IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-5 ~ MAY-2015

ABSTRACT: Field experiment was carried out during autumn season of 2012 at the experimental farm, Crop Research Station, beyond to Research Office of Agricultural, Abu-Ghraib/ Baghdad - Iraq. The layout of the experiment was split plot in Randomize Complete Blok Design with three replications. The objective was to study the effect of irrigation intervals and organic fertilizer levels on some growth characteristics, yield and water use efficiency of maize (synthetic cultivar 5018).The irrigation intervals (irrigation every 4 days, 7 days and 10 days) were in main plots while organic fertilizer Top10 levels (0, 3 g L-1 and 5 g L-1) foliar application after 40 and 60 days from planting were in sub plots.

[1]. Ati, A. F. Al-Sahaf, D. Wally, T. Thamer. 2013. Effects of Potassium Humate Fertilizers and Irrigation Rate on Potato Yield and Consumptive Use under Drip Irrigation Method. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. pp, 803-810.
[2]. Black. C.A. 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis, Physical & Mineralogical Properties, ASA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
[3]. Cavero, J., I. Farre, P. Debaek and J. Faci. 2000. Simulation of maize yield under water stress with the EPIC phase and CROPWAT MODELS. Agron. J. 92: 679-690.
[4]. Heerman, D. 1985. ET in irrigation management. In: Preceding of the National Conference an Advance in Evapotranspiration. Trans. ASAE. PP: 323-334.
[5]. Mengel, K. and W. Arneke. 1982. Effect of potassium on the water potential, the pressure potential, the osmotic potential and cell elongation in the leaves of phaseoius vuigaris. Physic plant. 54:402-408.

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted in the plant protection department / College of Agriculture / University of Baghdad to evaluate the efficiency of physical agents (ozone, ultraviolet radiation , and microwave oven) on inhibiting Aspergillus flavus growth and destroying the mycotoxin that produced in corn seeds . An isolate af A.flavus producing Aflatoxin B1 was obtained from plant protection deptment college of Agriculture University of Baghdad .the results showed that hight significant reduction in A. flavus growth between treated and non-treated cultures for all the agents used was observed .

[1]. Abbas ,h K., and Shier, W T. " mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products in the southern united states and approaches toreducting it from pre-harvest to final food products". ACS Symposium Series 1031 (2009): 37 – 58 .
[2]. Al Thali, A W., et al. "The effect of moisture maize grain stored in the open air and the temperature in the warehouse and the secretion of aflatoxin B1 in Syria". Journal of Damascus University Basic Science 21.1 (2004): 103-120.
[3]. Anjum, M A., et al. " Assessment of aflatoxin B1 in commercial poultry feed and feed ingredients". J. Animal & Plant Sciences 22.2(2012): 268 – 272 .
[4]. Atalla , M M., et al. " Effect of fluorescent and UV light on mycotoxin production under different relative humidities in wheat grains". Int. J. Agri. Biol. 6.6 (2004):1006 – 1012 .
[5]. Baines, B. "A Comparison of the Effects of Microwave Irradiation and Heat Treatment of T4 and T7 Bacteriophage". JEMI 7(2005): 57 – 61 .

ABSTRACT: To estimate the fermentation quality in various treatment combinations after ensiling and to assess feasibility of preparation of silage from hybrid napier. Hybrid Napier (Jaywant), Maize (African Tall) and Lucerne (RL-88) were grown in forage production farm of Research Cum Development Project, MPKV, Rahuri. Hybrid napier grass and lucerne were harvested as first cut at 60 and 40 days after sowing, respectively while maize was harvested at 50% flowering stage.

[1]. Abdulrazak, S. A, Muinga, R. W, Thorpe, W. Orskov, E. R. 1996. The effects of supplementation with Gliricidia sepium or Leucaena leucocephala forage on intake, digestion and live weight gains of Bos taurus xBos indicus steers offered napier grass. Animal Science 63:381-388.
[2]. Kariuki, JN, Tamminga, S, Gitau, GK, Gachuiri, CK, and Muia, JM. 1999. Performance of Sahiwal and Friesian heifers fed on napier grass supplemented with graded levels of Lucerne. South African Journal of Animal Science. 29:1-10.
[3]. Muia, JMK, Tamminga, S, Mbugua, PN, Kariuki, JN. 1999. Optimal stage of maturity for feeding napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) to dairy cows in Kenya. Tropical Grasslands 33:182-190.
[4]. Schmidt RJ, Hu W, Mills JA, Kung L. 2009. The development of lactic acid bacteria and Lactobacillus buchneri and their effects on the fermentation of alfalfa silage. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 5005-5010.
[5]. Albrecht A. T. and Beauchemin K. A. 2003. Alfalfa and other perennial legume silage. In Silage Science and Technology, pp. 633- 655.

ABSTRACT: Density is one of the crucial factors for White leg shrimp Littopenaeus vannamei in determining the survival and growth. Five ponds were selected with 0.5hac each in low saline water. They were stocked with 20,30,40,50 and 60pcs/m². The survival (%) and AVG was observed as 84.5; 83.5; 82.5; 79.5; 69.12 and 28.42g, 27.52g, 26.4g, 25.2g and 19.5g in ponds P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5, respectively. Fortnight sampling was taken at 7am.

Key words: L.vannamei, pH, salinity, temperature, density, survival and growth .

[1]. Allan, G.L. and G. B. Maguire.1992. Effect of stocking density on production of Penaeus monodon model farming systems, Aquacult., 107: 49-66.
[2]. A.P.H.A., (American Public Health Association) 1989. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater,17th edition. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
[3]. Apud F.D, K. Gonzalez and N. Deatras.1981. Survival, growth and production of Penaeus monodon Fabricus at different stocking densities in earthen ponds with flow- through system and supplemental feeding. Fish. Res. J. Philipp., 6(2): 1-9.

ABSTRACT: The increased pressure on the world natural resources which arises from population growth as well as economic pressure has resulted in unsustainable use of natural resources and environmental instability. The unstable nature of the world climate, attributed to human activities, depletion of forest cover due to increased hunger for forest and non-forest products has caused a lot of environmental problems such as, land erosion, flooding, frequent and severe storm, depletion of soil fertility, natural disaster as well as seasonal changes of world climate: These negative effect on the world ecosystem required a crucial attention. This paper reviews the importance of agroforestry and discusses various agroforestry practices that are capable of enhancing the sustainability of the environment.

[1]. Adedire, M.O. (2004). Enviroment protection. The Agroforestry option. Nig. J. Forestry. 34(1): 16
[2]. Adekunle, V.A.J. & Bakare, Y. (2004). Rural Livelihood Benefits from Participation in Taungya Agroforestry System in Ondo State Nigeria. Journal of Small-Scale Forest Economic, Management and Policy 3(1): Pp 131-138.
[3]. Adekunle, V.A.J. (2005). Trends in Forest Reservation and Biodiversity Conservation in Nigeria. In: Environmental Sustainability and Conservation in Nigeria, Okoko, E., Adekunle, V.A.J. & Adeduntan, S.A. (Eds), Environmental conservation and Research Team, Federal University of Technology, Akure Nigeria. Pp 82-9
[4]. Amadi, D. C., 1Idiege D. A. and Sobola O.O (2013). Agroforestry Technique and Its Influence on Maize Crop Yield in Gombi Local Government, Adamawa State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) Volume 4, Issue 3 Pp 52-55

ABSTRACT: A detailed embryological study of Heterobranchus bidorsalis was carried out to determine the onset of first mitosis under laboratory condition. Observations on the embryogenesis showed that the formation of animal and vegetal pole occurred 36 minutes after fertilization, while first cleavage which is critical for tetraploidy induction occurred at 37 minutes after fertilization. The 4, 8, 16 and 32 cleavage stages occurred between 38 to 58 minutes after fertilization. Other embryonic stages observed includes the blastula, gastrula, somite, wriggling and hatching stages which occurred at 1 hour 48 minutes, 2 hours 15 minutes, 13 hours 14 minutes, 13 hours 38 minutes and 14 hours 37 minutes after fertilization respectively.

Key words: Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Embryo stages, Genetic manipulation.

[1]. Aluko P.O; A.A. Nlewadim and A. Aremu (2001). Observation of fry cannibalism in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). J. Aqua. Sci. 16:1- 6.
[2]. Ayinla OA, Kayode O, Idoniboye-Obu OIE, Oresegun A, Adidu VE (1994). Use of tadpole meal as substitute for fish meal in the diet of H. bidorsalis (Geoffrey St Hillarie 1809). J. Aqua. Trop. 9(I): 25-33.
[3]. Bruton, M.N.(1979): Systematic and biology of Clarias catfish in the culture of sharp toothier Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Southern Africa.Pp. 2358
[4]. Clay, d. (1977) Biology of tropical catfish family (Clariidae) with special emphasis on it suitability for culture of forehead marine ser, man rep. 11-58.
[5]. Cardoso E.L., Alves, M.S.D.Ferreirs, R.M.A.and Godinho H.P. (1995): Embryogenesis of the neotropical freshwaterSiluriformePseudoplaiystoma Corus can 3. Aquati Living Resour, 1995 8, 343 - 346.

ABSTRACT: Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious and devastating viral disease, causing serious losses in the pig industry worldwide. In the control programmes of CSF, rapid detection and identification of the causative agent is a crucial step. Various PCR based techniques like nested RT-PCR, SYBRGreen based Real-Time PCR and TaqMan based Real-time PCR were used for detection of CSFV nucleic acid in clinical as well as tissue samples.

[1]. H.-J. Thiel, M.S. Collett, E.A. Gould, F.X. Heinz, M. Houghton, G. Meyers, R.H. Purcell, C.M. Rice, Family flaviviridae,In C.M. Fauquet, M.A. Mayo,J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger, L.A. Ball (Eds.), Virus Taxonomy, (VIIIth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, 2005) 979-996.
[2]. G. Meyers, H.-J. Thiel, T. Rümenapf, Classical swine fever virus: recovery of infectious viruses from cDNA constructs and generation of recombinant cytopathogenic defective interfering particles. J. Virol., 70, 1996,1588-1595.
[3]. T. Rümenapf, H.-J. Thiel, Molecular biology of pestiviruses. In T.C. Mettenleiter, F. Sobrino (Eds.), Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology,(CaisterAcademic Press, Norfolk, UK, 2008) 39-96.
[4]. H.J. Thiel, R. Stark, E. Weiland, T. Rumenapf, G. Meyers, Hog cholera virus: Molecular composition of virions from a pestivirus. J Virol., 65(9), 1991, 4705–4712
[5]. P. Lowings, G. Ibata, J. Needham and D. Paton, D, Classical swine fever virus diversity and evolution. Journal of General Virology, 77, 1996, 1311-1321.

ABSTRACT: One year old Labrador retriever reported in the hospital with severe convulsion and stiffness of all four limbs. History revealedaccidental consumption of the bark of Strichnos nux vomica one hour before.Animal showed a"saw horse "appearance. Visible Mucous membranes werecongested andthe body temperature of the animal was elevated. Animal was showing severe dyspnoea andtachycardiaupon auscultation.An intravenous injection of xylazine @ 0.5mg/kgbody weight wasgiven initially to induce vomiting. An endotracheal tube wasfixed. Animal was intubated and artificial respiration was provided. A stomach tube was passed and gastric lavagewas done usingLuke warm water. Activated charcoal was given @ 2g/kgbody weight via the same stomach tube. An intravenous bolus dose of Diazepam injection @0.5 mg/kg body weight administered initially followed by continuous rate infusion. Animal was continuously monitored and made anuneventful recovery after 24 hours.

Keyword: Strychnine, gastric lavage, activated charcoal.

[1]. Burn DJ, Tomson CRV, Seviour J, Dale G (1989). Strychnine poisoning as an unusual cause of convulsions. Postgrad. Med. J. 65:563-564.
[2]. Laurence L Brunton John S Lazo Keith L Parker. Strychnine-induced seizures, benzodiazepines.Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.11th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006: 404–405
[3]. Duverneuil C, Grandmaison GL, and Mazancourt P, Alvarez J (2004): Liquid chromatography/photodiode array detection for determination of strychnine in blood: a fatal case report. Forensic Science International 141, 17–21.

ABSTRACT: The growth and yield parameters like height of plant, plant spread, number of leaves, number of branches, number of green pods, yield per plant and yield per hectare were influenced significantly due to application of plant growth regulators. In French bean, the maximum height of plant (34.53 cm), plant spread (31.46 cm), number of leaves per plant (15.73) and number of branches (7.66) in treatment where GA3 200 ppm was applied (T4) while minimum height of plant (25.93 cm), plant spread (24.70 cm), number of leaves per plant (11.66) and number of branches (5.20) per plant respectively observed in the treatment (T8) in Cycocel 200 ppm. The treatment T9 (35.93) days to 50 per cent flowering and it was most effective treatment for inducing earlier 50 per cent flowering and significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Longer green pod length (19.50 cm) were harvested from treatment (T2) GA3 100 ppm while shortest green pods (18.13 cm) were harvested in treatment (T8) CCC 200 ppm..

[1]. Abda. and M.A. Fattah, (1994). Effect of phosphorus, boron, GA3 and their interaction on growth, flowering, pod setting abscission and both green pod and seed yields of broad bean (Vicia faba, L.) plants. Alexandria- Journal of Agricultural Research. 42(3):311-332.
[2]. Anonymous, (2003). State wise area and production of vegetable in India. http://hortibizindia .nic.in/aiaspesy.htm.
[3]. Arya ,P.S. , Sagar, V. and Singh .S.R. (1999). Effect of Growth Regulators on seed of French bean (Phaseolus Vulgaries L.) Var. Contender Scientific Hort .8:137-139.
[4]. Birajdar, A.M. (2006). Report on French bean Shetiwadi- News 2006.
[5]. Brown, J. E., Gillian, C.H. and Shumack R.L. (1993).Commercial snap bean response of Growth Regulators. Hort. Sci. 25: 29-31.
[6]. Chaudhari, C.S., Mendhe, S.N., Pawar, W.S., Ingole A.S. and Nikam,R.R. (2001). Growth Regulator Manegement in french bean J.Hort. Crop 11 (1): 137-139.
[7]. Crane, J.C. (1964). Growth substances in fruit setting and development. Ann. Rev. plant physiol., 15: 303-326.
[8]. Cross F., Falisse, A., and Haquenne, W. (1989). Effect of Gibberellic acid on morphology and production of spring peas. Mede delingen van de Faculteit landluwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit.Gent. 53 (29); 447-454.
[9]. Deotale, R.D., Patil, A.M., Sorte, N.V., Ratnaparakhi,V.P. and Kene, D.R. (1993a). Effect of growth regulators in podding and yield of french bean. Acta Botnica India, 17(1):54-58.

ABSTRACT: The study examined the socio-economic factors affecting farmers' participation in cooperative societies in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State. 40 respondents were randomly selected from six communities giving a total of 120 respondents though 117 questionnaires were used for the analysis. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were used to analyzed the data .The result shows that majority of the respondents were male (60%) with mean age of 44 years and married (80%).

[1]. Adebayo, O.O. and Amao, J.O. (2003) Rural Farmer and Household Poverty Alleviation in Ogo-Oluwa, Oyo State. African Journal of Business and Economic Research. (2) 200-2003.
[2]. Alkali R.A (1991). The Rise and Development of cooperative movement in Bauchi State. The Nigerian Journal of agricultural extension 7(182).
[3]. Barham, J. (2006). "Collective Action Initiative To Improve Marketing Performance. Lesson from farmer group in Tanzania" presented at the CAPRI Research Workshop on Collective Action and Market Access for small holder, October 2-5, Cali Colombia.
[4]. Barret, C.B., T..Reardom and P. Webb (2001). Non-Farm Income Diversification and Household livelihood Strategies in Rural Africa; Concept, Dynamics and policy Implication.
[5]. Bzugu P.M., M.M.Gwary, and Y.L. Idrisa, (2005).Impact of Extension Services on RuralPoverty Alleviation among Farmers inAskira/Uba Local Government Area ofBorno Sate.Shael Analyst, Faculty ofManagement Sciences,University ofMaiduguri. PP-96-103. Food Policy, 26, 4.

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur during rabi 2012-2013and 2013-2014 to find out the optimum plant population of sweet gourd in Sweet gourd onion mixed cropping systems(s). The treatments were : T1=Sole onion (BARI Peaj-1) (Broadcast), T2=Sole sweet gourd (2m × 2m), T3= Onion (BARI Peaj-1) (Broadcast) + sweet gourd ( 1 plant plot-1) (8m × 8m) (625 number plant population ha-1), T4= Onion (BARI Peaj-1) (Broadcast) + sweet gourd ( 2 plant plot-1) (4m × 4m) (1250 number plant population ha-1), T5= Onion (BARI Peaj-1) (Broadcast) + sweet gourd ( 3plant plot-1) (2.67m × 2.67m) (1875 number plant population ha-1), T6= Onion (BARI Peaj-1) (Broadcast) + sweet gourd (4 plant plot-1) (2m × 2m) (2500 number plant population ha-1).

[1]. Ofori F and Stern W R (1987) Cereal-legume intercropping systems. Adv. Agron. 41: 41-90.
[2]. Awal M A, Kothi H and Ikeda T (2006) Radiation interception and use by maize/peanut intercrop canopy. Agric. For. Meteorol. 139:73-84. Vandermeer J (1989) The ecology of intercropping. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain pp.237.
[3]. Vandermer, J.H. 1989. The ecology of intercropping. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Li L, Sun J, Zhang F, Li X, Yang S, and Rengel Z (2001) Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping I. Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients. Field Crops Res. 71: 123-137
[5]. Francis C A (1986) Multiple cropping systems. Macmillan Publ. Co, New York pp. 383

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to investigate the potency of guava filtrate (GF) in synthetics cauda epididymal plasma (CEP-2) based diluent to maintaining the quality of Bali bull spermatozoa during chilled storage (5º C). Ten ejaculates from Bali bulls were collected using an artificial vagina once a week. Each ejaculate was divided into seven aliquots, each aliquot diluted with CEP-2 diluents containing 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% and 14% GF (v/v), respectively, to replace 20% egg yolk (EY) in the diluent. All samples were placed in the refrigerator and cooled gradually to 5º C. Once reached 5º C, they were kept at this temperature and stored for 8 days. The mean percentages of progressive motility and viability of spermatozoa stored for 8 days in diluent containing 10% GF was significantly higher (p<0.05) than other six diluents containing different levels of GF. Conversely, the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the previous diluent compared with the latter ones. In conclution, guava filtrate is potential when included in CEP-2 diluent for maintaining the quality of Bali bull spermatozoa at 5º C. It seems that 10% GF is the best level for substituting 20% EY.

Keywords: Bali bull, chilled storage, preserve, guava diluent, semen quality

[1]. S.M.H. Andrabi, M.S. Ansari, N. Ullah and M. Afzal, Effect of non-enzymatic antioxidants in extender on post-thaw quality of buffalo (Bubalus-bubalis) bull spermatozoa. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 28(4), 2008, 159 - 162 .
[2]. Y. Hayashi and N. Isobe, Characteristics of Cryopreserved Spermatozoa from a Holstein-Friesian Bull Thawed at Different Temperature. Journal of International Development and Cooperation, 12(1), 2005, 107 – 110.
[3]. S. Ponglowhapana, B. Esse'n-Gustavssonb and C.L. Forsberga, Influence of glucose and fructose in the extender during long-term storage of chilled canine semen. Theriogenology, (62), 2004, 1498 – 1517.
[4]. D. Boonkusol, K. Saikhun and P. Ratanaphumma, Effects of Extender and Storage Time on Motility and Ultrastructure of Cooled-Preserved Boar Spermatozoa. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science), (44), 2010, 582 – 589.
[5]. K. Kaeoket, P. Chanapai, P. Junchiyaphoom nad P. Chanapiwat, The effect of using long term and short term extenders during cooling process on the quality of frozen boar semen. Thai J Vet Med. 41(3), 2011, 283 – 288.

ABSTRACT: The main objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of urea treated maize stover silage on growth performance of crossbred heifers. Eighteen crossbred heifers of about 6 to 10 months age were selected and distributed into three treatment groups. The experimental animals were fed on the basis of thumb rules. The maize stover was treated with 4% urea. The experimental feeding was carried for 3 months. Seven days digestion trial was conducted. Average fortnightly DM intake of experimental heifers under all three treatments differed significantly (P<0.01). The DM digestibility in T1 and T2 (67.63% and 67.42%) were significantly (P<0.05) different from T0 (61.56%) however, T1 and T2 were at par to each other. Digestibility of CP found to be significantly high in T1 (57.77%) and T2 (57.26%) over T0 (47.68%), T1 and T2 were at par to each other. The results showed non-significant difference on body weight gain among the treatments and thus treatment variations were unable to express their effect on the growth performance of crossbred heifers. Therefore, from the results, it may be concluded that 4% urea treated maize stovers could be utilized for feeding of heifers to sustain the growth performance in the scarcity condition.

Keywords: Conventional fodder, crossbred heifers, growth performance, maize stover, urea treatment

[1]. Banerjee. G.C. 1998. A Text book of Animal Husbandry. Eight edition. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. 113-B Shahpur Jat. Asian Games Village Side. New Dlhi 110 049, India.
[2]. NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cows, 7th edn. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
[3]. Hames, B.R., S.R. Thomas, A.D. Sluiter, C.J. Roth, and D.W. Templeton. (2003) Rapid biomass analysis. New tools for compositional analysis of corn stover feedstock and process intermediates ethanol production. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 105:
[4]. I.C.A.R. 1985 Nutrient requirement of livestock. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawa, New Delhi.
[5]. AOAC, 1995 Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA. USA.

ABSTRACT: The thrust of this study is on economic analysis of cotton production.The specific objectives were to describe socio-economic characteristics, resource utilization and production technologies and to determine profit in cotton production. Primary data were used for the study through administration of structured questionnaireto collect information from 220 farmers using the list from reconnaissance survey of Zamfara State Agricultural Development Project to randomly select 15% of farmers from selected villages of the four local government areas in the study area. The analytical tools used to achieve the stated objectives in this study were descriptive statistics and net farm income model.

[1]. Eyo, E. O. (2008). Macroeconomic Environment and Agricultural Sector Growth in Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(6): 781-786.
[2]. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), (2011). Nigeria Gross Domestic Product at 1990 Constant Basic Prices.
[3]. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), (2011). Gross Domestic Product at 1990 Constant Basic Prices. Central Bank of Nigeria. Annual Report.
[4]. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), (2011). Estimated Output of Major Agricultural Commodities. Annual Report.
[5]. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), (2013). Available on-line @http: Nigeria. unfpa.org/zamfara.html. Retrieved: 05/12/2013.
[6]. United State Agency for International Development (USAID), (2011). Global Cotton Production Trend.http//www.usaid. Retrieved: January, 2013.

ABSTRACT: Azanzagarkeana (Gorontula) is a valuable edible indigenous fruit tree species confined to Tula inKaltungo Local Government Area of Gombe State. The fruit has rough and hairy bark it is grayish brown in colour, fibrous with longitudinal fissures and brown to yellow slash, young Branchlets stellate – tomentose becoming glabrescent when mature. The fruit is 2.5 – 4cm in diameter, clearly divided into 5 segments, the fleshy gummy pulp which is generally eaten are a good source of proteins, minerals, fibre, vitamins, and contains five seeds inside with a seed in each segment. The seed is hemispherical in shape, up to 10mm long, 7mm thick with brownish and woolly floss. The phytochemical composition of Azanzagarckeanaseed revealed (0.22%) Tannin, (1.72%) Saponin, (3.70%) Alkaloids, (1.00%) Flavonoids, (2.60%) Phenols, (0.33ug/g) Cyanogenicglucosides, and (3.40%) Carotenoids.

Keywords: Azanzagarckeana, indigenous fruit, phytochemical.

[1]. Orwa, C. Mutua, A. Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R. and Anthony, S. (2009). Agro-forestry data base tree reference and selection guide version 4.0(http//www.world agro-forestry Org/Af/tree data based) 12/2/14.
[2]. F.A.O. (1982) Fruit bearing Species Technical Notes, Food and Agricultural Organization, Forestry Paper No. 34 Rome.
[3]. Okafor, J. C. (1985) Selection and improvement of indigenous Tropical trees.Journal of TropicalResources1:87-95.
[4]. Saka, J.D.K. and Msousthi, J.D. (1994).Nutritional value of edible fruits of indigenous wild trees in Malawi. Forest Ecology and Management64:245-248.
[5]. FAO, (1983). Food and Fruit bearing forest species. Examples from eastern Africa. Food and Agricultural Organization, Forestry Paper 44/1. Rome.
[6]. Maghembe, J.A., Kwesiga, M., Ngulube, H., Prins, and Malaya, F.M. (1994). Domestication potential of indigenous trees of the Miambo of Southern Africa. In R.R.B. Leakey and A.C.Newton(eds.) tropical trees:the potential for domestication and rebuilding of forest resources,HMSO,London.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the virulence genes and serotype of Shiga -toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from milk samples of cattle. A total of 51 milk samples collected from different unorganized farms in an around Guwahati city were screened for E. coli and out of these 51 samples 30 (58.82%) yielded E. coli. All the 30 E. coli isolates were subjected to screening for different virulent factors like stx1, stx2 and eae by PCR amplification using specific oligonucleotide primer. Seven (23.33%) of the 30 E. coli isolates carried at least one gene sequence among these groups: three isolate carried stx1 gene sequence and four carried eae gene sequence, no isolate carried the stx2 gene sequence. The stx1 positive serogroups were belonged to serogroups O118 (one isolate) and O153 (two isolates), and eae positive serogroups were belonged to O2 (four isolates) serogroups.

Keywords: STEC, stx1, stx2, eae

[1]. A. Kumar, N. Taneja, B. Bharti and M. Sharma, Characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from cases of diarrhea & haemolytic uraemic syndrome in North India, Indian Journal of Medical Research, 140, 2014, 778-784.
[2]. A. Perera, C. M. Clarke, G. A. Dykes and N. Fegan, Characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 and non O157 isolates from ruminant feces in Malaysia, Biomed Research International, 2015, 1-8
[3]. W. K. Sang, H. I. Boga, P. G. Waiyaki, D. Schnabel, N. C. Wamae and S. M. Kariuki, Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli from patients with diarrhoea in Maasailand, Kenya, Journal of Infection in Developing Countries,6(2), 2012, 102-108.
[4]. J. Blanco, M. Blanco, J. E. Blanco, A. Mora, M. P. Alonso, E. A. Gonza´lez and M. I. Berna´rdez, Epidemiology of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in ruminants. Int: Duffy G., Garvey P., McDowel D. (Eds.), Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( Food and Nutrition Press Inc Trumbull, USA, 2001) 113-148.
[5]. L. Beutin, D. Geier, H. Steinrück, S. Zimmermann and F. Scheutz, Prevalence and some properties of verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin)-producing Escherichia coli in seven different species of healthy domestic animals, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31, 1993, 2483-2488.
[6]. J. P. Nataro and J. B. Kaper, Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Clinical. Microbiology Reviews, 11 (1), 1998, 142–201.

ABSTRACT: A study on assessment of heavy metals was carried out fortnight using standard methods for the period of six months. Bioaccumulations of heavy metals including Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, Copper, Manganese and Lead (Cd, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn and Pb) in catfish (Clariasgariepinus) organs (gills, liver and muscle) were investigated. Zinc, Iron, Copper and Manganese (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) at station A, B and C recorded concentrations (0.531mg/kg, 7.07mg/kg, 0.489mg/kg, & 0.177mg/kg) within the international permissible limits in fish organs. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) recorded concentrations (0.099mg/kg &0.917mg/kg) above the international permissible limit in fish organs. Gills and liver of Clariasgariepinus contained the highest concentration of most of the detected heavy metals, while muscles appeared to be the last preferred site for the bioaccumulation of heavy metals. The edible part (Muscle) of Clariasgariepinus showed higher levels of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) at the study area. This may be due to bioaccumulation over a period of time in the muscles of Clariasgariepinus.

Keywords: AAS,Clariasgariepinus, Heavy Metals, Kiri,Pollution.

[1]. Central Intelligence Agencies(2008). The world Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency.
[2]. Samir, M. S.& Ibrahim, M. S.(2008). Assessment of Heavy Metals pollution in water and sediments and their effect on oreochromisniliticus in the Northern Delta Lakes, Egypt.8th International Symposium on tilapia in aquaculture, pp475-490.
[3]. FAO, (1992).Report of the third session of working party on Pollution and Fisheries, Accra, Ghana 25-29th Nov., 1991.FAO Fisheries Report.43.pp417:
[4]. Pink and Daniel H. (2006). "Investing in Tomorrow's Liquid Gold". Yahoo.
[5]. Maitera, O.N. Barminas J.T. and Magili, S.T. (2011). Determination of Heavy Metal Levels in Water and Sediments ofRiverGongola in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (5): pp891-896.
[6]. European Commission DG ENV, (2002). E3 Project ENV. E.3/ETU/0058. Heavy Metals in Waste.Final report.

ABSTRACT: The frequency of gastro-intestinal parasite has been increasing over the years resulting to loss of many species of ruminant animals and majority is in developing and tropical countries. Madagali Local Government Area is one of the Local Governments faced with numerous problems of helminthiasis occasioned by instability within the farming sectors. This study is aimed at determining and assessing the Prevalence, clinical and parasitological effects of Gastro-intestinal parasite of small ruminants with reference to sex and age in the study area. Five (5) grams of faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of the animals and was examined in laboratory using saturated sodium chloride solution as a flotation medium. The data was subjected to statistical analysis (Mann Whitney U-test) at 5% level of significance. The population of the study consists of 249 sheep and goats which were conveniently sampled from the three (3) districts. The result reveals that 126 sheep and goats were positive with ova (eggs), the result of the faecal examination also show that 42.0% males, 52.2% females, 51.6% adult and 40.0% young sheep were found infected, while 46.0% males, 57.1% females, 54.4% adult and 35.3% young goats were positive with at least one ova. Strongyle had the highest prevalence while trichuris had the least in terms of egg counts per gram of faeces and across the months with statistical significant difference (p<0.05).

Keywords- Adamawa, Gastro-Intestinal Parasite, Helminthes, Madagali, Nigeria, Prevalence, Ruminants

1]. Yadav, A. K. and Raina, A. K. Survey of Helminth infections in Maine dairy catle, Journal of veterinary parasitol, 18, 2004, 167-169.
[2]. Mireri, C., Atekyereza, P., Kyessi, A. and Mushi, N. Environmental risk of urban agriculture in Lake Victoria drainage basin: A case of Kesumu municipality, Kenya. Habitat international, 31, 2007, 375-386.
[3]. Mathew man, R. W. Omeke.I. A survey of small ruminant production at village level in the derived savanna and lowland forest zones. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading. 2007. 65.P. 45.
[4]. Perry, B. D., Randolph, R. F., Mcdmot, J. J., Sones, K. R. and Thomtom, P. K. Investigation in animal health research to alleviatepoverty. International livestock research institute Nairobi, Kenya. 2002. 148.
[5]. Chiejina, S. N. and Ikeme, B. O. Arrested development of gastro-intestinal trichostrongylids in goats in Nigeria. Veterinary Parasite, 28, 2007, 103 - 113.

ABSTRACT: The artificial topsoil removal can help in assessing the on-site effects of soil erosion while simulating the natural field condition. Therefore, an experiment involving three topsoil depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm) and four crops (okra, maize, cowpea and tomato) replicated four times with randomized complete block design was conducted in a screen house. Soil samples were analysed for both physical and chemical properties. Plant heights were measured at 2- 10 weeks after planting (WAP) and crop yields were determined at 10 WAP.The result indicated that macroporosity was significantly (p<0.05) affected by topsoil removal with a range of 50.15 % at 0-10 cm to 46.8 % at 20-30 cm depth. OrgC, N, P, Ca, and Mg significantly increased by 47.4%, 94.8%, 43.4% and 34.0%, respectively, at 0-10 cmcompared with 20-30 cm depth. Plant heights for all crops were significantly higher on 0-10 cm depth compared with other depths. R2 values for depths of topsoil removal and crop yield for maize, okra, cowpea and tomato were 0.92, 0.99, 0.56 and 0.85 respectively, indicating that increases in topsoil depths removal resulted to decrease in crop yield.

Keywords: Soil erosion, Topsoil depth, Arable crops, Crop yield, Nigeria.

[2]. Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudamo, P., Sinchair, K., Kurz, D., McNair, M., 1995. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits science 267, 1117-1123.
[3]. Lal, R., 2003. Soil erosion and the global carbon budget. Environ. Int. 29, 437-450.
[4]. Montgomery, D. R., 2007. Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. PNAS 104, 13268-13272.
[5]. National Sol Erosion- Soil Productivity Committee, 1981
[6]. Lal, R. 1981. Soil erosion problems on an Alfisol in Western Nigeria. VI. Effects of erosion on experimental plots. Geoderma 25, 215-23.