IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-10 ~ Issue-9 ~ September 2016

Abstract: It has been widely reported in literature that brassinosteroids play a pivotal role in stress mitigation in plants. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of 24-epibrasssinolide (24-EpiBR) on the growth, endogenous levels of total sugars, reducing sugars and plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as jasmonic acid and polyamines (PAs) like spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine in 30-day old Brassica juncea L. plants raised from seeds pre-soaked with the hormone and grown in soils amended with 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mM concentrations of Cu(II). The shoot and root lengths of the plants grown in Cu(II) amended soils improved on seed pre-soaking with 24-EpiBR.........

KeyWords: 24-epibrassinolide, copper, sugars, liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometer, plant growth regulators, jasmonic acid, polyamines

[1]. R. Hansch, and R. R. Mendel, Physiological functions of mineral micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mo, B, Cl). Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2009, 12, 259-266.
[2]. E.Morelli, and G. Scarano, Copper-induced changes of non-protein thiols and antioxidant enzymes in the marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Plant Science, 2004, 167, 289-296.
[3]. L.Brahim, and M. Mohamed, Effects of copper stress on antioxidative enzymes, chlorophyll and protein content in Atriplex halimus. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2011, 10, 10143-10148.
[4]. S.K. Panda, I. Chaudhury, and M. H. Khan, Heavy metals induce lipid peroxidation and affect antioxidants in wheat leaves. Biologia Plantarum, 2003, 46, 289-294.
[5]. S. P. Choudhary, R. Bhardwaj, B. D. Gupta, P. Dutt, R. K. Gupta, S. Biondi, and M. Kanwar, Epibrassinolide induces changes in indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid and polyamine concentrations and enhances antioxidant potential of radish seedlings under copper stress. Physiologia Plantarum. 2010, 140, 280-296.

Abstract: Geographical and Microbiological study was done on river Ganga pollution in and around Dakhshineswar area and the magnitude of the pollution is being measured. River Ganga provides water to about 40% of population across the area and an extraordinary religious importance for Hindus. A large proportion of the sewage water with higher organic load in the Ganges is due to human waste, industrial waste and religious waste constantly being dumped in the river Ganga. A geographical analysis was done by
questionnaire schedule for the study of people's perceptions, array and statistical analysis of the informat on was done...........

KeyWords: Coliform, Enterobacteriaceae, Sewage water, Water pollution

[1] D.R. Khullar, India: A Comprehensive Geography (Kaiyani Publishers, Ludhiana)Second (Ed2006) Water Pollution,page 289-300
[2] REASONER D.J Microbiology detection of bacterial pathogens and their occurrence J.WPCF.54(6)946.1982 .
[3] SUNITA Narain Ganga The River Its Pollution And What We Can Do To Clean It ,Centre for Science and Environment briefing paper.
[4] ANJUM PRAVEEN , Rajesh Kumar, Pratima And Rajat Kumar. Physio- Chemical Properties of the Water of River Ganga at Kanpur, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 4||
[5] Central Pollution Control Board (2009) Ganga water quality trend .

Abstract: In the present work, four species of microalgae: Spirulina platensis (SP), Chlorella vulgaris (CV), Haematococcus pluvialis (HP), and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) were selected as raw materials for the recovery of multifunctional extracts. Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) using different solvents was applied under specific optimized conditions. Organic solvents such as hexane, acetone and ethanol, as well as food grade solvents, such as limonene, MCT oil, soybean oil and phosphate buffer (pH= 7) were used. The total carotenoid, β-carotene and chlorophyll a content in the extracts was determined for all species using UV-Vis spectrometry........

KeyWords: Antioxidant activity, carotenoids, chlorophylls, phycocyanin, ultrasound-assisted extraction

[1]. W. Becker, Microalgae in Human and Animal Nutrition. 2004.
[2]. P. Spolaore, C. Joannis-Cassan, E. Duran, and A. Isambert, "Commercial applications of microalgae.," J. Biosci. Bioeng., vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 87–96, Feb. 2006.
[3]. M. R. Brown, "Nutritional Value and Use of Microalgae in Aquaculture," in Avances en Nutricion Acuicola, 2002.
[4]. C. V. Seshadri, B. V. Umesh, and R. Manoharan, "Beta-carotene studies in Spirulina," Bioresour. Technol., vol. 38, no. 2–3, pp. 111–113, Jan. 1991.
[5]. H. Shimamatsu, "Mass production of Spirulina, an edible microalga," Hydrobiologia, vol. 512, no. 1–3, pp. 39–44, 2004.

Abstract: Large amount of lingo-cellulosic waste generated by forestry, agricultural practices, paper-pulp industries and textile dye-stuff industries poses a severe environmental pollution problem. Paper factory effluent is one of the major pollutants on the earth because it is highly coloured. The persistent dark brown colour is due to dissolved lignin based synthetic, aromatic and chlorinated compounds derived from the blow heat condensate, pulp decker washing, chlorine and alkali bleach waste, black liquor spillage and foul evaporator condensate. Selection of correct and ecofriendly treatment method for paper-pulp mill waste-water prior to discharge into the environment is still a matter of concern..........

KeyWords: Lignin Peroxidase, Corynrbacterium jeikeium, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Biobleaching

[1]. Howard R.L., Abotsi E, Jansen van Rensburg E.L. and Howard S., Lignocellulose biotechnology: issues of bioconversion and enzyme production, African Journal of Biotechnology, 2 (12), 2003, pp. 602-619.
[2]. Gomathi, V., Cibichakravarthy,B., Ramanathan, A., Sivaramaiah Nallapeta, Ramanjaneya V., R. Mula and Jayasimha Rayalu D., Decolourization of paper mill effluent by immobilized cells of Phanerochaete chrysosporium., International journal of plant, animal and environmental science., 2 (1), (2012), 141-146.
[3]. Bajpai P. and Bajpai P. K., Biological color removal of pulp and paper mill wastewaters, J. Biotechnology, 33, 211-220, (1994).
[4]. Bholay A. D., Borkhataria Bhavna V. and Jadhav Priyanka U., Bacterial lignin peroxidase: A Tool for Biobleaching and Biodegradation of Industrial Effluents, Universal journal of environmental research and technology, 2 (1), (2012), 58-64.
[5]. Chai Chu Chia, Enhanced Production Of Lignin Peroxidase And Manganese Peroxidase By Phanerochaete Chrysosporium In A Submerged Culture Fermentation And Their Application In Decolourisation Of Dyes; Thesis Submitted In Fulfilment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Master Of Science January (2008).

Abstract: The study was conducted about the ecosystem-based approach on fisheries management of the Old Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh region, Bangladesh. The primary area for the study was in the Old Brahmaputra River adjacent to the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. This research focused on the identification of proper management strategies for the conservation of fish biodiversity. There are degraded ecosystems and declining biodiversity have found during the study. According to the survey, fishing pressure and overexploitation were responsible for almost 42%, and water pollution caused about 35% loss of fish biodiversity. Around 17% and 10% loss of fish biodiversity were caused by Change of river course, and the habitat degradation respectively within the study area. These have been created a great impact on river ecology and surrounding river conditions. As a result, the water quality is deteriorating day by day and the availability of fish species and other aquatic biodiversity is decreasing gradually. During the survey, 19 species were also found at a risk of being endangered. This study identified possible ways to achieve a rich fish biodiversity in the Old Brahmaputra River with social, economic and environmental aspects. The specific recommendations are included community-based fisheries management, establishment of sanctuary, control of pollution, maintenance of fishing gears and the implementation of the fish act for the conservation of fish biodiversity of the Old Brahmaputra River.

KeyWords: Conservation measures, Fish biodiversity, Old Brahmaputra River, Riverine ecosystem.

[1]. FAO, Fisheries and Aquaculture Report, Workshop on Fishery Stock Indicators and Stock Status, Tehran, Iran. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy, 2012, 46.
[2]. Department of Fisheries (DoF), Annual Report, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. The Government of Peoples Republic of
Bangladesh, 12(4), 2012 319-328.
[3]. N. K. Dulvy, Y. Sadovy, and J. D. Reynolds, Extinction vulnerability in marine populations, Fish and fisheries, 4(1), 2003, 25-64.
[4]. S. Garcia, J. Boucher, P. Cury, O. Th´ebaud, M. Andriantsoa, A. Astudillo, M. Ba, D. McDonald,B. MacKenzie, and J. Rice,
Workshop 10, Paris Conference: Biodiversity, Science and Governance, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of France, Paris,
France January 24–28, 2005.
[5]. M. Jenkins, and Williamson, D., Effectiveness of biodiversity conservation. In Biodiversity and the ecosystem approach in
agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Proceedings, Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
2003, 12-13 October, 100-116.

Abstract: Packed and unpacked spices may contain high level of lead that poses health threats. It may be due to soil contamination or artificial mixing of heavy elements to make the spices look brighter to attract customers. Some spices sample like turmeric and red chilli powder of local market in Bangladesh were collected to determine the toxicity present in them. The sample were dried and pressed to make pellet and irradiated by proton beam of 2.4 MeV and in the current range of 10 – 15 nA using 3 MV Van de Graaff Acclerator, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka and the IBA technique PIXE has been used for all of the experiments. Accuracy and precision of the technique were assured by analyzing certified reference material in the same experimental conditions...........

KeyWords: PIXE, spices, toxicity.

[1]. H. Mubeen, I. Naeem, A. Taskeen and J. Saddiq, New York Science Journal, 2(5), 2009, 1554-0200.
[2]. The Daily Star, Bangladesh, March 08, 2014.
[3]. R. P. Choudhury and A. N. Garg. Food Chemistry, 104 (2007) 1454-1463.
[4]. S. Akter, M. M. Ahasan, M. J.Abedin, R. Khatun, A. N. Monika "Elemental Profile Studies of some Soil Samples using Particle Induced X-Ray Emission Technique", International Journal of Reciprocal Symmetry and Theoretical Physics, 1(2), 2014, 106-110.
[5]. M. L. Hossen, S. M. A. Islam, M. J. Abedin, S. Akter, O. F. Rasel, M. M. Ahasan, R. Khatun, A. N. Monika, "Elemental Profile Analysis of Some Traditional Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh Using PIXE Technique", Journal of Nuclear and Particle Physics, 4(5), 2014,137-141.

Abstract: Coal mining activity produces pollutant which is the coal dusts with heavy metals content. If the dusts mixed into the water, it will cause water pollution. Heavy metals like Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr needed by the living organisms, but if it exceeds the threshold, it will give negative impacts to the organism. Sea biota like mangrove snail (Telescopium telescopium) and mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) can be used as bio-indicators. This descriptive study aimed to determine the heavy metals content on sea bioata. Assays of Pb and Zn did on mangrove snail and assay of Cu and Cr did on mangrove crab...........

KeyWords: heavy metals, sea biota, mangrove snail, mangrove crab, coal stockpile.

[1]. Direktur Jenderal Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan Nomor: 03725/B/Sk/VII/89 tentang Batas Maksimum Cemaran Logam dalam Makanan
[2]. Effendi, H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
[3]. Hasti, W. 2013. Kandungan Logam Berat pada Air, Sedimen dan Plankton di Daerah Penambangan Masyarakat Desa Batu Belubang Kabupaten Bangka Tengah. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
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[5]. IARC. 1997. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Human. 68.

Abstract: Pasta is a popular, nutritious and low glycaemic food having global appeal as nutrition supplement. Fortifications of pasta with a variety of proteins increase the nutritional significance of pasta and improve the health condition of the immense majority of health conscious peoples. In present study we developed three samples (C, C1, C2, and C3) of pasta using refined wheat flour and proportions of aonla powder. Sample C was prepared as control containing only refined wheat flour (100%), while sample C1 (refined wheat flour 99% and aonla powder 1%), C2 (refined wheat flour 97% and aonla powder 3%), C3 (refined wheat flour 95% and aonla powder 5%) were prepared by changing the concentration of refined wheat flour and different aonla powder...........

KeyWords: Pasta, fortification, protein supplementation, nutrition, health conscious peoples.

[1]. Suresh Kumar P, Sagar VR. Influence of packaging materials and storage temperature on quality of osmo-vac dehydrated aonla segments. J Food Sci. Technol. 2009; 46:259–262.
[2]. B., Jain, S.P., Tripathi, V.K. and Singh, S. 1983.
[3]. H Composition of Aonla (Emblica officinalisGaertn)fruits during growth and development: Part-1. Indian Food Packer 37: 57-60.
[4]. B.P., Singh, I.P., Singh, S.P. and Kumar, K.A. 1987. Physicochemical composition of different cultivars of Aonla. Indian Food Packer 41: 7-10.Naik, A.G. and Chundawat, B.S. (1996).
[5]. Evaluation of Gujarat aonla-1 (Emblica officinalisGarten.) for various processed products.J. Appl.Hort.

Abstract: Plants in general, edible plants and legumes in particular commonly synthesized a range of secondary metabolites as part of their protection against attack by herbivores, insects and pathogens. Such secondary metabolites identified as antinutritional factors (ANF's) and naturally occurred as means to survive in adverse growing conditions. The term antinutritional refers to defense metabolites having specific biological effects depending upon the structure of specific compounds which include proteins, glycosides, terpenoids and alkaloids. So far, it's proved that legumes are very rich source of antinutritional factors...........

KeyWords: Antinutritional factors – allelochemicals – mycotoxins – secondary metabolites.

[1]. Adejumo, T. and Adejero, D. (2014). Incidence of aflatoxins, Fumonisins And Ochratoxins in Nigerian food. J. Food.Sci. & Qualit.Man.Vol., 31: 127 – 148.
[2]. Bora, B. (2014). Legumes as souces of ANF's. J. of Academia and Industrial Research "JAIR", Vol., 3(6): 285-291.
[3]. Creppy, E. (1999). Human ochratoxicosis. J. Tocicol. Toxin. Rev., Vol., 18: 277 – 293.
[4]. Demain, F. (2000). The natural functions of secondary metabolites. J. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotech., 69: 1 – 39.
[5]. Embaby, H. (2011). Effect of heat treatment on certain antinutrients. J. Food Sci. & Techn., Vol., 17(1): 31 – 38.

Abstract: Brassinosteroids (BRs) role in increasing plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses has been a well established fact. In the present investigation, we evaluated the effect of seed pre-soaking treatment of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EpiBR) on the soil Cu(II) stress tolerance of 30-day old Brassica juncea L. plants. It increases the ability of plants to survive under stress conditions by modulating the endogenous content of various plant growth regulators and other biomolecules............

KeyWords: 24-epibrassinolide, copper, auxins, abscisic acid, lipids, sugars.

[1]. F. Vinit-Dunand, D. Epron, B. Alaoui-Sosse, and P. M. Badot, Effects of copper on growth and on photosynthesis of mature and expanding leaves in cucumber plants. Plant Science, 2002, 163, 53-58.
[2]. R. A. Wuana, and F. E. Okieimen, Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecology, 2011, Doi:10.5402/2011/402647.
[3]. S. Rahoui, A. Chaoui, and E. E. Ferjani, Reserve mobilization disorder in germinating seeds of Vicia faba L. exposed to cadmium. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2010, 33, 809-817.
[4]. J. C. Fernandes, and F. S. Henriques, Biochemical, physiological, and structural effects of excess copper in plants, Botanical Review, 1991, 57, 246-273.
[5]. A. W. Woodward, and B. Bartel, Auxin: regulation, action, and interaction. Annals of Botany, 2005, 95, 707-735.

Abstract: Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in the atmospheric environment have been measured periodically for a year at six sampling sites in Madurai City, the second largest and most densely populated city in the state of Tamil Nadu.The recorded CO concentrations vary from 0.03 ppm to 6.39 ppm and are mostly below the Indian air quality standards. The seasonal averages of CO concentrations are calculated and it is found that the minimum concentrations (0.03 ppm) are in summer season and the maximum concentrations (6.396 ppm) are in winter season............

KeyWords: Air quality, CALINE4, Carbon monoxide, Madurai city, Seasonal trends

[1]. Khalil, M.A.K.. Decline in atmospheric carbon monoxide raises questions about its cause. Earth in Space, 8(3), 1995, 7.
[2]. Jo, W.K. and Lee, J.Y. Indoor and outdoor levels of respirable particulates (PM10) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) in high-rise apartment buildings. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 2006, 6067–6076.
[3]. Sathitkunarat, S., Wongwises, P., Pan-Aram, R. and Migen, Z. Carbon monoxide emission and concentration models for Chiang Mai urban area. Advances in atmospheric Sciences, 3(6), 2006, 901-908.
[4]. Stern, A.C. Air pollution. (Volume 1, Second Edition. New York, U.S.A.: Academic Press, 1968).
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Abstract: The present study comprises the measurement of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in ambient atmosphere of Delhi. The study has been carried out in three different ambient locations during winter and summer seasons of 2015. Real time monitoring was done for TVOC using a data-logging photo-ionization detector. The observed levels of TVOC were found to be higher during winter (ranged from 84.7 to 266.7 μg/m³) as compared to summer (ranged from 58.5 to 179.5 μg/m³) at all selected sites. The higher levels in winter could be due to low planetary boundary layer, calm condition and high atmospheric stability............

KeyWords: TVOC, Ambient temperature, Relative humidity, Compressed Natural Gas, Traffic density

[1]. Alves CA, Evtyugina M, Cerqueira M, Nunes T, Duarte M, Vicente E. (2014) Volatile organic compounds emitted by the stacks of
restaurants. Air Qual. Atmos. Health. doi:10.1007/s11869-014-0310-7
[2]. Andersson K, Bakke JV, Bjorseth O, Bornehag CG, Clausen G, Hongslo JK, Kjellman M, Kjergaard S, Levy F, Molhave L,
Skerfving S, Sundell J. (1997) TVOC and health in non-industrial indoor environments. Indoor Air 7:78–91.
[3]. Cerón BJG, Cerón BRM, Kahl JDW, Ramírez LE, Guarnaccia CC, Aguilar UA, Montalvo RC, Anguebes FF, López CU. (2014)
Diurnal and seasonal variation of BTEX in the air of Monterrey, Mexico: preliminary study of sources and photochemical ozone
pollution. Air Qual. Atmos. Health. doi:10.1007/s11869-014-0296-1.
[4]. Choi SW, Sang-Won P, Chang-Seop L, Hye-Jin K, Sunyoung B, Hilary II. (2009) Patterns of VOC and BTEX concentration in
ambient air around industrial sources in Daegu, Korea. J Environ Sci Health 44:99–107.
[5]. Civan MY, Kuntasal ÖO, & Tuncel G. (2012). Contribution of VOCs to Ozone Formation in Bursa Atmosphere, 2(1), 34–40.

Abstract: Environmental pollution by petroleum hydrocarbon is a major challenge in most nations of the world with such pollutant exerting acute and chronic toxicity on soil properties and micro biota. Using Ofagbe town located in Delta State, Nigeria, as a case study, it was observed that excavation could be a palliative measure in the management and treatment of hydrocarbon polluted soil. The values of physicochemical parameters (pH, total nitrogen, chloride, electrical conductivity and organic carbon) reduced considerably 30 days and 60 days after excavation at a depth of 0-15cm and 15-30cm.............

KeyWords: Hydrocarbon, Polluted Soil, Excavation, Physicochemical and Oil Spill.

[1]. Abii, T.A. and Nwosu, P.C. (2009). The effect of oil-spillage on the soil of Eleme in Rivers State of the Niger-Delta Area of Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 3(3): 316-320.
[2]. Odu, C.T.I. (1972). Microbiology of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon. Journal of Environmental Microbiology. 58: 201-208.
[3]. Ngobiri, C.N. Ayuk, A.A. Awuoso, I.I. (2007). Differential degradation of hydrocarbon fractions during bioremediation of crude of polluted sites in Nigeria Delta area. J. Chem. Soc. Nig. 32: 151-158.
[4]. Osuji, E.C. and Ezebuiro, P.E. (2006). Hydrocarbon contamination of typical mangrove floor in Niger Delta region. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 3(3): 313-320.
[5]. Amadi, A. and Antai, S.P. (1992). The socio-economic effects of oil spillage on agriculture in the Niger-Delta. International Journal of Biochemphysics. 1: 5-8.

Abstract: The treatment of Acid Blue-7 dye by a adsorbent of Teak sawdust on the various parameters like adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, agitation speed, sieve size and contact time which removes the colour of Acid Blue-7 dye used in textile industry. The results were evaluated with the use of equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynmics equations. The sorption data were then correlated with the Langmuir , Freundlich and Tempkin adsorption isotherm models............

KeyWords: Acid Blue-7, Teak sawdust, Concentration, pH, Contact Time, Sieve size.

[1]. Mittal, J. Mittal, A. Malviya, D. Kaur, V.K. Gupta, (2010) Adsorption of hazardous dye crystal violet from wastewater by waste materials, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 343: 463–473.
[2]. W. Adamson, (1990) Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 5th ed., Wiley, New York,. Pigments, 51: 25–40.
[3]. Balci , O. Keskinkan and M. Avci, (2011) Use of BDST and an ANN model for prediction of dye adsorption efficiency of Eucalyptus camaldulensis barks in fixed-bed system, Expert Systems with Applications 38: 949–956.
[4]. B.H. Hameed, (2009) Removal of cationic dye from aqueous solution using jackfruit peel as non-conventional low-cost adsorbent, J. Hazard. Mater. 162: 344–350.
[5]. Klaysom, S.H. Moon, B.P. Ladewig, G.Q. Max Lu, L. Wang, (2011) Preparation ofporous ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and their characterizations, J. Membr.Sci. 371: 37–44

Abstract: The sorption potential of paramagnetic poly styrene-co-acrylamide hydrogel was investigated for the removal of pesticide (Chlorpyrifos) from aqueous solution. The maximum uptake of pesticide was obtained at pH 4 in 60 minute at room temperature (250C). In batch mode of adsorption, the influence of pH, concentration, adsorbent dose and in column mode, bed height, flow rate and initial concentration were studied on adsorptive removal of pesticide.............

KeyWords: Nano particles, Pesticide, Isotherm, Equilibrium.

[1]. H.R.Schulten, The three-dimentional structure of humic substances and soil organic matter study by computational analytical
chemistry, Fresenius‟ j. of analyt. Chemi. 351, 1995, 62-73.
[2]. S.kang, D Amarasiriwardena, P. Veneman, B.s.xing, characterization of ten sequentially extracted humic acids and a human form a
soil in western wassa-chusetts , soil science 168, 2003, 880-887.
[3]. Costa, L.G. Current issues in organophosphate toxicology. Clinica.Chimica.Acta.366, 2006 1–13.
[4]. Zeljezic, D. Vrhovac, V.G. Sister chromatid exchange and proliferative rate index in the longitudinal risk assessment of
occupationalexposure to pesticides. Chemosp. ,46, 2002, 295–303, .
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Hyderabad, Environ. Int. 32, 2006, 244–247 .

Abstract: The nano-planktons are considered to be the most important marine phytoplankton components since they constitute the basic food of almost all the marine larval organisms and other marine creatures. They are considered to be the first organisms affected by heavy metals pollutants discharged in aquatic environment because they are directly in contact with the medium separated only by the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. Regarding content of protein and carbohydrates under the effect of the different concentrations............

KeyWords: Cyanobacteria, heavy metal, toxicity, total protein and total carbohydrate.

[1]. T. F. Zabel. Current standards and their relation to environmental behaviour and effects the case of lead. Science Total Environment. 78:1989, 187 -204.
[2]. B. J. Alloway. Heavy metal in soil. Blakie Academic and professional. Pp. 42 – 52.1995.
[3]. P. A. Terry and W. Stone. Biosorption of cadmium and copper contaminated water by Scenedesmus abundans. Chemosphere. 2002. 47: 249 - 255.
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Abstract: The liver of Heteropneustes fossilis inhabiting the water bodies contaminated by bleached sulphite pulp mill effluents from the Hindustan Paper mill, Nogaon exhibited severe damage in the hepatocytes. The hepatocytes showed massive degenerative changes characterised by cellular swelling, cytoplasmic vacuolation and detachment of plasma membrane.In most of the hepatocytes the nuclei were pyknotic.Besides these, haemorrhages and haemosiderosis were observed in most of the cases. In pulp mill effluent- exposed fish, the nucleus was found to be disturbed with breakage and dissolution of the membrane at places...........

KeyWords: Pollution;paper mill; effluents;TEM; Heteropneustes; Fine structure

[1]. Bajpai, P. and Bajpai, P.K. 1997. Reduction of organochlorine compounds in bleached plant effluents, Adv. Biochem. Engin. Biotechnol. 57, 213.
[2]. Crooks, R. and Sikes, J. 1991, Environmental effects of bleached Kraft mill effluents, Appita.43, 67-76.
[3]. Diez, M.C., Mora, M.L and Videla, S. 1999.Adsorption of phenolic compounds and colour from Bleached Kraft mill effluents using allophonic Compounds. Water Res. 33, 125-130.
[4]. Reeve, D. 1991, Organochloride in bleached kraft pulp, Tappi J.74.123-126.
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Abstract: Body Mass Index generally is a reflection of a combination of feeding pattern and lifestyle. This study assessed the differences in the body mass index of 120 children of West and Central African origin. This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study of 120 respondents (n=70 Nigerians, 27 Sierra-Leonians, 19 Liberian, 2 Rwandans and 2 Congolese) between ages 2 and 10 randomly selected from Oru town in Ogun State, Nigeria. Anthropometric measurement was doneusing bathroom for weighing them; height was captured with a wooden meter rule while standing, both bare-footed.Logistic regression revealsthat males are 0.715 times less likely to be obese than female..........

KeyWords: BMI; Nationalities;Weight; Height; Obesity; underweight

[1]. American Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
[2]. Agozie C. Ubesie, Ngozi S. et al (2011). 10years retrospective review of Under-five Protein- Energy- malnutrition admitted at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital
[3]. Mijailovic V., Micic D., Mijailovic M. Effect of childhood and adolescent obesity on morbidity in adult life. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2001; 14: 1339-1344.
[4]. Eknoyan, Garabed 2007(Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)"The average man and indices of obesity". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation.
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Abstract: The study out to determined the effect of debittering methods on the quality of flour prepared from orange seeds. Orange seeds were removed from orange fruits and then sundried at 30 ± 2˚C for 8 h. orange seeds (20kg) was soaked in water for 12 hours, boiled at different boiling period (40, 80, 120, and 160 min) respectively. Boiled seeds were dehulled immediately to avoid spoilage, oven dried at 60 ˚C for 14 hours, grinded to increase its surface area and defatted using soxhlet extraction method with absolute ethanol. The mineral and phytochemicals results showed that the flours had iron 0.85 mg/100g – 18.54 mg/100g, zinc 0.34 mg/100g – 0.67 mg/100g, calcium 18.23 mg/100g – 476.9 mg/100g, sodium 2.61 ppm – 8.27 ppm, potassium 6.28 ppm – 28.02 ppm, alkaloids 1.15 % – 6.95 %, saponins 0.0 – 0.38 %, flavonoids 0.55 – 29.17 % and tannins 0.94 mg/100g – 10.74 mg/100g..

KeyWords: Debittering, minerals, orange seed, phytochemicals, wheat flour.

[1]. I. J. Karoui, and B. Marzouk, (2013). Characterization of bioactive compounds in Tunisian bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) peel and juice and determination of their antioxidant activities, Biomedical Research International 2013, (http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/345415
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Abstract: African foods is as diverse as the hundreds of cultures and groups that inhabit the continent. This reflects in the feeding pattern from country to country. Children who reside within the borders of their home country usually conform to the feeding pattern of adults, while other children who find their way into country make do with whatever that come their ways due to poverty caused by lack of family and government support. In East Africa, the Arab influenced their foods while West African meals were influenced by Europeans who invaded our land centuries ago. These foreign foods and our local staples form part of our cuisines and meals.

[1]. Rwandan 2012 National Population Census.
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Abstract: The sequence of the heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr) and total hydrocarbons (THC) in the water and tissues (gills, intestine and muscle) of an abundant and economically significant fish (Clarias gariepinus) harvested from Osse River were investigated from April, 2014 to September, 2015. Water and fish samples were collected from 4(four) chosen stations and were analysed for the levels of heavy metals and total hydrocarbons. The ecological risk of the study area and health risk indices of the fishes were assessed. Generally, accumulation of heavy metals and total hydrocarbons in the fish was gills > intestine > muscles (anomalous sequence). The sequence may pose some threats to the health of the consumers. Iron, zinc, copper, cadmium and THC showed significant health risk indices in the fish despite their insignificant ecological risk indices. Further in-depth study on the actual levels of risks to consumers is recommended.

KeyWords:Bioaccumulation factor, ecological risk indices, health risk indices, Clarias gariepinus.

[1]. W. Ashraj. Accumulation of heavy metals in kidney and heart tissues of Epinephelus micodon fish from the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 1-3(103), 2005, pp 311- 316.
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Abstract: In this research, some properties of 16 Tomas cheese samples, collected from different areas in the Elazig province in Turkey, were investigated. The dry matter, fat, salt, ash, protein, titratable acidity, ripening index and pH changed between 39.70- 46.01%; 16.20-21.56%; 3.31- 4.95%; 4.41-6.90%;11.80-23.83%; 0.9-1.8%; 13.18-42.04%; 4.5-6.03, respectively. The total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast-mould and lactic acid bacteria(on MRS and M17 agar) count changed between 6.67-9.01 log cfu/g; 5.30-8.39 log cfu/g; 6.25-8.91 log cfu/g; 6.56- 9.01 log cfu/g, respectively...........

KeyWords: Tomas cheese, local cheese, lactic acid bacteria.

[1]. F.V.Kosikowski andV.V. Mistry,Cheese and fermented milk foods. Vol. 1. Westport, CT, 06880: F.V. KOSIKOWSKI, LLC,1997.
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Abstract: The Celosia Argentea is a tender and leafy vegetable, which is propagated by seed. There is dearth of information on it engineering properties needed for development appropriate handling of the seed. Bulk density, true density, porosity, angle of repose and coefficient of static friction on five structural surfaces (plywood, glass, mild steel, galvanized steel and stainless steel) were determined using standard methods. The moisture content was varied between 10.28 and 18.07% (db) across the properties studied. It was observed that within this moisture range, bulk density and true density decreased from 0.745 to 0.665 g/cm3 and 1.454 to 1.387 g/cm3 respectively..........

KeyWords: Celosia Argentea Seed, Structural Surface, Angle of Repose, Density

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Abstract: In this study, removal of cobalt from aqueous solution by adsorption was investigated. For this purpose high grade CoSO4.H2O was used as heavy metal samples. The performance of granular activated carbon in presence with 1,2- Dihydroxybenzene for adsorption of cobalt ions from aqueous solution at temperature 25 + 1oC was studied. The experimental data showed good correlation with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model..........

KeyWords: Adsorption, Cobalt, Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Filtrasorb 100 (F-100), Filtrasorb 816 (F-816), 1,2 Dihydroxybenzene.

[1]. Ross S. M., Toxic metals in soil plant system, john Wiley and Son, chichester, 3-26 (1994)
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Abstract: The effects of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), the predator Coccinella undecimpunctata L. and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) on the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae L. were evaluated in this study. The effects of host densities on D. rapae parasitizing B. brassicae were studied at five densities of the parasitoid (2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 females). The highest percentages of parasitism were 92.6, 57.6 and 47% for D. rapae at 16 parasitoids/200 aphids in the field, pots and Petri-dishes in lab, respectively. The developmental time of predator C.........

KeyWords: Beauveria bassiana, Biocontrol, Brevicoryne brassicae, Coccinella undecimpunctata, Diaeretiella rapae.

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