iosr-JEEE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2015

Abstract: Nigerian Power system is faced with problems of inadequate generation, huge losses in the system and inefficient use of electricity. Losses in power system are depicted by mismatch in generated power and quantity of power that can be accounted for. The losses due to inherent properties of the power system are Technical while those due to factors external to the power system are Non-Technical. Technical Power losses in Abeokuta distribution network were computed from data obtained on Totoro, Kolobo, Abiola-Way, Ijeun-Titun, Ake-Road,GRA, Obantoko and Odeda feeders for three years (2012 to 2014) from Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company (IBEDC), Ijeun District, Abeokuta Ogun State Nigeria using loss factor approach. The results revealed that Obantoko Feeder has highest technical losses in all the years considered while Odeda has minimum technical losses. The high technical losses on Obantoko feeder was attributed to span of the feeder (29.5km) and illegal connections resulting in overloading of the feeder.

[1] R.A. Jokojeje, I.A. Adejumobi, O.I. Adebisi and W.O. Mufutau, Reactive Power Compensation in Electricity Grid Using Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 10(3), 2015, 08-20.

[2] www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nigeria-s-power-generating-capacity-now-5-500mw/202401/

[3] A.S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution (Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, Fifth Edition, New Delhi, India, 2008).

[4] G.A. Adegboyega and F. Onime, Determination of Electric Power Losses in Distribution Systems: Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria as a Case Study, the International Journal of Engineering and Science, 3(01), 2014, 66-72.

[5] O. Refou, Q. Alsafasfeh and M. Alsoud, Evaluation of Electric Energy Losses in Southern Governorates of Jordan Distribution Electric System, International Journal of Energy engineering, 5(2), 2015, 25-33.

[6] S. Pande and J.G. Ghodekar, Computation of Technical Power Loss of Feeders and Transformers in Distribution System using Load Factor and Load Loss Factor, International Journal of Multidisciplinary science and Engineering, 3(6), 2012, 22-25.

Abstract: Caregiving can be both rewarding and challenging. Literature suggests that family caregivers may experience increased symptoms of psychological and social malfunctioning. However, it may also provide one with opportunities to renew relationships or feel connected to a higher power. The current study is an attempt to investigate how caregiving influences a person's general wellbeing. The sample consisted of 25 caregivers of cancer patients and 25 appropriately matched control.World Health Organization- QOL (1991), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet, et al (1988) and Spiritual Perspective Scale by Reed (1986) were used to asses QOL, Social support and spirituality respectively.

[1]. Glachen M (2004) "The emerging role and needs of family caregivers in cancer patients". The journal of supportive oncology (2004,2(2):145-55)
[2]. Zimet, G.D., Dahlem, N.W., Zimet, S.G. & Farley, G.K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.
[3]. Reed, P.G. (1987). Spirituality and well-being in terminally ill hospitalized adults. Research in Nursing & Health, 10, 335â€"344.
[4]. The WHOQOL Group.(1998)The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. SocSci Med. 1998;46:1569–1585
[5]. Ann CathrinJohsson,RN,MSc et al. (2005) "Determinants of Quality of Life in stroke survivors and their informal caregivers". American Heart Association.Inc, 2005.
[6]. Nigel.V.Marsh et al (2002) "Caregiver burden during the year following severe traumatic brain injury". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Volume 24, Issue 4,2004.

Abstract: Conventional power inverter systems are normally specified to work with a single nominal battery voltage. This is somewhat restrictive and causes downtimes when d.c power sources of specified voltages are not available. In this work, a push-pull inverter circuit that generates its rated output voltage from either a 12Volts or 24 Volts d.c source was developed. The circuit, based on a PIC 16F877A microcontroller, determines the battery voltage and generates the required MOSFET gate drive signals required to generate a 240 volts r.m.s modified square wave output waveform. The developed circuit and the associated microcontroller firmware were designed and modelled using proteus® software and MicroC software respectively. The circuit was constructed, programmed and then tested.

[1]. Abolarinwa, J. and Gana, P., Design and Development of Inverter with AVR Using Switch Mode Square Wave Switching Scheme
,AU J. T. 13(4), 2010.
[2]. Thangam, P. and Kanna, R. R., Effectiveness of Increased and Efficient Sinewave in PWM Architecture, International Journal for
Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2015.
[3]. Bhargava, R. and Shrivastava, A, Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Using Microcontroller for Single-Phase Induction Motor,
International Journal of Emerging Technologies 3 (2), 2012, 101-108.
[4]. Menon, A. and Madhumitha, R , Design and Simulation of Solar –Micro Inverter with Multiple Loads , International Journal of
Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 5, 2014. pp. 9612-9620.
[5]. Dandin, S and Khumari, A, Highly Efficient Pure Sine-Wave Inverter for Photovoltaic Applications with MPPT Technique ,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 5, 2014. pp 1837-1842.

Abstract: To assessment of voltage stability of multi bus power system, the main requirement is equivalent two-bus network models, which is fulfilled by lumping all the series impedances and shunt admittances of transmission lines within a series equivalent impedance. This paper shows the development of an equivalent pi network model using a new technology or methodology called generalized global voltage stability margin (GVSM). This is used to assess the overall voltage stability status of the system accurately. Simulation results for IEEE 14 Test bus system, IEEE 30 Test bus system , IEEE 118 Test bus system are establish that the pi-equivalent model obtained by the proposed method is highly accurate for assessing voltage stability of any power system at any operating point in a better way as compared to series equivalent model. Keywords: GVSM, Critical voltage, Global receiving end voltage.

[1]. P. Nagendra et al., "An innovative technique to evaluate network equivalent for voltage stability assessment in a widespread sub-grid system", Electrical Power and Energy Systems, ELSEVIER, Vol. 33, pp. 737–744, Feb 2011.
[2]. M.H. Haque, "Use of V–I characteristic as a tool to assess the static voltage stability limit of a power system", IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 151, No. 1, January 2004.
[3]. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, Mc.Graw-Hill, ISBN-13:9780070635159, NewYork, USA 1994.
[4]. Gubina F, Strmcnik B. Voltage collapse proximity index determination using voltage phasors approach. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1995;10(2):788–94.
[5]. Gubina F, Strmcnik B. A simple approach to voltage stability assessment in radial networks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1997;12(3):1121–8.
[6]. Moghavvemi M, Faruque MO. Technique for assessment of voltage stability in ill-conditioned radial distribution network. IEEE Power Eng Rev 2001;1:58–60.

Abstract: Due to increasing complexity in the power system, voltage sag is becoming one of the most significant power quality problems. Voltage sag is a short reduction voltage from nominal voltage, occurs in a short time. If the voltage sags exceed two to three cycles, then manufacturing systems making use of sensitive electronic equipments are likely to be affected leading to major problems. It ultimately leads to wastage of resources (both material and human) as well as financial losses. This is possible only by ensuring that uninterrupted flow of power is maintained at proper voltage levels. This project tends look at the solving the sag problems by using custom power devices such as Distribution Static compensator (D-STATCOM).Proposed scheme follows a new algorithm to generate reference voltage for a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) operating in voltage-control mode.

[1]. M. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems. Piscataway, NJ,USA: IEEE, 2000, ch. 1, pp. 1–35.
[2]. H. Fujita and H. Akagi, "Voltage-regulation performance of a shuntactive filter intended for installation on a power distribution system,"IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1046–1053, May 2007.
[3]. A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, "Load compensating DSTATCOM in weakac systems," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1302–1309,Oct. 2003.
[4]. A. Elnady and M. Salama, "Unified approach for mitigating voltagesag and voltage flicker using the DSTATCOM," IEEE Trans. PowerDel., vol. 20, no. 2, pt. 1, pp. 992–1000, Apr. 2005.
[5]. S. Rahmani, A. Hamadi, and K. Al-Haddad, "A Lyapunov-functionbasedcontrol for a three-phase shunt hybrid active filter," IEEE Trans.Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1418–1429, Mar. 2012.
[6]. M. K. Mishra and K. Karthikeyan, "A fast-acting dc-link voltage controllerfor three-phase DSTATCOM to compensate ac and dc loads,"IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 2291–2299, Oct. 2009.

Abstract: Dielectric and magnetic materials were developed for use as integrated passive component design. The integrated LC component to be investigated in this paper uses ferrite material which combines both magnetic and dielectric properties. Because of this double property, the ferrite sheet will be used in this design as magnetic core for the inductor and dielectric substrate for the capacitor. The fabrication is simplified by using PCB inductor and adhesive flexible ferrite sheet. To evaluate the inductance, the capacitance including the parasitic resistance, a fabricated prototype of the LC component was simulated and measured. It was confirmed that simulated values were very close to the measured values and the integrated LC component behaves as low-pass filter.

Keywords: Integrated passive, Flexible Ferrite, PCB Inductor, Multilayer Capacitor, L-C filter.

[1]. M. C. Smit, J. A. Ferreira, J. D. van Wyk, Technology for Manufacture of Integrated Planar LC Structures for Power electronic
Applications, The European Power Electronics Association, 1993, 173-178.
[2]. Miguel J. Prieto et al., Design and Analysis of Thick-Film Integrated Inductors for Power Converters, IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, 38(2), 2002, 543-552.
[3]. R. Reeves, Inductor-capacitor hybrid, Proceedings IEE, 122(11), 1975, 1323-1326.
[4]. FERROXCUBE Soft Ferrites and Accessories Handbook, (2004.
[5]. Jorge Victoria AHUIR, Selection and Characteristics of WE-FSFS, Wurth Electronics Application note, 2014.
[6]. Isao Kowase, Toshiro Sato, Kiyohito Yamasawa and Yoshimasa Miura, A planar inductor using Mn-Zn ferrite/polyimide composite
thick film for low-voltage and large-current DC-DC converter, IEEE Transactions on magnetic, 41(10), 2005, 3991-3993.

Abstract: This paper propose to design a controller based buck boost converter for the effective utilization of the wind machine. By implementing a controller based Buck-Boost converter, the voltage produced at the lower wind speeds can also be utilized effectively by boosting it to the rated charging voltage of the battery. Also if the wind speed is high, the DC output voltage will increase then the converter bucks this high voltage to the nominal battery charging voltage (48V), thereby protecting the battery from over charging voltage. Thus the effective utilization of the wind machine has been achieved by the use of the proposed controller based buck boost converter.

Keywords: Buck-boost converter, control circuit, continuous current mode, Pulse width modulation, small wind machine

[1] N Praksah, D.Ranithottungal and M. Sundaram on "An Effective Wind Energy system Based on Buck-boost Controller" Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2040-7459; e-ISSN: 2040-7467, Volume 6, June 2013, pp. 825-834.

[2] Dr. Horizon Gitano-Briggs on "Small Wind Turbine Power Controllers" ISBN: 978-953-7619-81-7, June 2010, pp. 558-573.

[3] Eftichos Koutroulis and Kostas Kalaitzakis on "Design of a Maximum Power Tracking System for Wind-Energy-Conversion Applications" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, Volume 53, April 2006, pp. 486-494.

[4] "Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications", Muhammad H. Rashid; 3rd Edition (2013) ISBN: 978-81-317-0246-8, pp. 207-212.

Abstract: Electric power quality mainly refers to maintaining a near sinusoidal power distribution bus voltage at rated magnitude and frequency. In modern electric power supply distribution systems, there is a sharp rise in use of both single phase and three-phase non-linear loads and due to these non-linear loads, non-sinusoidal unbalanced current is drawn from ac mains resulting in harmonic injection, burden of reactive power, more neutral currents and unbalanced loading of ac mains.

[1] L. Arsov and I. Iljazi, "Measurement of the influence of household power electronics on the power quality" Proc. 15th Int. Conf.on
Power Electronics and Motion Control, EPE-PEMC, 2012, 7.1-7.7.
[2] A. Ghosh and A. Joshi, "A new approach to load balancing and power factor correction in power distribution system", IEEE Trans.
Power system, vol.15 (1), 2000, 417-422.
[3] Z. Shuang, L. Fei and X. Zha, "Parameter design of the three-phase four- wire testing platform for new energy grid connected
devices Based on PRR controller" Proc. IEEE conf. on Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2014, 1146-1152.
[4] A. K. Tripathy, "Reducing losses in power system through advanced power electronics-the development efforts in BHEL", J.
BHEL, 2002.
[5] A. Ghosh, G. Ledwich, "Power quality enhancement using custom power devices", Kluwer Academic Publishers, India, 2002.
[6] S. Kumar, G. Singh and V. Jindal, Voltage Correction Methods in Distribution System Using DVR, International Journal of
Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(6), 2015, 52-63.

Abstract: To increase the power generation, Distributed Generation (DG) based on Renewable Energy Systems (RES) such as PV Systems, Wind Energy Systems is extensively used. This paper proposes a method of integrating the DG with Distribution Network to maximize the penetrating DG Power into the Distribution Network. This method adopts power flow analysis & also uses STATCOM to control the variation in bus voltages in the distribution network. This method is implemented and tested using Power World Simulator on an IEEE 13-Bus industrial distribution system with different loading conditions, which results in a significant increase in a DG power generation.

Keywords: Distributed Generation, Optimization, Power Flow, Renewable Energy Systems, STATCOM

[1]. H.M.Ayres and W.Freitas "Method for determining the maximum allowable penetration level of distributed generation without steady state voltage violation" Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), Volume:4 , Issue: 4, April 2010
[2]. R. E. Brown and L. A. Freeman, "Analyzing the Reliability Impact of Distributed Generation", Proceedings of the IEEE Summer Meeting, pp. l013-l018, July 2001.
[3]. G.X. Luo and A. Semlye "Efficient Load Flow for Large Weakly Meshed Networks", IEEE Trans on Power Systems, Vol. 5, No. 4, November 1990.
[4]. Vovos P.N., Harrison G.P., Wallace A.R., Bialek j.w.: "Optimal power flow as a tool for fault level-constrained network capacity analysis‟, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2005, 20,(2),pp. 734–741
[5]. Ent C.J., Ochoa L.F., Harrison G.P., bialek j.w.: "Efficient secure AC OPF for distributed generation uptake maximization‟. Proc. 2008 16th Power Systems Computation Conf. (PSCC‟08)

Abstract: This paper presents a control scheme of a fuzzy logic for the brushless direct current (BLDC) permanent magnet motor drives. The mathematical model of BLDC motor and fuzzy logic algorithm is derived. The controller is designed to tracks variations of speed references and stabilizes the output speed during load variations. The BLDC has some advantages compare to the others type of motors, however the nonlinearity of the BLDC motor drive characteristics, because it is difficult to handle by using conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The BLDC motor is fed from the inverter where the rotor position and current controller is the input.

[1] Chung-Wen Hung, Jen-Ta Su, Chih-Wen Liu, Cheng-Tsung Lin and Jhih-Han Chen. 2010. Fuzzy Gain Scheduling PI controller for Sensorless four switches three phase BLDC motor. IEEE 978-1-4244-4783-1/10.
[2] Cheng-Tsung Lin, Chung-Wen Hung and Chih-Wen Liu. 2007. Fuzzy PI controller for BLDC motors considering Variable Sampling Effect. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON). Nov. 5-8, Taipei, Taiwan.
[3] George K. I. Mann, Bao-Gang Hu and Raymond G. Gosine. 1999. Analysis of Direct Action Fuzzy PI Controller Structures. IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics-part b: cybernetics. 29(3).
[4] G. Sakthival, T.S. Anandhi and S.P. Natarjan. 2010. Real time implementation of DSP based Fuzzy logic controller for Speed control of BLDC motor. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887). 10(8).

Abstract: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been considered as a promising technique to achieve high data rate transmission in mobile environment. However, it is very sensitive to nonlinear effects due to high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). In this paper firstly the nonlinear effect of high power amplifier in the form of inband & outband distortion caused by high PAPR is analyzed and then Riemann sequence and normalized Riemann sequence based SLM is applied to reduce the effect of high PAPR. All the simulation results are obtained in presence of Rapp's SSPA model.

Keywords: Peak to average power ratio (PAPR), high power amplifier (HPA), Riemann sequence, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

[1] L. J. Cimini Jr, Ye, L.,Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Wireless Channels, Proc..IEEE conference on Global Telecommunications , Sydney, Australia,1998,82-85

[2] E. Costa, M. Midrio, and S. Pupolin, Impact of amplifier nonlinearities on OFDM transmission system performance, IEEE Communications Letters, 3, 37-39, 1999

[3] X.Li and L.J. Cimini, Effects of clipping and filtering in the performance of OFDM, IEEE Communications Letters, 2, 131-133, 1998.

[4] A. E. Jones, T. A. Wilkinson, and S. K. Barton, Block coding scheme for reduction of peak to mean envelope power ratio of multicarrier transmission Schemes, Electronics Letters, 30, 2098-2099, 1994.

[5] T. Jiang and Y. Wu, An Overview: peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for OFDM signals, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., 54(2) 257-268, 2008.

[6] S. H. Muller and J. B. Huber, OFDM with reduced peak–to–average power ratio by optimum combination of partial transmit sequences, Elect. Lett., 33(5), 368–369, Feb.1997.

Abstract: The issue of voltage instability is becoming a matter of concern throughout the world. It is of absolute importance to maintain the stability of the power system or it would lead to a condition of total collapse of the system and ultimately blackout of the whole network. This paper analyses the performance of line voltage stability indices, Fast Voltage Stability index (FVSI), Line index (LQP), Reactive Power Index (VQI) and line Stability Index (LMN). These indices are used to identify the most critical line and bus of the system. Under a condition of single line outage a TCSC is installed at the most critical line and its effect has been observed. An IEEE 14 bus system is used for simulation purpose.

Keywords: TCSC, FVSI, LQP, VQI, LMN

[1] P.Kundur "Power System Stability and Control" McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994
[2] Claudia Reis, F.P. Maciel Barbosa et. al. "A Comparison of Voltage Stability indices" IEEE MELECON, pp. 1007-1010, May 16-19 2006, Benalmadena (Malaga), Spain
[3] C. Reis and F.P. Maciel Barbosa, "Line Indices for Voltage Stability Assessment" IEEE Bucharest Power Tech Conference, 28 June – 2 July, Bucharest, Romania.
[4] Mohammed Amroune, Hadi Sebaa et al. "Static Voltage Stability Margin Enhancement Using SVC and TCSC" International Journal of Electrical, Robotics, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Vol: 7 No : 10, pp. 900-905, 2013.
[5] Ismail Musirin, Titik Khawa et al. "Novel Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) for Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Transmission System" IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development Proceedings, pp. 265-268, 2002, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
[6] Ismail Musirin et al. "Online Voltage Stability Based Contingency Ranking Using Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI)" IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition, Vol. 2, pp. 1118 – 1123, 6- 10 Oct 2002.
[7] Z.J.Lim, M.W.Mustafa et al. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Voltage Stability Indices on Different Loadings" IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO), pp.543-547, June 6-7 2012, Melaka, Malaysia.
[8] F.A. Althowibi, M.W. Mustafa "Line Voltage Stability Calculations in Power Systems" IEEE International conference on power and energy, pp. 396-401, Nov 29-Dec 1 2010 Kaula Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract: This paper presents a power factor correction (PFC) based bridgeless-canonical switching cell (BL-CSC) converter fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. The proposed BL-CSC converter operating in a discontinuous inductor current mode is used to achieve a unity power factor at the AC mains using a single voltage sensor. The speed of BLDC motor is controlled by varying the DC bus voltage of the voltage source inverter (VSI) feeding BLDC motor via a PFC converter. Therefore, the BLDC motor is electronically commutated such that the VSI operates in fundamental frequency switching for reduced switching losses. Moreover, the bridgeless configuration of CSC converter offers low conduction losses due to partial elimination of diode bridge rectifier at the front end.

[1]. A. Barkley, D. Michaud, E. Santi, A. Monti and D.Patterson, "Single Stage Brushless DC Motor Drive with High Input Power Factor for Single Phase Applications," 37th IEEE Power Electr. Spec. Conf., (PESC), pp.1-10, 18-22 June 2006.
[2]. T. Gopalarathnam and H.A.Toliyat, "A new topology for unipolar brushless DC motor drive with high power factor," IEEE Trans. Power Elect., vol.18, no.6, pp. 1397-1404, Nov. 2003.
[3]. 3. A.Fardoun, E. H. Ismail, A. J. Sabzali, M. A. Al-Saffar, "New Efficient Bridgeless Cuk Rectifiers for PFC Applications," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.27, no.7, pp.3292-3301, July 2012.
[4]. B. Singh and V. Bist, "An Improved Power Quality ridgeless Cuk Converter Fed BLDC Motor Drive for Air Conditioning System", IET Power Elect., Volume 6, issue 5, pp. 902–913, 2013.
[5]. M.Mahdavi and H. Farzaneh-Fard, "Bridgeless CUK power factor correction rectifier with reduced conduction losses," IET power Electron. Vol.5 no.9,pp 1733-1740,Nov.2012.
[6]. A. J. Sabzali, E. H. Ismail, M. A. Al-Saffar and A. A. Fardoun, "New Bridgeless DCM Sepic and Cuk PFC Rectifiers With Low Conduction and Switching Losses," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.47, no.2, pp.873- 881,March-April2011.

Abstract: Many properties of textile material vary drastically as relative humidity and temperature changes. Humidity and temperature are crucial parameters in industries like paper, leather, pharmaceutical, sugar, food etc. apart from textile industry. Also the human efficiency, comfort and operations of electronic components and equipments are affected by humidity and temperature. This system proposes measurement and control of humidity and temperature using CAN based embedded system for textile industry. CAN is suitable protocol for monitoring data and for control commands as it is long distance, secure, reliable and flexible. PIC microcontroller is used for different nodes as it offers various on chip resources apart from on chip CAN.

Keywords: CAN BUS, Master- Slave communication, PIC Microcontroller, Sensors (humidity sensor and temperature sensor).

[1] The Armstrong Humidification Handbook-501",Year,1995 www.armstronginternational.com
[2] "Humidification in textile mill". www.cottonyarnmarket.net/OASMTP/HUMIDIFICATION.
[3] "Textile Conditioning-Is it really necessary?" www.humiditycontrol.com parameter generation and control. Year 2011/08.
[4] Pranita J. Gujrathi and prof. Mrs. Jyoti Giri, International journal of advanced information science and technology (IJAIST) vol.22, no.22, feb 2014 "Advanced green house control and monitoring system on CAN BUS".
[5] Verkauf schweiz, member of the walter meier group, "Textile humidification improving profits with humidity control", www.condair.com
[6] Parameter generation and control, Humidity control 101 www.google.com
[7] P. B. Ladgaonkar and A. M. Pawar, International journal of advances in engineering and technology, July 2011"design and implementation of sensor node for wireless sensors network to monitor humidity of high-tech poly-house environment

Abstract: This particular article reveals a prototyped interface current control protocol which is ideal for multilevel converters and it's utilization with a three-phase cascaded H-bridge inverter. This kind of administration approach utilizes a discrete-time type of the device to estimate the longer term benefit from the current for many voltage vectors, as well as decides on the vector which in turn decreases an expense purpose. A result of the multitude of voltage vectors obtainable in a multilevel inverter, numerous computations are expected, producing challenging execution with this strategy in a typical control program. A new improved strategic approach with the demonstration using physical framework as well as Matlab system significantly decreases the number of computations without influencing the actual system's effectiveness is suggested.

[1] Zhao, Linjia, Weihua Zeng, and Zengwei Yuan. "Reduction of potential greenhouse gas emissions of room air-conditioner refrigerants: a life cycle carbon footprint analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015): 262-268.
[2] Bazmi, Aqeel Ahmed, and Gholamreza Zahedi. "Sustainable energy systems: Role of optimization modeling techniques in power generation and supply -A review." Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 15.8 (2011): 3480-3500.
[3] Paixao Cortes, Fernando, et al. "A low-power RF/Analog front-end architecture for LF passive RFID tags with dynamic power sensing." RFID (IEEE RFID), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014.
[4] Cheng, Shih-Jen, et al. "High-efficiency digital-controlled interleaved power converter for high-power PEM fuel-cell applications." Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 60.2 (2013): 773-780.
[5] Mekhilef, Saad, Hudhaifa Ibrahim Khudhur, and Hamza Belkamel. "DC link capacitor voltage balancing in three level neutral point clamped inverter."Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL), 2012 IEEE 13th Workshop on. IEEE, 2012.
[6] Wang, Huai, Henry Shu-Hung Chung, and Wenchao Liu. "Use of a series voltage compensator for reduction of the DC-link capacitance in a capacitor-supported system." Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 29.3 (2014): 1163-1175.

Abstract: In this paper is study the role of Measurement noise covariance R and Process noise covariance Q. As both the parameter in the Kalman filter is a important parameter to decide the estimation closeness to the True value , Speed and Bandwidth [1] . First of the most important work in integration is to consider the realistic dynamic model covariance matrix Q and measurement noise covariance matrix R for work in the Kalman filter. The performance of the methods to estimate and calculate both of these matrices depends entirely on the minimization of dynamic and measurement update errors that lead the filter to converge[2].

[1] Hen-Geul-Yen, Senior Member IEEE,"Real Time Implementation of a narrow-band Kalman Filter with a Floating-Point Processor".IEEE transaction on industrial electronics",Vol.37. pp 13-18.

[2] Ali Almagbile, Jinling Wang, and Weidong Ding "Evaluating the Performances of Adaptive Kalman Filter Methods in GPS/INS Integration" Journal of Global Positioning Systems (2010) Vol.9, No.1 , pp 33-40.

[3] Mohamed A. and Schwarz K. (1999) "Adaptive Kalman Filtering for INS/GPS". Journal of Geodesy, Vol.73, pp 193-203 [4] Ding W., Wang J. and Rizos, C. (2007) "Improving Adaptive Kalman Estimation in GPS/INS Integration". The Journal of Navigation, Vol.60, pp 517-529

[5] Hu C., Chen W., Chen Y. and Liu D. (2003) "Adaptive Kalman Filterinmg for Vehicle Navigation". Journal of Global Poaitioning System, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 42-47.

[6] Li D. and Wang, J. (2006) "System Design and Performance Analysis of Extended Kalman Filter-Based Ultra-Tight GPS/INS Integration", IEEE/ION Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium, pp 291-199.

[7] Wang J., Stewart M. and Tsakiri M. (1999) " Online Stochastic Modeling for INS/GPS Integration" . ION GPS-99 proceedings, Nashville, Tennessee, pp 1887–1895.

Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained significant interest due to their unique optical, antimicrobial, electrical, physical properties and their possible application. The change of energy level from continuous band to discrete band of Ag NPs with decrease in size of particles gives strong size dependent chemical and physical properties. Ag NPs show lower toxicity to human health while Ag NPs show higher toxicity to various micro-organisms.

[1] M.G. Guzman, J. Dille, S. Godet, ―Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Chemical Reduction Method and Their Antibacterial Activity‖, World Acad Sci Eng Technol, vol. 43, pp. 357–364, 2008
[2] D.J. Xiong, M.L. Chen, H. Li, ―Synthesis of Para-Sulfonatocalix Arene-Modified Silver Nanoparticles as Colorimetric Histidine Probes‖. Chem Commun, pp. 880–882, 2008
[3] S. Basu, S. Jana, S. Pande, T. Pal, ―Interaction of DNA Bases With Silver NaNoparticles: Assembly Quantified Through SPRS and SERS‖, J Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 321, no. 2, 288-293, 2008
[4] K. Anandan, V. Rajendran, ―Morphological and Size Effects of Nio Nanoparticles via Solvothermal Process and Their Optical Properties‖, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., vol. 14, pp. 43-47, 2011
[5] P. Laokul, V. Amornkitbamrung, S. Seraphin, S. Maensiri, S, ―Characterization And Magnetic Properties Of Nanocrystalline CuFe2O4, NiFe2O4, ZnFe2O4 Powders Prepared By The Aloe Vera Extract Solution‖, Curr. Appl. Phys, vol. 11, pp. 101, 2011

Abstract: By this time, solar technology is convenient, proven and well accepted in Bangladesh. It is environment friendly and price of solar panel is decreasing day by day. Energy generation is one of the key factors in driving the socio-economic growth of any country. In Bangladesh, increasing demands for energy has already exceeded the capacity from existing power plants by conventional sources of energy. Rarikandi is a place of cultivation, for this reason population is also higher in this region. Rarikandi has no direct connection with the town because it is surrounded by a river. But Solar energy can bring a new era for the villagers. Energy status will be discussed in this paper with more explanation and with present and future demand. The performance of solar system in bangladesh has also been good, as the average irradiance remains 4.99 KWh/m2/day throughout the year and the seasonal variation of insulation is small. Chattagram is the nearest place in RETScreen software from where climate data is taken.

[1]. http://cleantechnica.com/2014/10/25/solar-energy-revolution-everyones-ignoring-bangladesh/
[2]. http://cleantechnica.com/2011/12/30/cheap-solar-home-systems-bringing-light-new-opportunities-to-millions-in-rural-Bangladesh/
[3]. Shahidul I. Khan, Md. Abul Kashem, Md. Ariful hoque, ―Design and Analysis of A Mini Solar Grid in Remote Area of Bangladesh,‖ IEEE Transl.. North American Power Symposium, DOI:10.1109/NAPS.2009.5484056, October 2009. [Digests on International Conf. North American Power Symposium, 2009].
[4]. Mir Nahidul Ambia, Md. Kafiul Islam, Md. Asaduzzaman Shoeb, Md. Nasimul Islam Maruf, A.S.M.
[5]. Mohsin, ―An Analysis & Design on Micro Generation of A Domestic Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy System for Rural & Remote Areas-Perspective Bangladesh,‖ IEEE Transl. Mechanical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 107-110, August 2010. [Digests 2 and International Conf. Mechanical and Electronics Engineering , 2010].www.google map.com

Abstract: The design of the multirate filter (programmable) has been proposed which can be used in digital transceivers that meets 802.16d/e (wimax) standard in the wireless communication system. Wimax is a technology emerging in the wireless communication system in order to increase the broadband wireless internet access. As there is wide spread need of the digital representation of the signal for the transmission and storage which create the challenges in DSP [1]. In this paper we analyzed the implementation cost of interpolator for the wimax technology, and cost of interpolator can be analyzed by number of adders and multiplier. The Filters are designed using the FDA (filters design and analysis) tool in MATLAB.

Keywords: Duc, Fda, Interpolator Matlab, Sdr, Wimax

1]. V.Sunderarajan, K.K. Parhi, synthesis of minimum-area folded architectures for rectangular multidimensional, IEEE transactions on signal processing 51(2003) 1954-1965.
[2]. Shitra G,A.R.Aswatha Design and implementation of the efficient 4G DDC used in the wireless receiver system, volume 120,18 June 2015.
[3]. Altera "Accelerating DUC and DDC system designs for WiMAX" Version 2.2 May 2007.
[4]. Priya gautam, Savneet kaur, Ramdeep kaur, Sumeet kaur Harish kundra, Review paper on the wireless technology,volume 2, issue 1, March(2014) .
[5]. Sumeet Prashar, Rajesh Mehra Design and Analysis of Multirate Filter for WiMAX Application, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2012.

Abstract: Fractional rate converters which are generally used for many applications with different frequencies and are an essential part of communication systems. In this paper fractional rate converter with use of both FIR and Nyquist FIR have been compared and analyzed. Its implementation can be easily found in the developing communication systems, but here results are taken for audio applications. The proposed design and analysis have been developed with the help of MATLAB with order 50 for FIR and 71 for Nyquist, sampling frequency 48000Hz. The filters are then interpolated by an interpolation factor 2 and decimated by a decimation factor of 3. The cost implementation of both has been taken into consideration and a result is drawn which concludes that fractional rate converter for Nyquist FIR filter much more cost effective as compared to the fractional rate converter for FIR filter

[1] Suraj R. Gaikwad, Prof. Gopal Gawande,"Design of Highly Efficient Multirate Digital Filters",Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6,pp 560,Nov-Dec 2013

[2] Mandeep Singh Saini and Dr. Kuldeep Kaur,"Case study then Direct-Form FIR Poly-phase Linear Interpolator Filter Design with Symmetric Structure",International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 3 Issue 4, pp.1420-1422, April 2014

[3] Zhengmao Ye, Habib Mohamadian," Analysis of Multistage Sampling Rate Conversion for Potential Optimal Factorization", Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 10th international conference of sampling and theory and applications, pp.244[4]

Abstract: This paper deals with the various concepts of solar cells which include crystalline silicon solar cells, thin film plasmonic solar cells and dye sensitized solar cells. The scattering from metal nano particles near their localized Plasmon resonance is a promising way of increasing the light absorption in thin-film solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells have the potential of high commercial appeal, low cost investments, and high-efficiency conversion.

Key words: Plasmonic solar cell, Dye sensitized solar cell, photonic

[1] M. A. Green, and S. Pillai, "Harnessing plasmonics for solar cells," in Nature Photonics,vol. 6, pp. 130-132, March 2012.

[2] Wurfel, U.; Peters, M.; Hinsch, A.; Detailed experimental and theoretical investigation of theelectron transport in a dye solar cell by means of a three-electrode configuration. J. Phys. Chem.C 2008, 112, 1711–1720.

[3] M. Chael, E. Ropp, and Sigifredo Gonzalez "Development of a MATLAB/simlink model of a single phase grid connected photovoltaic system," IEEE transaction on Energy conversion, vol 3, pp. 344-349,2009.

[4] H. A. Atwater, and A. Polman, "Harnessing plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices," in Nature Materials, vol. 9, pp. 205-211, March 2010.

[5] K. R. Catchpole and A. Polman,"Design principles for particle plasmon enhanced solarcells", Appl. Phys. Lett., 93, 191113, 2008.

[6] K. R. Catchpole and A. Polman,"Plasmonic solar cells", OpticsExpress, 16, 21793,2008. [7] Bohren, C. F. & Huffman, D. R. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles(Wiley, 2008).