IOSR-JEF   Volume-17 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. – Oct. 2026

[1]. Anitha, R. (2012). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in India. International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services and Management Research, 1(8), 108–125.
[2]. Azhar, A., & Marimuthu, M. (2012). An overview of foreign direct investment in India. International Journal of Business and Management Tomorrow, 2(2), 1–9.
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[1]. Abdullahi, S. R., Armayau, A., & Kurawa, J. M. (2023). The impact of free cash flow on the profitability of the listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria: The moderating effects of managerial ownership. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 14(10), 69-78.
[2]. Abughniem, M. S., Al Aishat, M. A. H., & Hamdan, A. (2020). Free cash flow and firm performance: The moderating role of firm size. International Journal of Financial Research, 11(2), 328-337.
[3]. Ahmad, K. K., Salih, K. H., & Sangawi, S. S. (2024). The impact of operating cash flow on corporate profitability: Amman Stock Exchange case study. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 30(140), 532-543.
[4]. Bashir, A., Javed, M., & Javed, M. M. (2023). Impact of free cash flow on the profitability of non-financial firms: Evidence from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Issues, 12(3), 111-122.
[5]. Cahyaningrum, I., & Trisnawati, R. (2025). The effect of sales volatility, company operating cash flow volatility, accrual reliability, book tax difference and market concentration on profit persistency (case study on manufacturing companies listed on the IDX for the period 2021-2023). Majapahit Journal of Islamic Finance and Accounting.

[1] OECD, OECD/INFE 2023 International Survey of Adult Financial Literacy, OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers, No. 39, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1787/56003a32-en
[2] Ministry of Finance, 2024 Financial Inclusion Report, Accra, Ghana, 2026. https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/reports/economic/2024%20FINANCIAL%20INCLUSION%20REPORT.pdf
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[1] Republic of Kenya. Kenya Vision 2030: A globally competitive and prosperous Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer; 2007.
[2] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Economic survey 2026. Nairobi: KNBS; 2026. https://www.knbs.or.ke/reports/2026-economic-survey/
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[1]. Cloonan, M., & Williamson, J. (2023). Musicians as workers and the gig economy. Popular Music and Society, 46(4), 354–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007766.2023.2231266
[2]. Liang, Y., Aroles, J., & Brandl, B. (2022). Charting platform capitalism: Definitions, concepts and ideologies. New Technology, Work and Employment, 37(2), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12234
[3]. Atty, M. (2023, June 21). The Asian-Pacific rise of the gig economy and market research. Greenbook. https://www.greenbook.org/insights/focus-on-apac/the-asian-pacific-rise-of-the-gig-economy-and-market-research.
[4]. International Labor Organization. (2018, March 11). Decent work in the platform economy. https://www.ilo.org/publications/decent-work-platform-economy-1.
[5]. Ray, A. (2024). Coping with crisis and precarity in the gig economy: ‘Digitally organized informality’, migration and socio-spatial networks among platform drivers in India. Environment and Planning

[1]. Abbas, S. M. A., Belhocine, N., El-Ganainy, A., & Horton, M. (2011). Historical Patterns and Dynamics of Public Debt—Evidence from a New Database. IMF Economic Review, 59(4), 717–742.
[2]. Adamu, I. M. (2016). Public Investment in Nigeria. Does External Debt Matter?. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 2(4), 120-138.
[3]. Ahmad, N. (2013). The role of budget deficit in the economic growth of Pakistan. Global Journal of Management And Business Research.
[4]. Ajayi, L. B., and Oke, M. O. (2012). Effect of external debt on economic growth and development of Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(12), 297-304.
[5]. Aghevli, B. and M.S. Khan, M.S. (1978). Government Deficits and the Inflationary Process in Developing Countries. IMP Staff Papers, vol. 25: 383—416.

[1]. Garg, S., Mittal, S., & Garg, A. (2025). Goods and services tax: An inflationary reform or a myth for the Indian economy? Empirical insights using intervention modeling. Public Finance and Management, 24(1–2), 69–82.
[2]. Manu, B. V. (2025). Analysing the 2025 Union Budget: Tax reforms, economic impact and sectoral opportunities. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research. https://www.ijfmr.com
[3]. Okoye, S. (2026). Goods and services tax and its impact on small and medium enterprises. The Sankalpa: International Journal of Management Decisions, 12(1), 388–392. https://www.thesankalpa.org/ijmd/article/view/159
[4]. Press Information Bureau. (n.d.). GST 2.0 reforms: Sector-wise rate revisions. Government of India. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2163555
[5]. Sumathi, N. (2026). The comprehensive evolution of India's indirect taxation: A strategic analysis of GST 2.0 and the 2026 economic landscape. Academic Research Journal of Science and Technology, 3(4), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.63300/arjst.2026.v3.i4.01