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ABSTRACT: Sorghum hybrids like CSH-14 and CSH-16 were sown on different dates with weekly interval. Lowest larval population was recorded at flowering stage (1.16 larvae/earhead), when crop was sown during 12th and 19th June 2010. CSH-14 hybrid recorded (2.00 larvae/earhead) low larval load on 12th June, 2010 date of sowing. Per cent earhead damage was minimum (11.33%) and maximum grain yield was recorded (39.81 q/ha) when CSH-14 was sown on 12th June 2010. As sowings were delayed larval count and per cent earhead damage increased whereas grain yield decreased.
Keywords – earhead, grain, hybrid, sown, yield
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(miller), M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, Karnataka, India, 2000.
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Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, Karnataka, India, 2002.
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ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal polytechnic, Bali, Taraba State to study the performance of five varieties of soybean (TGX 1951, TGX 1448-2E, TGX1740, TGX 1485-1D and TGX1904 under rain fed and soil conditions of Bali Local Government Area of Taraba State in northern guinea savanna zone of Nigeria. The experiment was arranged in split plot suited to completely randomized block design and was replicated three times in 2012 cropping season. Parameters measured at different growth stages include germination count at 3 days after sowing (DAS), plant height at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing (cm), number of leaves per plant at 6 and 8 weeks after sowing, number of branches per plant at 6 weeks after sowing and days to 50% germination. The results showed that there were significant differences (p = 0.01) among the five varieties of soybean tested for germination count. Variety TGX 1448-2E had the highest germination count of 40.89 while the lowest germination count was observed for TGX 1951 (2.27).
Keywords: Soybean Varieties, Performance, Ecological Zone.
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Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | A Study of the Efficiencies of Maize and Wheat Futures Markets in India |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | Zelda A. Efe-Omojevwe |
: | 10.9790/2380-0240914 |
ABSTRACT: This paper studies the futures markets for maize and wheat in India in order to determine their efficiencies. Cointegration and error correction models are used to determine the presence of cointegration and short-run equilibrium relationship between the futures and spot prices. The convergence of the futures and spot price series suggests that futures markets play the expected roles of price discovery and risk management. Although the futures market is found to be an unbiased predictor of future spot price, it is weakly inefficient for both commodities because past futures and spot prices had significant impact on the current spot prices. Also, price volatility clustering is not found in the price series which is an indication that price movements are due to normal fundamentals of demand and supply. On the basis of price discovery and risk management, the study advocates for more participation in the futures market and the formulation of policies that would enhance greater working efficiency of the futures markets.
Key words: Futures, efficiency, maize, wheat, volatility, India and cointegration.
[1] A.M. Chakriya, and A.M. Husain, Forecasting commodity prices: Futures versus judgment. IMF Working Paper, WP/04/41, 2004. [2] N.L. Ahuja, Commodity derivatives market in India: Development, regulation and future prospects. International Research. Journal of Finance and Economics 2, 2006, 154-162.
[3] J.A.Wiseman, M.A. Darroch, and G.F. Ortmann, Testing the efficiency of the South African futures market for white maize. Agrekon, 38(3), 1999, 321-335.
[4] A.M. McKenzie, and M.T. Holt, Market efficiency in agricultural futures markets. Applied Economics 34(12), 2002, 1519-1532. [5] S.A.. Hosseini-Yekan , M. Zibaei, and D.E. Allen, The initial specification of viable futures contracts: The use of a new computational method of value at risk in Iranian agricultural commodities market. Journal of Agricultural Science Technology,12, 2010, 535-548.
[6] T.A. Kofi, A framework for comparing the efficiency of futures markets. American Journal Agricultural Economics, 55, 1973, 584-59.
[7] R.M. Leuthold, The price performance on the futures market of a non -storable commodity: Live beef cattle. American Journal
Agricultural Economics. 56, 1974, 271-279.
[8] M.T. Shihabudheen, and P. Padhi, Price discovery and volatility spill over effect in Indian commodity market. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 65(1), 2010, 101-117.
[9] FAO, IFAD, IMF, OECD, UNCTAD, WFP, World Bank, the WTO, IFPRI, UN HLTF, Price volatility in food and agricultural markets: policy responses. Policy Report, 2 June, 2011.
[10] J. Yang, R.B. Balyeat, and D.J. Leatham, Futures trading activity and commodity cash price volatility. Journal of Business Finance & Account. 32(1) &(2), 2005, 297-323.
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ABSTRACT: This study examined whether rice markets in Kwara and Niger States, Nigeria are integrated or not. Secondary data of retail prices of rice were collected for a period of 60 months (2006-2010) and error correction technique was employed in the determination of the degree of market integration between the two States using a four test procedures viz: Augumented Dickey Fuller test to detect for the presence of unit root in the series; Johansen co-integration test for the long run equilibrium relationship among the variables; vector error correction model test (VECM) to capture short-run and long-run changes in the price movements; and Granger casualty test to reflect the direction of influence between prices. The overall analysis of the vector error correction estimates shows that most of the markets in the two states were not well integrated in the short run. In other words, price adjustment across markets did not happen instantaneously. It took some times for the spatial price adjustments to take place. However, the co-integration results revealed that most of the markets in the two states were well integrated in the long run in the study area. The causality test results indicated that though the two States rice markets drifted apart in the short run, there was smooth transmission of price signals and marketing information from Kwara State to Niger State rice markets.
Key words: Co-integration, integration, vector error correction and rice markets
[2] M. Akwasi, Akua Agyeiwaa-Afrane and John K. M. Kuwornu, Efficiency of the plantain marketing system in Ghana: A co-integration analysis, Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 3(12), 2011, 593-601. http://www.academicjournals.org/JDAE
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[4] J. Amikuzuno, Spatial Price Transmission Analysis in Agricultural Markets: Does the Data Frequency Improve our Estimation?, A Paper presented at the 3rd AAAE International Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, September, 2010, 19 - 23.
[5] A.Aminu, Pricing efficiency of tomato marketing in Jigawa State. Savannah Journal of Agriculture 1(1), 2006, 77-82.
[6] B. Blauch, Testing for food market integration revisited., Journal of Development Studies, 33, 1997, 477-487.
[7] Christine Moser, C. B. Barrett and B. Minten (2005). Spatial integration of rice markets in Madagascar. USAID research paper.
[8] M. Daan, Unity Or diversity? On the integration and efficiency of rice markets in Indonesia, The Harvard-Hitotsubashi-Warwick Conference on Economic change around the Indian Oceant in the very long run, Venice, 2008, 5-8.
[9] S. Dercon, On market integration and liberalization: method and application to Ethiopia, Journal of Development Studies, 32, 1995, 112-143.
[10] D. Dickey and W. Fuller, W. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 1979, 427-431
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ABSTRACT: The development of India is depending on agriculture and it is engaging about 70 per cent of its population directly or indirectly. It contributes nearly 37 per cent of the net national product and account for a sizable share of total value of the country's export. The present rate of agriculture production could be doubled if the available technology is appropriately transferred to the farmers for its adoption. It is however reported that not more than 30 to 40 per cent of the technologies have gone to the farming communities so far, even though there is strong network of extension mechanism operating for accelerating agriculture production. The study was conducted in Indore Block of Indore District with 120 vegetable growers of 10 villages which were selected randomly and considered for study on the basis of larger area coverage. Maximum vegetable growers had low extent of adoption of the eco-friendly management practices followed by medium and high extent of adoption of the eco-friendly management practices respectively. Keywords- Eco-friendly farming, Ecological balance, Agrochemical, Sustainable farming
[2] Bhople, R.S., P.S. Shinde and S.S. Dhule (2001) Knowledge and adoption of bio-control pest management in cotton. Maharashtra Journal of Extension Education, 20:18-21.
[3] Darling, B. Suji and J. Vasanthakumar (2004) Knowledge and adoption of botanical pesticides, Journal of Extension Education, 15(2&3): 3655-3658.
[4] Malathi, D. and U. Bangarusamy, (2001) Harmful effects of agricultural chemicals. Agro-India Handbook on Food processing. R. K. Business International, Bangalore, pp .232-235.
[5] Patel, G.P. (2007) A study on adoption of organic farming technology among the farmers of selected block of Damoh District (M.P.). M.Sc. (Ag.)Thesis, JNKVV, Jabalpur.
[6] Pyasi, R. D, Aparna Jaiswal and Chaurasaia, P. C. (2009) Adoption of eco-friendly management practices by vegetable growers. Journal of Plant Development Sciences; 2012. 4: 1, 77-80. 12 ref.
[7] Raj, R. K., L. Pradhan, Ray, P. and M. Behera (2009) Vegetables cultivation – grower's knowledge and adoption of management practices. Journal of Interacademicia; 2009. 13: 4, 501-506. 3 ref.
[8] Sasane, G. K., U. D. Jagdale, and R. P. Khule (2010) Knowledge and adoption of brinjal management practices by the farmers. Agriculture Update; 2010. 5: 3/4, 495-497. 3 ref.
[9] Shashidhara, K. K. and L. Manjunath (2008) Adoption of eco-friendly management practices by vegetable growers of North Karnataka. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences; 2008. 4: 2, 480-484. 3 ref.
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ABSTRACT: India is one of the fastest growing among the developing countries with its high GDP and is also emerging as a good competitor in the field of organic market due to some of its exclusive product (cotton & spice). India is ranked number one in the highest producer worldwide and has some added advantage in organic agriculture, as the concept was already in practice many years ago until green revolution and still few parts of country has been following the traditional method now termed as "organic by default". Despite of these pluses the organic agriculture is still growing at very slow pace. My paper deals with the comparative analysis of the India and the other leading countries Europe and USA, the study of their strategies, policies and their way of conduct in the field of organic agriculture enabling us to understand the present Indian agriculture system its potential ,opportunity and challenges and its possible solution.
Key words: organic agriculture, global scenario, Europe, U.S.A, policies.
[2] Willer, Helga and Kilcher, lukas(Eds) (2011)The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends (201
[3] P. BHATTACHARYVA and G. CHAKRABORTY (Dec 2005) National Centre of Organic Farming Ghaziabad
[4] Current Status of Organic Farming in India countries
[5] A.K Yadav (2002) certification and inspection systems in organic farming in India
[6] Renee Johnson (2008) CRS Report for the congress, organic agriculture in US: program and policy issues
[7] Matthias Stolze, Nicolas Lampkin (2009) Policy for organic farming: rationale and concepts
[8] HeidrumMoschtitz , Matthias Stolze (2009) organic farming policy networks in Europe:content,actors and variation
[9] Seemapurushothamam,Sheetalpatil and Ierene Francis (2012) Impact of policies favouring organic inputs on small farms in Karnataka ,India a multicriteria approachMatthias Lehner (2010) policies to promote organic agriculture
[10] GunnarRundgren (2008) united narion conference on trade and development united nation environment program, UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity Building Task Force on Trade, Environment and Development.
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ABSTRACT: Half diallele analysis was used to identify the high heterotic crosses and their relationship in terms of general combinig ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of 6 roselle cultivars evaluated in two locations Yola and Mubi, located within latitude 70 14' North, Longitude 120 38' East and Latitude 100 03' North, Longitude 130 07' East respectively in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The results showed significant entries, parents and crosses for all the traits studied in the individual and also in the poolled analysis, suggesting that roselle populations were highly variable for all the traits and therefore would most likely respond to selection. Significant GCA and SCA variances were also obtained in all the traits implying that both the additive and non-additive gene effects were operating in the genetic expression of the traits. The non-additive gene effect was however greater in magnitude as shown by the δ2 GCA/δ2 SCA ratios, which were all less than unity. The combining ability analysis of parents also revealed that Gerio-AB3, Bazza-AB2 and Bazza-AB1 yielded consistently higher general combining ability effect for most of the traits, indicating that their crosses should produce desirable segregates for the improvement of calyx yield of roselle. SCA effects identified Bazza-AB2 x Gerio-AB2, Bazza-AB1 x Gerio-AB3 and Bazza-AB1 x Michika-AB1 as the best crosses. The hybrid Bazza-AB2 x Gerio-AB2 exhibited heterosis of up to 46.01 % over the higher yielding parent.
[2] Ahmad, S. (2002). Inheritance of some characters in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) under drought conditions. Published PhD Thesis, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sindh Agriculture University Tanitojan, Pakistan.
[3] Alegbgejo, M.D. (2000). The potential of Roselle as an industrial crop in Nigeria. NOMA Magazine 14:1-3.
[4] Aruna,C., Subramanyam,D., Kumar, P.V.R and G. Salyanarayana (1989). Correlation and path roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Journal of Research APAU 17:65-67.
[5] Cruz, M. and I. Regazzi (1994). General Combining Ability estimates of some agronomic characters on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) M.Sc Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
[6] Flint-Garcia S.A, Buckler E.S, Tiffin P, Ersoz E, Sringer N.M (2009). Heterosis is prevelant for multiple traits in diverse maize germplasm. 4: e7433.
[7] Gasim, S.M. (1994). Genetic variability of some agronomic characters on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) M.Sc Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
[8] Ghazali, M. (1999). Characterization and utilization of roselle. Food Science and Biotechnology on-line. University of Putra, Malaysia.
[9] Howard, A. and G.L.C Howard (1911). Studies in India fibre plant, no. 2 on some row varieties of Hibiscus cannabinus L. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Indian Department of Agriculture. Agric. Mem. Bott. Serv. 4: 9-36.
[10] Ibrahim. M.M. and R.M. Hussien (2006). Variability, Heritability and genetic advance in some genotypes of roselle. Cytology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to identify polymorphism in Booroola gene (FecB) in five Iraqi sheep breeds (Hamdani, Karadi, Arabi, Naeimi and Awassi). About fifty mature ewes (Ten for each breed used as pooled samples) were genotype for the Booroola (BMPRIB) receptor. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for amplification of a fragment with 140 bp at this locus. For genotyping of individuals at Booroola locus, the resulted amplified fragments were digested using AvaII restriction enzyme. AvaII restriction enzyme was used to detect possible mutation (G|GACC). The results showed no differences in the band patterns of digested products only the wild type alleles (Fec++) were detected and all breeds for this locus were monomorphism. Considering the phenotypic records in these breeds, the result revealed that the genetic factor responsible for litter size is not related to report of Booroola major gene and research should continue to search for other major genes ( such as FecH, FecX and FecG) in these sheep breeds.
Key words: Iraqi sheep breeds, Booroola gene, RFLP_PCR.
[1] R. Asadpour, R. Jafari-Joozani, S. Alijani, H. Mahmodi, Detection of polymorphism in booroola gene (FecB) and Its association with litter size in Zel sheep breed in Iran. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 45, (2), 2012, 63-66.
[2] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics, Vol. 1. FAO, Rome, Italy, 2000.
[3] A.A. Al-Rawi, A.H. Al-Haboby, M.H. Al-Salman. Small Ruminant Breeding and Reproductive Physiology Research and Technology Transfer in Iraq ( W. Mourrani and N. Haddad, ed.). ICARDA-West Asia Regional Program, Amman, Jourdan , 1996.
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[6] C.J. Souza, C. MacDougall, B.K. Campbell, A.S. McNeilly, D.T. Baird, The booroola (FecB) phenotype is associated with a mutation in the bone morphogenetic receptor type 1 B (BMPR1B) gene. J. Endocrinol.169,2001, R1–R6.
[7] L. R. Piper, B. M. Bindon, G. H. Davis, The single gene inheritance of the high litter size of the booroola merino. In: Land, R.B., Robinson, D.W. (Eds.), Genetics of Reproduction in Sheep. Butterworths, London, 1985, 115–125.
[8] P. Mulsant, F. Lecerf, S. Fabre, L. Schibler, P. Monget, I. Lanneluc, C. isselet, J. Riquet, D. Monniaux, I. Callebaut, E. Cribiu, J. Thimonier, J. Teyssier, L. Bodin, Y. Cognie, N. Chitour, J.M. Elsen, Mutation in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-IB is associated with increased ovulation rate in booroola ewes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98, 2001,5104–5109.
[9] S. Kumar, A.P. Kolte, A.K. Mishra, A.L. Arora, V.K. Singh, Identification of the FecB mutation in Garole×Malpura sheep and its effect on litter size. Small Rumin. Res. 64 , 2006, 305–310.
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ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on some animals (Ox, Dog, Leopard, Nilgai, Deer and Jackle) and birds (Emu, Peacock, Duck and Vulture) on the tympanic bulla. The latero-medial and rostro-caudal dimensions of tympanic bulla were measured. The tympanic bulla was found more oval and prominent in canines and felines and its probable biomechanical role is suggested.
Key words: Biomechanics, Tympanic bulla.
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ABSTRACT: A study was carried out on the leaf spot disease of eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) in Nsukka derived savannah zone. Helminthosporium infestans Butler and Jones, Cladophialophora carrionii Trejos, Aspergillus niger Them and Rapet, Rhizopus nigricans Ehhrenb and Neurospora africana Shear and Dodge were isolated from the diseased plants. Helminthsporium.infestans was the most frequently isolated organism from the infected leaves (61.11%) being glaringly higher in frequency of occurrence than A. niger (5.56%), C. carrionii (11.11%), R. nigricans (5.56%) and N. africana (16.67%). The pathogenicity tests on susceptible eggplant variety Solanum aethiopicum L. using all fungal isolated, showed that only H. infestans was pathogenic on the test crop. It produces the characteristic symptom of dark brown spots with concentric rings on the leaves, which gave target board effect on 28 days after inoculation. H. infestans was re-isolated from the infected leaves of the Eggplant. The observation of the characteristic symptom of dark yellow- brown spots with concentric rings on the leaves and re-isolation of the pathogen from infected leaves confirmed that H. infestans incited the leaf spot disease on the leaves. The other fungi also isolated may have played a synergistic role in the disease development.
Keywords: Eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L), Inoculation, Isolation, Leaf spot disease of eggplant, Pathogenicity test.
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ABSTRACT:Field survey studies were conducted during three growing seasons to study the prevalence and distribution of PVY strains infecting potato in different locations at Behairah, Sharkia and Menoufia governorates (Egypt). The most common symptoms were different types of mosaic, leaf crinkling, necrosis and leaf drop streak. Four virus strains namely: tobacco veinal necrosis strain (PVYN), common strain (PVYO), stipple streak strain (PVYC) and potato tuber necrotic ring spot (PVYNTN) were detected using DAS-ELISA. At the nile growing season PVYO was the most prevalent virus (63.5%) followed by PVYN (25%). PVYN had the highest frequency (67%), followed by PVYO (25.7%) at the winter growing season. While at summer growing season, PVYN and PVYO had the most prevalent viruses (36.7%). Agar double diffusion test was used to confirm the identity of the isolated PVY strains. The Egyptian PVY strains reacted strongly with the specific antiserum for each strain forming a prominent precipitin line. Productivity of potato cultivar Spunta to infect with virus strains was conducted in the farm of Benha, Qalubia decreased by 22.6% to 50.5% according to the strain as compared with control.
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ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted on soybean-linseed cropping system during2010-11 to 2012-13 in Vertisol of Nagpur with the objective to increase the productivity of system and fertility of the soil. The treatment consisted of recommended dose of fertilizer(100% NP) to both the crops, INM( 75% NP + Biofertilizers alone or in combination with 5 t ha-1 FYM in kharif) and sub-optimal applications of fertilizer alone or in combinations. Application of 100% NP (RDF) to both the crops recorded significantly higher linseed equivalent yield, GMR, NMR and B: C ratio and was closely followed by the treatment of 100% RDF to any one crop and 75% NP with combination of seed.....
Key Words: Cropping system, Soybean, Linseed, INM, Vertisol
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