric Dentists And General Practitioners In Indiana. J Dent Child. 1988;55:97–101..