Volume-7 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Abstract: Studies were carried out on dry ash of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L) bark, an agricultural waste, to determine the potassium ion concentration in it, by titratory and spectrophotometric methods. 100gm of the dry ash were dissolved in 500cm3 distilled water and the aqueous extract from the bark subjected to titration against standard solutions of CH3COOH, HCl and H2SO4 in the concentration ranges of 0.5-2.0M,while AAS was carried out using 5gm of the dry ash in GBC Avanta flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer version 2.02 . The results obtained from the titration reaction revealed that there were high levels of potassium ion concentration (19.50 to 31.91gm/dm3 and 21.52 to 37.0656gm/dm3) in both HCl and H2SO4 solutions, but low in CH3COOH(14.82 to 18.13 gm/dm3).This result was in agreement with the results of AAS result (18.255ppm). The percentage purity calculated revealed that the potassium ion obtained from the red mangrove bark aqueous extract (RMBAE) had a purity of 69.94%,showing high purity of the potassium obtained by these methods. The proposed methods were successfully employed to determine potassium ion concentration in red mangrove bark aqueous extract (RMBAE). The methods were very simple, inexpensive, less time consuming. environmentally friendly and reliable.
Keywords: Potassium ion concentration, Red mangrove bark, Acid media and Titration

[1]. Berenquer B, Sanchez L.M, Quile A, Lopez-Barrero M., de Haro, Galvez J.and Martin MJ. Protective and antioxidant effects of Rhizophora mangle L. agent NSAID-Induced gastric ulcers. J. Ethnophamacol 2006, 103(2):194-200
[2]. De Armas E,Sarracent Y,Marrero E,Femandez O,and Branford-White C. Efficacy of Rhizophora mangle aqueous bark extract (RMBAE) in the treatment of aphthous ulcers : a pilot study.Curr Med Res Opin.2005,21(11):1711-1715.
[3]. Duke NC (1992). Mangrove floristics and biogeography,in:Robertson AI,Alongi DM(eds).Tropical mangrove ecosystems, American geophysical union,Washington DC,pp 63-100.
[4]. Duke,JA and Wain,KK(1981). Medicinal plants of the world. Computer index with Editorales de la imprenta Nacional.Bogota
[5]. Debargha C., Subhajie B., Jayjit M., Santra S. (2008). Heavy metal pollution and phytoremediation potential of Avicennia officinalis L in the southern coast of the Hooghly estuarine systems. International journal of environmental science. 3(6): 2291-2303.

Abstract: The antibacterial activity of n-hexane extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves was investigated against gram negative bacteria ( Salmonella typhi) and gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ) . Agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were employed. The results revealed that both first and second n-hexane extracts (4days and 8 days n-hexane extract respectively) inhibited the microorganisms with the second being more active as it inhibited at 30mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml with zone of inhibition ranging from 8.5mm to 15.5mm in diameter. The first extract showed no inhibition at 30mg/ml and 40mg/ml respectively but showed inhibition at 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml with zone of inhibition ranging from 9mm to 12mm in diameter. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the second n-hexane extract ranged from 25mg/ml to 100mg/ml whereas, that for the first was at 100mg/ml. The result was compared to conventional drug (Gentamicin 20ug/ml) with zone of inhibition at 20mm in diameter. The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) identified antibacterial compounds which include Hexadecanoicacid, Phytol, Ricinoleicacid, Dehydrodihydrodiisoeugenol and 9-Octadecenamide. Based on the results it can be concluded that Ocimum gratissimum leaves extract possess antibacterial activity and can be applied in development of potent antibacterial drugs.
Keywords: Ocimum gratissimum, n-hexane extract, antibacterial activity, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).

[1]. OcheiKolhatkar, Medical laboratory science theory and practice, six edition 2007.
[2]. Typhoid fever-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid-fever.
[3]. Adebolu T.T, Oladimeji S.A. Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extract of Ocimum gratissimum on Selected Diarrhea causing Bacteria in South West Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(7), 2005, 682- 684.
[4]. Dubey N.K, Tiwari T.N, Mandin D, Andriamboavonjy H, Chaumont J.P. Antifungal Properties of Ocimum gratissimum Essential oil (ethyl cinnamatechemotype). Fitoterapia, 71, 2000, 567-569.
[5]. Terezinha de Jesus Faria, Rafael Sottero Ferreira, LidianeYassumoto, Joseʼ Robert, Pinto de Souza, Noemia Kazue Ishikawa and Aneli de Melo Barbosa. Antifungal Activity of Essential oil Isolated from Ocimum gratissimum L. (eugenolchemotype) against Phytopathogenic fungi. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 49(6), 2006, 867-871.

Abstract: The Graft copolymerization of Acrylamide monomer (AAm) onto Bombax Costatum Calyx (BCC) using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator in aqueous medium to form grafted copolymer (BCC-g- PAAm) was investigated. The effect of different reaction conditions on the grafting has been studied by determining the grafting parameters, i.e. concentration of AAm, CAN, BCC, reaction time and temperature were carefully optimized to achieve the highest percent grafting yield (%G) and graft efficiency(%GE). Each of these parameters was varied one by one keeping other conditions constant in the reaction. The grafted and raw BCC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm the evidence of grafting. From the FTIR data it was ascertained that grafting has occurred considerably. Also from the results, it was observed that with increasing AAm, BCC, and CAN concentrations as well as reaction time and temperature the grafting parameters were increased, but further increase of reaction conditions disfavored these parameters. This was done to establish the optimum conditions of grafting. \
Key words: Bombax costatum calyx, ceric ammonium nitrate, grafted copolymer, polyacrylamide, percent grafting yield and graft efficiency.

[1]. Feng H, Li J, Wang L, (2010) Preparation of biodegradable flax shive cellulose-based superabsorbent polymer under microwave irradiation, BioResources, 5, 1484-1495.
[2]. Ge HC, Pang W, Luo DK, (2006) Graft copolymerization of chitosan with acrylic acid under microwave irradiation and its water absorbency, CarbohydrPolym, 66, 372-378.
[3]. Hsu SC, Don TM and Chiu WY (2002) Free radical degradation of chitosan with potassium persulfate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. pp: 75-73.
[4]. Ibrahim MM, Flefel EM and El-Zawawy WK (2002) Cellulose membranes grafted with vinyl monomers in homogeneous system. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 84, 2629-2638.
[5]. Jideonwo, A, and Adimula, H.A. (2006) The Graft Copolymerization of Acrylamide onto Cellulose using Enhanced Fe2+/H2O2 redox initiator system. J. Appl. Sci. Mgt. Vol.10 (3) 151 – 155.

Abstract: Environmental protection requires the use of natural products instead of chemicals to minimize pollution. This investigation studies the use of a non-useful plant material as naturally occurring biosorbents for the removal of cationic pollutants in wastewater. The effect of pH on the sorption of Al3+ and Cr6+ ion unto Terminalia catappa biomass was investigated. The experimental results have been analysed in terms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The data showed that the maximum pH (pH max) for efficient sorption of Al3+ was 4.0 (85.5 mg/g) and for Cr6+ 2.0 (82.6 mg/g).

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Abstract: The physicochemical properties of soils from natural flood disaster affected areas of Isoko Region of Delta State, Nigeria, were investigated. The results indicated that there was an overall reduction in soil pH (5.425± 0.313), phosphorus (7.47±6.34mgkg-1), and nitrate (0.34±0.07mgkg-1) contents as well as exchangeable calcium 1.97±0.31mgkg-1 potassium (0.09±0.01mgkg-1), and effective cation exchange capacity (5.076±1.532 (cmolkg-1)) and related parameters with 3.87±0.21, 77.57±5.83 and 7.99±2.72 for Base Exchange Capacity,

[1]. Etuonovbe, A.K. The Devastating Effect of Flooding in Nigeria. TSO 6J – Hydrography and the Environment, Innocent Chirisa, Zimbabwe. FIG Working Week, 2011, P. 1-15.
[2]. Ojigi, M.L., Abdulkadir, F.I. and Adeyoju, M.O. Geospatial Mapping and Analysis of the 2012 Flood Disaster In Central Parts of Nigeria. 8th National G/S Symposium, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, April 15-17, 2013.
[3]. Rakesh, K., Rakesh, K.U., Kishan, S. and Brijesh, Y. Vertical Distribution of Physicochemical Properties under Different Topo – Sequence in Soils of Jharkhand. Journal of Agricultural Physics, 2012 12(1) 63-69.
[4]. Egharevba, F., Olite, M. and Osakwe, S.A. Studies on the Effect of Laundry Effluent on the Physicochemical Properties of Soils in Edo State of Nigeria. Discovery and Innovation, 2003 15(1), 11-16.
[5]. Osakwe, S.A. Effect of Cassava Processing Mill Effluent on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils in Abraka and Environs, Delta State, Nigeria. Chemistry and Material Research, 2012 2(7) 27-39.

Abstract: The Niger Delta is the hub of industrial establishments in Nigeria. With the concentration of industries in this part of the country, it is believed by many that the environment may have been impactedwith heavy metals as a result of wastes generated by these industries. This study was necessitated by the desire to find out the current levels and toxic effects of some of the metals in surface water from the Niger Delta. To actually verify this claim, surface water sample were collected from ten locations for a period of eight months. The surface water collected were first acid treated with 2ml concentrated nitric acid (assaying 100%) and taken to the laboratory where the concentrations of the various metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis were as follows: Cd (0.003Mg/l), Cr (0.172Mg/l), Pb (0.057Mg/l), Fe (0.403Mg/l), Zn (0.218Mg/l), Ni (0.816Mg/l),Mn (0.725Mg/l) and Cu (0.011Mg/l).

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Abstract: Back ground: The epidemic of obesity is a major health problem in the developed world with a great influence on morbidity and mortality.Therapeutic lifestyle actions like dieting and exercise and weight loss drugs deliver modest long term weight loss in obese individuals. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) was initially proposed as a first-stage procedure to perform in higher risk patients to achieve a significant weight loss.Plasma ghrelin levels decrease after gastrectomy, which most likely contributes to the weight-reducing effect of this procedure The aim of study: to evaluate serum ghrelin levels achieved through sleeve gastrectomy and on insulin resistance and the serial changes of insulin concentration in obese patients following gastric sleeve Subjects and methods: twentyfour patients undergone gastric sleeve surgery with 25 controls was selected. Body mass index, waist circumference (WC), lipid profile, fasting blood sugar,glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, QUICKI and ghrelin hormone concentration were measured for patients prior gastric sleeve and for controls, another measures done one month and then three months post-surgeryResults:a significant decline were noticed in BMI, WC, TC, TG, LDL-cholesterol, fasting insulin, and ghrelin, with significant increase in QUICKI in patients undergone gastric sleeve surgery with a significant differences in all studied parametersbetween patients and controls.A significant negative correlation was shown between ghrelin and BMI in patients before sleeve gastrectomy. Conclusion: Ghrelin is likely contribute to long-term weight loss maintenance after sleeve gastrectomy which had become the treatment of choice for morbid obesity..

Key word: obesity, bariatric surgery, ghrelin

[1]. Colquitt J, Clegg A, Sidhu M, et al. Surgery for morbid obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;CD003641
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Abstract: Kinetic investigation of oxidation of L-Valine by acidic permanganate in presence of surfactant as catalyst has been carried out spectrophotometrically. The reaction is double stage process in which first stage is followed by second fast stage process. The rate shows a first order dependence on each oxidant and substrate. The reaction is studied at different temperatures to evaluate usual kinetic and activation parameters such as rate constant, temperature coefficient, energy of activation, entropy of activation, enthalpy, Gibb's free energy and probability factor. The possible effect of the increasing ionic strength on the rate was also analyzed and mechanism in concordance with the experimental findings is proposed for catalytic pathway.

Keywords: Surfactant, Catalysis, Rate constant, Kinetic parameters, Ionic strength, Oxidation, Spectrophotometer.

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Abstract: We present a rapid, efficient one pot synthesis of [1,2,4]triazolo [5,1-b]quinazolin- 8(4H)-one derivatives by condensation of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole with aldehydes and dimedone in the presence of boric acid (5 mmol%) as a catalyst. This protocol corresponds in short reaction time, low cost, high reaction yield, no need of chromatographic separation with green aspects by using water soluble catalysts. Keywords: aldehyde, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, dimedone, boric acid.

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Abstract: The present study emphasizes on the synthesis of cationic imidazolinium surfactants based on easily available and cheap fatty materials. Surface active properties of 1% aqueous solution of imidazolinium surfactants were evaluated in terms of surface tension, interfacial tension, cmc, dispersability and emulsion stability. To evaluate the performance properties, laundry detergent compositions were made using different percentages of synthesized imidazolinium surfactants with nonionic triton x-100 and properties were evaluated in terms of foaming, softening, rewettability and detergency. The presence of cationic imidazolinium surfactants in laundry compositions, increased the detergency, rewettability, foam stability and softening of compositions
Keywords: Imidazolinium surfactants, Surface active properties, Performance properties, Laundry detergent compositions, Nonionic surfactants

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Abstract: Metalworking-fluids (MWFs) perform essential functions to metal-products manufacturing industry. MWFs also have inherent environmental and health liabilities associated to industry. These liabilities viewed as opportunity to reevaluate the functionality of MWFs and improve profitability of operations. Several problems appeared in using of MWFs including biodegradation of constituents. The objective of this study is to solve such problems by preparing additives for MWFs from recycling of polyethylene terephthalate polymer. This solves two critical problems which are: disposal of PET polymer, and decrease the bacterial degradation of MWFs. That improves stability of MWFs against biodegradation and increases the economic impact of MWFs.
Key Words: MWFs; tribological properties, metal processing, environment

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Abstract: Hydroxylation of phenol to dihydroxy products is an industrially important reaction as the products found immense application in various fields. The products, hydroquinone and catechol have been used in large scale as photographic film developer, antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor and used as synthetic intermediate for the production of medicines , perfumes etc [1] . The quinone derivatives play an important role in bio-systems and find many miscellaneous industrial applications. More over phenol is considered as one of the most toxic water pollutants, harmful to human health and to water life [2,6]. It is classified as a teratogenic and carcinogenic agent listed in water hazard class two in several countries. Hydroxyl radicals have been effectively applied in the field of environmental remediation of pollutants because of their strong oxidation potential capable of degrading wide range of products. Different Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been used to generate the •OH radicals. Among them, the classic Fenton and Fenton-like reagents which contain Fe(II) or Fe (III) in combination with H2O2 remain attractive alternatives for the treatment of non biodegradable contaminants such as phenol [3-6]. However, these systems are seriously affected by the typical drawback of homogeneous catalysis such as separation, regeneration and also by ineffective consumption of oxidant H2O2..Thus, different Fenton-like heterogeneous catalysts have been developed by immobilizing transition metal cations on adequate supports such as silica, zeolites, pillared clays, activated carbon, polymers, resins etc.

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Abstract: Series of metal complexes (Cu, Co, Ni, Y) was prepared by the reaction of the different transition metals and three environmentally cationic surfactants derived from vanillin. Their chemical structures were confirmed using IR, NMR, UV-Vis, dynamic light scattering (DLS) spectroscopy, and zeta potential. The surface activities of the ligands and their metal complexes were measured using surface tension measurements. Their Surface and thermodynamic parameters were calculated at 25 oC. Chemical structure-surface activity relationship of the metal complexes was discussed. The anticancer cytotoxic assessment of the synthesized metal complexes showed promising results in the medicinal field.
Key words: Surface activity; metal complex; cytotoxicity; anticancer.

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