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ABSTRACT: Combining ability analysis was carried out for fruit yield and its components in okra in a 8 x 8 full diallel cross. Both general a combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were highly significant for all the characters indicating the importance of both additive and non additive gene actions. The proportion of variance due to GCA/SCA was found to be less than unity for all the characters except for fruit length indicating predominance of non-additive gene action in determining these traits except fruit length which is determined by additive gene action. The highest gca effect for fruit yield per hectare recorded in Arka Anamika followed by Arka Abhay. The highest significant positive sca effect was observed in the cross Arka Anamika x DBh-43 followed by DBh-47 x Arka Anamika and DBh-47 x DBh-30. Based on the total score values it is observed that among the parents Arka Anmika had higher gca scores and is a good combiner followed by Arka abhay and DBh-43. Among hybrids, Arka Anamika x DBh-43 had highest sca score and is a good combiner followed by Arka Anamika x DBh-37 and DBh-30 x DBh-55 hybrids.
Keywords: Combining ability, Gene action, Diallel, Fruit yield, Okra
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent Vaccine |
Country | : | Bangladesh |
Authors | : | Lipi Rani Basak, Md. Mansurul Amin |
: | 10.9790/2380-0520712 |
ABSTRACT: The work was performed to investigate the efficacy of Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum prepared at the Livestock and Poultry Vaccine Research and Production Centre (LPVRPC) of the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU). Purity and safety test of the vaccine was carried out as per OIE (2008). For efficacy test, vaccination was performed in Shaver brown chicken of group A containing 10 birds while group B comprising of 10 birds was maintained as unvaccinated control. Birds were inoculated primarily via intramuscular route at 7 weeks of age with 0.5ml (4.7 ×107 CFU/ ml) of vaccine followed by a booster dose at 35 days of primary vaccination (DPV). At 21 DPV (3 weeks), mean PHA antibody titre of sera samples were recorded as 104.00±11.71 with S. gallinarum and 112.00±10.47 with S. pullorum antigen whereas sera samples obtained at 35 DPV (5weeks) showed mean PHA antibody titre of 96.00±12.09 and 80.00±10.47 respectively. At 2 weeks of booster vaccination such mean PHA antibody titres were 144.00±16.00 and 136.00±24.00. LD50 were determined to calculate the challenge dose. Prior to challenge given at 4 weeks of booster vaccination the mean PHA antibody titres were found to be 104.00±11.71 with both the experimental antigens while unvaccinated control group B had ≤4.0±0.00. It was observed that the birds vaccinated with the schedule of bivalent vaccination and exhibiting mean titres of 104.00±11.71 with either S. gallinarum or S. pullorum antigens withstood the challenge infection given IM with 1ml containing 8.6×1013 CFU/ ml and 8.9×1013 CFU/ ml of virulent experimental bacterial cultures respectively. The PHA titre of group A birds analyzed by student t-test to determine the protective capacity of vaccinated chickens against challenge exposure. It was demonstrated that experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine conferred protection against challenge infection and was found to be safe.
Keywords: Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella pullorum, vaccine, immunogenicity, PHA titres.
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Impact of Insect Resistant Cotton |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | Ambati Ravinder Raju |
: | 10.9790/2380-0521325 |
ABSTRACT: Boll guard I & II were introduced in 2002 and 2006 by Mahyco Monsanto with Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee, Govt. of India. Indian cotton farmers adopted Bt hybrid cotton between 2002-2013 reaching 92% of the cotton area and 95% of the production, replacing conventional hybrids/ varieties of all the species in both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Bt hybrid cotton was presumed to produce record highest average productivities in India and other major cotton growing countries also in 2007 and 2012 with a decline after 2008 due to excess rains. Farmers invested Rs. 1500-1750/- Acre could prevent 24-28% cotton yield losses by consuming 2.3 times more fertilizers, 35% herbicides and 22% growth regulators. Although it was reported three times returns compared to non Bt cotton due to severe inflation pressure farmers profitability got reduced and went unrest in 2011. Seed producers, marketing companies, input dealers and female labourers were major beneficiaries. Bollworms sprays were reduced to zero but sucking pests sprays were almost doubled with low volume more costly insecticides. The pest management cost remain unchanged in this decade. In conclusion, Bt cotton won the confidence of farmers for its bollworm resistance except refugea regultion. Govt. efforts for price control stabilized margin for farmers but eroded due to escalating weed management and hand picking costs after 2008. Yield gap analysis found N, Zn, Mg and B were limiting optimum yields, besides post emergence herbicides, rain water conservation/ supplemental irrigations can break present productivity levels and reduce cost of production. Public sector research agencies should follow Public private partnership model adopted by Gujarat Agriculture University, Surat for conversion Bt Hybrid-6 and 8. They need to meet farmer's expectations by developing transgenic insect and herbicide resistant cotton varieties and prove in farmers fields. Breeders must meet consumer's expectations inorder to compete with polyester fibre to get sustainable demand. Bt hybrid cotton impact on economy, input output efficiencies, reducing cost of production, policies affecting farmers profits, R&D efforts and BMPs across globe were reviewed.
Keywords: Bt hybrid cotton, Cropping systems, Events, Impact, Insect resistant cotton, profitability
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ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to investigate the incidence of equine hoof derangements in Malaysian horse population. The horses' hooves were examined in five establishments in Selangor, Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur. The hoof conditions and predisposing factors examined were the thrush, soft sole, seedy toe, hoof crack, hoof ring, chip hoof, displaced coronet, the management and nutritional status. These were recorded via observational and personal communication. 53 horses were selected randomly and categorized into clinically healthy, actively working and shod from different breeds and usage. Factors that were compared with the incidence of hoof derangements were breed, use of the horse, hoof pigmentation, management and nutrition. The incidence rate for chipped hoof was the highest recorded with 52 cases (53.52%). The lowest incidence rate recorded was sand crack where only a single case was recorded (0.96%). Other hoof derangements were grass crack (40 cases/I.R 41.74%), Thrush (41 cases/I.R 40.20%), hoof ring (40cases/I.R 39.00%) and horizontal crack (3 cases/I.R 3.37%). The relationship between hoof pigmentation, breed and use of horse with the incidence of hoof derangements showed no significant difference except for use of horses with the condition of thrush and chipped hoof. This implies that adequate management of the equine hoof can thwart and reduce hoof wall derangements in working and racing horses. Therefore, improved nutrition, regular trimming and shoeing can protect the menace of hoof wall derangements and improve the performance and raise magnificent breeds of horses.
Keywords: equine hoof derangements, incidence, horse population, Malaysia.
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Rabbit Fed Urea Treated Cowpea Husk |
Country | : | Nigeria |
Authors | : | M. Mohammed, Jamala, G. Y. |
: | 10.9790/2380-0523437 |
ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying levels of urea treated and untreated cowpea husk on the performance of weaned rabbit. Sixteen (16) breed weaner rabbits of both sexes, 6-8 weeks old with an average initial weight of 833g were randomly distributed to four dietary treatments with 4 rabbits per treatment. The experiment lasted for a period of six weeks. Two diets were formulated in which cowpea husk was included at 40% (untreated control), 40, 50 and 60% urea treated cowpea husk at 4% designed as diet 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. The rabbits were weighed weekly to observe body weight changes, fresh water was supplied ad libitum and 100g of feed were offered to each rabbit daily. The results showed that daily feed intake, dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio and crude protein intake were significantly different (p<0.05), while the daily weight gain did not show much variation (p>0.05). Three mortalities were recorded during the experiment, one in treatment three and, two in treatment four. Mortality was highest in treatment four (60% inclusion level). It can be deduced from this study that supplementing rabbit diet with 4% urea used for the treatment at 40% level of inclusion is safe to the rabbit if properly and uniformly added. Further research is necessary at higher treated levels of urea to reduce the toxic effect.
Keywords: Nutrition, Rabbits, Performance, Urea, Cowpea Husk
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Effect of sowing date and crop spacing on growth, yield attributes and quality of sesame |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | K. Sivagamy. J. Rammohan |
: | 10.9790/2380-0523840 |
ABSTRACT: Sesame is one of the oldest and most important oil seed crop. This study was carried out to determine the effects of different sowing dates and inter- and intra-row spacings on the growth and yield components on sesame. A Field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2006 (Masipattam) to evaluate the optimum time of sowing and spacing for realizing higher seed yield. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with six replications. The treatments consisted of two factors: (i) time of sowing (second fortnight of February and first fortnight of March) and (ii) crop geometries (30 x 30 cm, 45 x 15 cm, 30 x 10 cm and 15 x 10 cm).The results of the experiment field revealed that performance of test variety of KS 95010 was superior when sown early during the second fortnight of February (Masipattam) in the rectangular geometry of 45 x 15 cm under irrigated condition in the karaikal region.
Key words: Sesame, time of sowing, geometry, growth , yield and oil content
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ABSTRACT: Fowl tyhoid is host adapted to avian species and is considered to pose a minimal zoonotic risk throughout the world. This work is aimed at isolating Salmonella gallinarum from poultry droppings used for manure in Jos metropolis. One hundred and fifty samples of poultry droppings from fifty poultry houses in Vom, Kuru, Bukuru and Jos towns of Plateau State were sampled for the presence of Salmonella gallinarum using cultural, biochemical and biological properties to identify the isolates. Two isolates (1.3%) from two poultry farms were positive for Salmonella gallinarum. Other bacteria concurrently isolated included: Proteus species, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus species, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species and lactobacilli. The presence of Salmonella gallinarum calls for improved poultry farm hygiene and the use of effective broad spectrum antibiotics. Detection of Salmonella gallinarum in poultry droppings in this study poses health hazards to other uninfected birds especially those at free range.
Key words: Poultry droppings, Salmonella gallinarum, Jos, Nigeria
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ABSTRACT: Field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons in the Teaching and Research Farm of Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria to evaluate the response of watermelon to five different rates of poultry manure. The study was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Rates of poultry manure in tons per hectare were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, while the parameters investigated were vine length, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, and fruit weight of watermelon. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results of the study showed that plants that received highest rate of poultry manure (20 tha-1) were superior in the parameters tested with vine length of 177.5 cm at 8 weeks, mean number of leaves of 3.71 mm, number of branches/plant of 5.77, and mean fruit weight of 1309.43 tha-1). Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that farmers in the study area apply 20 tha-1 of poultry manure for increased growth and yield of watermelon.
Keywords: Growth and yield of watermelon, rates of poultry manure, Asaba, Nigeria
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[7]. Egbuchua, C. N. (2007) Pedological characterization and fertility evaluation of some wetlands soils in Delta State. Ph.D Thesis (unpublished). Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
[8]. Enujeke E.C., Ojeifo I.M, and Nnaji G.U (2013) Residual effects of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on maize grain weight and some soil properties in Asaba area of Delta State. International Journal of Advanced Biological Research 3(3):433-442. Society for Science and Nature, India.
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ABSTRACT: Hail haor has played a crucial role in the natural fish production, maintenance of biodiversity and creation of employment in the north-east area of Bangladesh. In the recent years it is losing its reputation. Although climate change is the main reason for the adverse impact on its beauty and resources, other factors such as population increase, over exploitation of fish, and lack of knowledge about its economic importance, are also responsible. This study was undertaken to review activities of the existing co-management organizations in the Hail haor in the context of threats of climate change in the locality. The findings show that 57% of the respondents' main occupation is fishing. The respondent community people show a degree of concern, and perceive the manifestations of climate change as changes in temperature, rainfall and water flow. The two concerned Resource Management Organizations (RMO) are reasonably operational. The Borogangina RMO (score of 80.60) has been found to be better performing as compared to Dumuria (score 66). There remain some problems in the study area which pose a challenge to RMOs members. In this context government should restart the existing co-management system in the Hail haor for the sustainable development of the haor.
Keywords: Hail Haor, RMO, CMO, FGD
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ABSTRACT: Climate change is the major global challenge facing water resources managers. In this study, the climate change in term of rainfall fluctuation in the northeastern of Iraq (Mosul, Kirkuk and Salah al-Din) have been investigated using a set of data containing monthly precipitation for period from 1980 to 2010, and MODIS time series images for period from 2000 to 2010. MODIS data have been used to calculate NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index). The highest NDVI values were 0.33 in 2001, 0.39 in 2003 and 0.20 in 2001 for Mosul, Kirkuk and Salah al-Din respectively, while the lowest NDVI values were 0.10 in, 0.19 and 0.13 in 2008 for three mentioned governorates respectively. The NDVI and rainfall was found to be highly correlated 0.83, 0.70 and 0.72 for Mosul, Kirkuk and Salah al-Din respectively. The negative trends in NDVI values mirror non-uniformity of rainfall patterns and moisture shortage during the growing season. The biomass status in 2010 highlighted that prolong of drought conditions in 2008 and 2009 caused losses in soil productivity (decline of soil quality) is cumulative. Results of this study verify needing to use this tools (NDVI), along with data from soil survey, fertility tests, and other monitoring data to identify areas with problem (where, when, and how problems arise) to formulate practical management decisions.
Keywords: NDVI, Drought monitoring, remote sensing, Iraq agriculture.
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Behaviour of laying curve in Babcock-380 brown commercial layers in Kelantan, Malaysia |
Country | : | Malaysia |
Authors | : | M. R. Amin, S. A. Nawawi |
: | 10.9790/2380-0527782 |
ABSTRACT: Commercial layers start laying at 18-20 weeks of age and continues until 72 weeks under cost-effective operation. Age of the hens, mortality rate, feed and environmental conditions determine the persistancy of production as reflected in the laying curve. In this experiment laying performance of 10000 hen-housed Babcock-380 brown commercial layers housed in Kelantan, Malaysia was assessed in mathematical model using hen-house and hen-day measurements. It revealed that hens reached at peak lay at 21 weeks of age and maintained a stability until 44 weeks. Birds egg laying performance gradually declined with progress in age till 80 weeks. Y= 35176.99 – 397.374 A + 5.065 F gave the best fitted regression line (adj R2 = 0.905) for hen-housed egg production per week (A=age of hens in week and F= Kg feed consumed/day). A 87.5% of the total variation in hen-housed egg production could be explained only by age of hens but when feed consumption was added in the model age and feed consumption together explained 90.5% variabilty. For every week advancement in hen's age (week) a decrease of 0.039 eggs/hen/day was predicted (adj R2 = 83.8%). In this 10000 hen-housed flock mortality/culling averaged at 14.82/week.
Key words: Babcock-380, hen-house egg production, hen-day egg production,mathematical model, laying curve
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ABSTRACT:In Indonesia lime is a widely consumed and economically significant crop. Lime would be harvest when development of fruit is optimum but still have greenish peel color ( Murata, 1997 ; Thompson, 2003). Customers tend to prefer lime fruit that is green instead of yellow (Thompson, 2003). The main problem of lime is yellowing. The most visible is loss of peel greenness that usually cause by Chlorophyll degradation (Drazkiewice, 1994; Srilaong et al., 2011). The prevention of the degradation of chlorophyll can be done by way of delay maturity, such as by using a hot water treatment, KmnO4, and waxing. The result showed that delay ripening treatments could maintain physical and chemical quality of lime fruit during storage compared with control. The treatments also could prolong the shelf life of fruit up to 20 days after treatment, compared with control which only reaches 15 days. HWT 40o;2mnt;6 mafi s the best treatment in every parameters, include chlorophyll content 1.94 mg/l, weight loss 2.30 %, vitamin C 59 mg/100ml, total acidity 0.76 %, and juice content 19 ml. Time harvest 6 months after flowering has the ability to maintain physical and chemical quality of fruit when compared with 5 months after flowering
Keywords: Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), delay ripening
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ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of infusion of 1% Lugolʼs iodine into infected uteri of postpartum (PP) dairy cows on uterine involution (UI), appearance of the first dominant follicle (DF), recrudescence of the first oestrus (FO), days open (DO), rate of service per conception and calving interval (CI). Forty dairy cows that were diagnosed with severe uterine bacterial infection during early PP were divided randomly into two equal groups: A (n = 20 cows) and B (n = 20 cows). Group A was intra-uterine infused with 1% Lugol's iodine on day 5 PP. Group B was left untreated, to serve as a control. The result showed that infusion of 1% Lugol's iodine significantly (P<0.001) reduced, the time to complete UI by 16 days, appearance of the first DF by 2.7 days, resumption of FO by 91 days, DO by 160 day, rate of service by 3.4 and CI by 151 days, compared to the untreated control group. It is concluded that intra-uterine infusion of 1% Lugolʼs iodine improves the reproductive traits of cows with severe uterine bacterial infection.
Key words: Lugol's iodine, postpartum, reproductive traits, cow
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