iosr-JRME   Volume-16 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. – Oct. 2026

Abstract: Outcome-Based Education (OBE) has emerged as a transformative, performance-based framework in global engineering education. By emphasizing higher-order cognitive skills and professional competencies, OBE necessitates a fundamental shift in traditional pedagogical approaches—particularly in curriculum design, content delivery, and assessment methodologies. In alignment with this paradigm shift, the AICTE Examination Reform Policy (November 2018) advocates for comprehensive assessment reforms. The policy delineates specific competencies and performance indicators for each Program Outcome (PO), providing a structured interpretation of their intended....

Keywords: Outcome Based Education (OBE), Performance Indicators (PIs), Course Outcomes (COs), Program Outcomes (POs), Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs), Bloom’s taxonomy, Rubrics, Surveys

[1]. AICTE – Examination Reform Policy, November 2018 -
https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/ExaminationReforms.pdf
[2]. National Board of Accreditation Self Assessment Report (SAR) Format Undergraduate Engineering Program (Tier –II) June 2015 -
https://www.nbaind.org/Files/sar-ug-t-ii-final-ver-06.pdf
[3]. Evaluation Guidelines with indicative exhibits/context to be Observed/Assessed SAR Tier –
II(UG Engineering) First Time Accreditation -
https://www.nbaind.org/files/evaluation-guidelines-tier-ii-v0.pdf
[4]. H. Jayasree, G. Kanaka Durga, “An Approach to Establish Correlation of Courses to POs & PSOs and Attainment of COs, POs & PSOs”, IOSR-Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), vol. 8, no. 5, Sep-Oct 2018, pp. 60-71 e-ISSN: 2320–7388, p-ISSN:2320–737X DOI: 10.9790/7388-0805026071

Abstract: Leadership is essential to the success and sustainability of educational institutions and organizations. It holds even greater significance in 21st-century educational institutions, where character, values, and holistic development are shaped. Modern educational leaders face diverse challenges stemming from globalization, artificiale....

Keywords: Bhagavad Gita, Contemporary Education, Evolving Dimensions, Philosophical Teachings, Leadership

[1]. Adair, J. (1988). Effective Leadership. London: Pan Books.
[2]. Dasgupta, S. (1963). A History of Indian Philosophy (Vol. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[3]. Hiriyanna, M. (1994). Outlines of Indian Philosophy. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
[4]. Lal, R. B. (1970). The Gita in the Light of Modern Science. Bombay: Somaiya Publications.
[5]. Macdonell, A. (2004). A History of Sanskrit Literature. Kessinger Publishing.

Abstract: Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have rapidly evolved from glucose-lowering agents to cornerstone therapies in heart failure (HF) management, offering cardioprotective and renoprotective benefits independent of glycemic control. This review consolidates evidence from major clinical trials, including DAPA‑HF, EMPEROR‑Reduced, EMPEROR‑Preserved, and DELIVER, comparing the efficacy and safety of agents such as dapagliflozin and empagliflozin across different HF phenotypes. SGLT2 inhibitors exert their therapeutic benefits...

Keywords: SGLT2 inhibitors; Heart failure; Dapagliflozin; Empagliflozin; HFrEF; HFpEF; Cardiovascular outcomes; Renal protection; Natriuresis; Cardioprotection.

[1]. Comparative review and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40324721/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168822725002335https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRC
[2]. HEARTFAILURE.125.012794Suggested structure and recent reviews on SGLT2 inhibitors in HF:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10172076/https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.013389https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1543153
[3]. /fullMechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiometabolic disease and HF:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8484236/https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.004https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1494882/full
[4]. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction overview and therapeutic advances:https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2023/09/19/16/59/mechanisms-of-benefitshttps://academic.oup.com/pmj/article/99/1176/1052/7097869https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/features/sglt2-inhibitor-use-in-heart-failurey

Abstract: Students’ unrest resulting in loss of life, disruption of learning and destruction of the school property, among other effects is still witnessed despite the provision of guidance and counselling services in public schools. The study sought to determine the relationship between location of guidance and counselling office and effectiveness of guidance and counselling services. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population was 61 respondents, 31 principals and 31 heads of departments. A sample of 10 principals and 10 heads of departments guidance...

Keywords: Guidance and Counselling, Effectiveness in guidance and counselling services, location of Guidance and counselling office

[1]. Chemutai, B. ., Onkware, K. ., & Iteyo, C. (2020). Nature of Student Unrest in Secondary Schools in Kericho County Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 7(11), 6293–6307. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i011.04
[2]. Cheruiyot, D. K., & Orodho, J. A. (2015). Guidance and Counselling: What Is the Level of Human and Physical Resource Preparedness in Providing Effective Services in Secondary Schools in Bureti Sub County, Kericho County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(23), 132-143.
[3]. Dellinger, B. (2010). Healing environments. In C. McCullough (Ed.). Evidence-based design for healthcare facilities. Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.
[4]. Egbo, A. C. (2013). The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Effective Teaching and Learning in Schools: The Nigerian Perspective. The European Conference on Education, Official Conference Proceeding 0392. Retrieved from http://iafor.org/archives/offprints/ece2013 offprints/ECE2013_0392.pdf.