iosr-JECE   Volume-20 ~ Issue-3 ~ May - Jun. 2025

Abstract: The development and evaluation of a kite-shaped microstrip patch antenna array incorporated with DGS is the main goal of this study. Wideband applicability, improved gain, directivity, and effective current distribution are the goal line of the suggested design, which is well-matched for ISM band submissions. The novel layout uses Fire Resistance FR4 epoxy as the dielectric substrate. The High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software was used for simulation and parameter optimization, and fabrication to validate the design. Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) was used for experimental evaluation.

Keywords: Microstrip Patch Antenna, Defected Ground Structure (DGS), Wireless Communication, Kite Shaped Array Antenna, ISM Band, High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).

[1] S. Zekavat, R. M. Buehrer, G. D. Durgin, L. Lovisolo, Z. Wang, S. T. Goh, And A. Ghasemi, "An Overview On Position Location: Past, Present, Future," Int. J. Wireless Inf. Netw., Vol. 28, Pp. 45–76, 2021.
[2] M. Alsaadi, N. Alotaibi, And W. Ali, "Advanced Iot Technology And Protocols: Review And Future Perspectives," International Journal On Recent And Innovation Trends In Computing And Communication, Vol. 12, Pp. 50–61, May 202
[3] S. Angadi, V. Karteek, C. Ravi, C. Dhanamjayulu, T. Kim, And S. Kumar, "Meta-Atom Loaded Circularly Polarized Triple Band Patch Antenna For Wi-Fi, Ism And X-Band Communications," Heliyon, Vol. 10, 2024, Doi: 10.1016/J.Heliyon.2024.E28906.
[4] Z. U. Islam, A. Bermak, And B. Wang, "A Review Of Microstrip Patch Antenna-Based Passive Sensors," Sensors, Vol. 24, No. 19, P. 6355, 2024, Doi: 10.3390/S24196355.
[5] S. Singh, G. Sethi, And J. S. Khinda, "A Historical Development And Futuristic Trends Of Microstrip Antennas," Int. J. Comput. Digit. Syst., Vol. 12, No. 1, 2022..

Abstract:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM is a widespread method used in modern communications systems, all because it is resistant to frequency-selective fading in addition to its ability to reduce interference between symbols. One of the most important disadvantages of this method is the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio PAPR. This causes energy inefficiency and thus increases the complexity of the transmitting devices. In this study, we present a method to reduce (PAPR) in systems that rely on multiplexing (OFDM) by using the information hiding method, or what is called steganography. Here, steganography hides data, which is often in the form of text, inside the digital .......

Keywords: OFDM; PAPR Reduction; Steganography; Communication Systems; Noise channel; Quality of signal.

[1]. Singh, M., Abd El-Mottaleb, S. A., Ahmed, H. Y., Zeghid, M., Nisar, K. S., Al-Ahmadi, A. N., & Mahmoud, M. (2023). A HighSpeed Integrated OFDM/DPS-OCDMA-Based FSO Transmission System: Impact Of Atmospheric Conditions. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 77, 15-29.
[2]. Timande, B. D., & Nigam, M. K. (2023). PAPR Reduction An Effective Approach For Next Frontier MIMO-OFDM Systems. Journal Of Engineering Research, 11(1A).
[3]. Sahoo, S., Panda, C., & Bhanja, U. (2023, May). Performance Evaluation Of An OFDM-FSO-Steganography Model. In 2023 International Conference On Microwave, Optical, And Communication Engineering (ICMOCE) (Pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[4]. Jawhar, Y. A., Audah, L., Taher, M. A., Ramli, K. N., Shah, N. S. M., Musa, M., & Ahmed, M. S. (2019). A Review Of Partial Transmit Sequence For PAPR Reduction In The OFDM Systems. IEEE Access, 7, 18021-18041.
[5]. Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Ai, B. (2019). An Efficient ACE Scheme For PAPR Reduction Of OFDM Signals With High-Order Constellation. IEEE Access, 7, 118322-118332.

Abstract:Background: The present study addresses video surveillance systems in the identification and monitoring of traffic incidents on state highways in the Island of São Luís. The objective is to analyze video surveillance systems in identifying traffic incidents on the MA highways of the Island of São Luís, observing the efficiency of video surveillance in collecting traffic violations, the variation in traffic incident rates before and after the installation of traffic surveillance cameras.....

Keywords: Video surveillance system; Technology; Road safety; Enforcement; Traffic incidents

[1]. Araújo, J. M. De. Fiscalização De Trânsito Por Videomonitoramento. Ctb Digital, 2013. Disponível Em:
Https://Www.Ctbdigital.Com.Br/Artigo-Comentarista/338. Acesso Em: 6 Jan. 2025.
[2]. Atmosfera Online. Polícia Rodoviária Federal Passa A Utilizar Câmeras Para Monitoramento De Rodovias No Rio Grande Do Sul. Atmosfera Online, 2024. Disponível Em: Https://Www.Atmosferaonline.Com.Br/Policia-Rodoviaria-Federal-Passa- A-Utilizar-Cameras-Para-Monitoramento-De-Rodovias-No-Rio-Grande-Do-Sul/. Acesso Em: 15 Fev. 2025.
[3]. Bardin, Laurence. Análise De Conteúdo. São Paulo: Edições 70, 2011.
[4]. Barbosa, Eduardo F. Instrumentos De Coleta De Dados Em Pesquisas Educacionais. 2008. Disponível Em: Http://Goo.Gl/Bgnmbu. Acesso Em: 3 Fev. 2025.
[5]. Brasil. Constituição Da República Federativa Do Brasil De 1988. Brasília, Df: Senado Federal, 1988. Disponível Em:
Https://Www.Planalto.Gov.Br. Acesso Em: 28 Fev. 2025..

Abstract:This paper focuses on the approaching 6G network revolution in wireless communication. Future high-tech systems like real-time digital twins, brain-computer interfaces, smart cities, autonomous mobility, and immersive Extended Reality (XR) technologies are investigated with respect to 6G's possible to service them. The main emphasis of this work is on many novel technologies including Terahertz (THz) Communication, Visible Light Communication (VLC), Reconfigurable.........

Key Word: 6G technologies, Sa-Fi, Terahertz Communication, VLC, RIS, DICN, AI

[1] Rappaport, T. S., Et Al. (2020). Wireless Communications: Principles And Practice. Pearson Education.
[2] Zhang, Y., & Zhang, R. (2021). Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces For 6G Wireless Communications: Challenges, Opportunities, And Future Directions. IEEE Transactions On Wireless Communications, 20(12), 7594-7608. Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/TWC.2021.3051563
[3] Wang, L., Et Al. (2021). Visible Light Communication: Applications And Emerging Technologies In 6G. IEEE Access, 9, 123456-123470. Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3085679
[4] Zhang, R., & Liu, J. (2020). Distributed Computing For 6G Networks: Key Enabling Technologies And Applications. IEEE Transactions On Network And Service Management, 17(2), 1100-1112. Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/TNSM.2020.2987425
[5] Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2021). Artificial Intelligence In 6G: A Survey And Future Directions. IEEE Transactions On Cognitive Communications And Networking, 7(4), 1-17. Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/TCCN.2021.3068463

Abstract:The planning and operation of classrooms are being revolutionised by the Internet of Things (IoT). This technology enhances instructional efficiency and environmental management by regulating temperature, illumination, and attendance through platforms like Thonny IDE, MicroPython, and ThingSpeak. This approach enhances the learning environment by enhancing the classroom's responsiveness and dynamic nature. The accuracy of environmental........

Key Word: Smart Classroom, Internet of Things, MicroPython, Thonny IDE, ThingSpeak, Automation, Environmental Monitoring, Attendance Tracking

[1] Alashwal, M. A., & Abubakar, M. R. (2017). Internet Of Things (Iot) In Education: Review And Future Perspectives. International Journal Of Advanced Computer Science And Applications, 8(7), 225-231. Https://Doi.Org/10.14569/IJACSA.2017.080732
[2] Arora, A., & Soni, M. (2019). A Review Of Smart Classrooms And Iot-Based Educational Systems. International Journal Of Computer Science And Engineering, 7(3), 1475-1481. Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/Icose.2019.8889023
[3] Dai, W., Chen, Y., & Zhang, L. (2018). Smart Classroom Architecture Based On Cloud-Edge Computing. IEEE Transactions On Industrial Informatics, 14(3), 1091-1102. Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/TII.2017.2716347
[4] Fathy, A., & Soliman, M. (2020). Smart Classroom Design Using Iot And Cloud Computing. International Journal Of Smart And Nano Materials, 11(4), 211-221. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/19475420.2020.1844841
[5] Gao, L., & Zhang, W. (2021). Energy-Saving Smart Classrooms Based On Iot Technologies. Sustainability, 13(9), 4915. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Su13094915