Abstract: Drug metabolism and toxicology are essential branches of pharmacological science that collectively contribute to the safe and effective use of medications. Drug metabolism involves the chemical alteration of pharmaceutical substances by the body, mainly in the liver, where lipophilic compounds are converted into more water-soluble forms to enable their elimination. This metabolic process occurs in two distinct phases: Phase I, which includes reactions like oxidation and hydrolysis often mediated by enzymes such as cytochrome P450, and Phase II, which involves conjugation......
Key Word: Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Neurotoxicity, Cardiotoxicity, Reproductive, Toxicology, Pharmaceuticals, Regulation, Terminology, Biomarkers, Screening, Mechanisms, Validation, Standards, ETC
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