IOSR-JBM   Volume-28 ~ Issue-9 ~ Sep. 2026

Abstract: The role of private manufacturing fertilizer companies is integral as it provides for 60% of the Kenyan fertilizer market while the government fills the 40%. The project therefore looked into the influence of government subsidies, on the performance of private fertilizer companies. The study was anchored on spillover theory. The project utilized a cross-sectional survey design on 830 employees of fertilizer manufacturing companies which was the target population. Systematic and random sampling was deployed on the 270 employees of the private fertilizer manufacturing companies. The study used primary data which was collected using close ended questionnaires. The....

Keywords: subsidies, performance, fertilizer, private companies,

[1]. Ayalew, H., Karugia, J., Olwande, J., & Breisinger, C. (2024). Subsidizing resilience: Evaluating Kenya’s fertilizer subsidy program amid global shocks. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
[2]. Gini, K. B., & Agala, H. O. (2023). The impact of macro-environmental factors on business performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7011144
[3]. Government of Kenya, Ministry of Industrialization. (2020). Ministry of Industrialization. https://www.industrialization.go.ke
[4]. Jayne, T. S., Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. O., & Mason, N. M. (2021). Input subsidy programs and agricultural transformation: A review of recent evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Food Policy, 102, 102111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102111
[5]. Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. O., & Takeshima, H. (2023). Fertilizer subsidies, private input markets, and agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa: Recent evidence and policy implications. Food Policy, 118, 102487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102487

Abstract: Female entrepreneurs engaged in cottage industries continue to encounter certain social and structural challenges that influence their profitability and long-term sustainability when compared with male entrepreneurs. Distinct variations are often observed between the two groups in areas such as market access, growth opportunities, and financial outcomes. This study adopts a gender-focused perspective to analyze how entrepreneurial....

Keywords: Female-owned businesses, entrepreneurial risk etc

[1]. A, Anusuya & Selvi, Darling. (2022). AN ANALYTICAL PURVIEW OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN COTTAGE INDUSTRIES. BSSS Journal of Commerce. 14. 44-52. 10.51767/joc1405
[2].
S. C. Gupta and V.K.Kapoor (2006). Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons Educational Publishers, New Delhi
[3]. S. C. Gupta and V.K.Kapoor (2006). Fundamentals of Applied Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons Educational Publishers, New Delhi
[4]. Rajamani, S.. (2022). Women entrepreneurship in India: Challenges and opportunities. International journal of health sciences. 12027-12034. 10.53730/ijhs.v6nS1.8176
[5]. Selvi, Darling & .A, Anusuya. (2021). Constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in cottage industry. 3. 54-59

Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) anchor the Nigerian economy, yet many struggle to convert pricing decisions into durable performance. This study examines whether customer loyalty mediates the relationship between pricing strategy and SME performance in Lagos, Nigeria. Drawing on the Resource-Based View, Oliver's customer loyalty theory, and price-quality signalling theory, a cross-sectional survey obtained usable responses from.......

Keywords: pricing strategy; customer loyalty; SME performance; mediation analysis; value-based pricing; Lagos, Nigeria

[1]. Adegbite, S. A. &Udegbe, S. E. (2021). Pricing strategy, consumer behaviour and SME revenue performance in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of African Business Studies, 14(2), 45–68.
[2]. Agyei, P. M., Agyemang, T. O. & Tweneboah-Koduah, E. Y. (2018). Pricing strategy and customer loyalty: Evidence from small enterprises in Ghana. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 25(3), 214–232. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-08-2017-0250
[3]. Aladejebi O. & Agbesuyi, K. (2025). Scaling Up SMEs in Nigeria: A Thematic Analysis of Strategic Drivers, Growth Barriers, and Entrepreneurial Insights. European Journal of Business and Management, 16(7)193-103. https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/17-6-07
[4]. Akintunde, O. & Gbadamosi, A. A. & Olayiwole, G. (2023). Emerging Market Innovations and Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises, Lagos State. Nigerian Journal of Management Studies, 25. Retrieved from njms.unilag.edu.ng
[5]. Aladejebi, O., Bamkole, P. & Amao-Taiwo, B. (2024). The Impact of Business Diagnostics on the Activities of SMEs in Nigeria. Archives of Business Research, 12(1). 20-34. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.121.16328.

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between infrastructural facilities and the development of a skilled labor force for star-rated hotels in Uganda, recognizing infrastructure as a critical foundation for practical hospitality education and industry readiness. The problem was the persistent mismatch between training environments and the operational requirements of star-rated hotels, reflected in inadequate practical facilities, equipment, and simulation laboratories. Specifically, the study sought to assess the availability and adequacy of infrastructural facilities in.....

Key Word: Infrastructural Facilities; Skilled Labor Force; Star-Rated Hotels; Hospitality Training; Systems Theory; Practical Training; Graduate Competence; Uganda

[1]. Abd El Nagy Abd El Hamid, S., Mohamed Saleh, M. M., & Briez, M. G. (2025). Assessing the impact of practical training infrastructure and educational programs on technical skill development among tourism and hospitality students in Egyptian technological universities. Minia Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(3), 180–200. https://doi.org/10.21608/mjthr.2025.418603.1220
[2]. Akunda, T., Ouma, P., & Wanjala, K. B. (2024). An Exploration Of The Factors Affecting Skills Development Amongst Trainees Of Building And Civil Engineering In Technical And Vocational Institutions In Uganda.
[3]. Anderson, M. (2025). Understanding the Impact of Service Quality on Customer Loyalty in the Hospitality Industry (No. 2025010082). Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.0082.v1
[4]. Bertalanffy, L. von. (1968). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. George Braziller.
[5]. Booyens, I. (2020). Education and skills in tourism: Implications for youth employment in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 37(5), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1725447

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between infrastructural facilities and the development of a skilled labor force for star-rated hotels in Uganda, recognizing infrastructure as a critical foundation for practical hospitality education and industry readiness. The problem was the persistent mismatch between training environments and the operational.....

Key Word: Infrastructural Facilities; Skilled Labor Force; Star-Rated Hotels; Hospitality Training; Systems Theory; Practical Training; Graduate Competence; Uganda

[1]. Abd El Nagy Abd El Hamid, S., Mohamed Saleh, M. M., & Briez, M. G. (2025). Assessing the impact of practical training infrastructure and educational programs on technical skill development among tourism and hospitality students in Egyptian technological universities. Minia Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(3), 180–200. https://doi.org/10.21608/mjthr.2025.418603.1220
[2]. Akunda, T., Ouma, P., & Wanjala, K. B. (2024). An Exploration Of The Factors Affecting Skills Development Amongst Trainees Of Building And Civil Engineering In Technical And Vocational Institutions In Uganda.
[3]. Anderson, M. (2025). Understanding the Impact of Service Quality on Customer Loyalty in the Hospitality Industry (No. 2025010082). Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.0082.v1
[4]. Bertalanffy, L. von. (1968). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. George Braziller.
[5]. Booyens, I. (2020). Education and skills in tourism: Implications for youth employment in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 37(5), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1725447

Abstract: Conflict is generally inevitable, among humans and human habitation and bodies, subject only to degree, prevention and mitigation. The causative typifications and consequential symptomizations of violent and destructive conflicts (wars) is the focus of this paper, with a view of preventing and or mitigating them for the building and enhancement of peace and harmony globally, continentally and locally. Bordering on individual and national.....

[1]. Oliver, Tom and Hugh. Contemporary Conflict Resolution. 3rd Edition. USA: Polity Press, 2011, 111.
[2]. Aruwa, A. A. Conflict Resolution and Adjudication in Kogi State Judiciary, 1991 – 2023. Ph.D Thesis, 2025.
[3]. Albert Einsten: Science, Philosophy and Religion: A symposium, 1941, CH,13
[4]. John Paul Russo. The Nation Newspaper, Sat. 9th June, 2012, P. 21.
[5]. Mr. Jimmy Carter, Forum USA President, in: A cruel and unusual record- First Published in New York Times, 2012- Daily Trust Newspaper, Wednesday, 27 June, 2012. P. 52

Abstract: Background: The United States dental workforce faces a structural shortage driven by geographic maldistribution, an aging practitioner base, constrained hygienist and allied-staff pipelines, and a dental school financing model now facing significant federal policy disruption.
Materials and Methods: This narrative review synthesizes federal HPSA data, HRSA workforce projections, American Dental......

[1]. Becker's Dental Review. Projected Workforce Shortages: Dentists vs. Physicians. DSO + Dental News; 2023.
[2]. American Dental Association. Dental Education; 2026.
[3]. AmeriHealth Caritas. The Dental Workforce Shortage; 2026.
[4]. Tele-Dentistry and Access in Underserved Urban & Rural Communities. ADA Commons; 2026.
[5]. Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Health Care Workforce: Key Issues, Challenges, and the Path Forward; 2026.

Abstract: Clear aligner therapy has evolved into a digitally native orthodontic modality whose principal clinical advantages — removability, periodontal comfort, and, increasingly, artificial-intelligence-assisted remote monitoring — depend on infrastructure and insurance conditions that are unevenly distributed across the United States. This narrative review examines an intersection that has received little attention in the orthodontic literature: the potential of clear aligner teleorthodontics to reduce the extraordinary travel burden faced by American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) patients served by the Indian Health Service (IHS) and tribal dental programs, set against two compounding......

[1]. Bastos, P. V. O., Abadessa, S. N., Loiola, S. F., Guedes, C. S., Oliveira, C. S. A., Lauxen, K. R. M., Dalbone, M. C. F. S., Santos, É. C., Cavanha, N. N. L., & Picoli, A. H. (2026). Avanços na ortodontia contemporânea: Impacto das tecnologias digitais no diagnóstico, planejamento e eficiência do tratamento. Revista DCS, 23(92), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.54899/dcs.v23i92.6383
[2]. Temponi, N. C. G., Alcantara, P. C. C., Chagas, A. M. C., Bastos, P. V. O., Salles, I. G. V., Picoli, A. H., Oliveira, C. S. A., & Soares, S. S. C. (2026). Clear aligner orthodontic therapy: A comprehensive narrative review of materials, clinical evidence, biomechanical limitations, and the emerging role of artificial intelligence. Global Scientific Journal, 14(8), 1–10.
[3]. National Indian Health Board. (2025). Oral health in Indian Country: Challenges & solutions..

Abstract: Background: Massachusetts combines one of the most generous adult Medicaid dental benefits in the United States (MassHealth), a first-in-the-nation 83% medical loss ratio for dental insurers, and persistently high emergency-department use for preventable dental conditions. Federal and state payers face pressure to contain....

Key Word: Dental practice management; Massachusetts; MassHealth; Medicaid; Medicare; Digital workflow; Artificial intelligence; Teledentistry; Healthcare fraud, waste and abuse; National interest

[1]. Oliveira JAP, Apolinário VC, Loiola SF, Souza PM, Abadessa SN, Dalbone AF, Lima PAD, Mello FF, Castro Júnior UA, Arume GSCA, Bastos PVO, Dalla EF. Advancing dental practice management in the United States: Strategic leadership, economic sustainability, and healthcare innovation. Revista DCS. 2026;23(90):1-6. doi:10.54899/dcs.v23i90.5554
[2]. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Executive Office of Health and Human Services. MassHealth FY2025 Dental Coverage Report (Line Item 4000-0700). Boston: EOHHS; 2025. Available at: https://malegislature.gov/Reports/23714/
[3]. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Learn about MassHealth dental benefits [MassHealth adult dental yearly coverage limit effective August 1, 2026]. Boston: Mass.gov; 2026. Available at: https://www.mass.gov/info-details/learn-about-masshealth-dental-benefits (accessed September 2026).
[4]. American Dental Association. Massachusetts Question 2 ballot measure wins by large margin: Initiative establishes medical loss ratio for dental insurance plans. ADA News. November 2022. Available at: https://adanews.ada.org/ada-news/2022/november/massachusetts-question-2-ballot-measure-projected-to-win/
[5]. Massachusetts Health Policy Commission. HPC DataPoints, Issue 20: Oral health access and equity in the Commonwealth — Updated research on preventable oral health emergency department (ED) visits. Boston: HPC; July 14, 2021. Available at: https://www.mass.gov/doc/hpc-datapoints-issue-20-printable-version/download.