iosr-JECE   Volume-18 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov - Dec. 2023

Abstract: In the near future, wireless sensor networks are poised to witness widespread application and increased adoption. This research paper introduces an original classification of sensor networks based on their operational characteristics, distinguishing them as proactive or reactive networks. Reactive networks promptly respond to changes in relevant parameters, while proactive networks passively collect data without immediate reaction. A dedicated routing protocol, TEEN (Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network protocol), has been developed specifically for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). TEEN aims to enhance the overall effectiveness of WSNs by optimizing energy usage. TEEN employs a threshold-sensitive mechanism to filter incoming data and selectively transmit.....

Keywords—Teen(Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol) , Bs (Base Station) , Ch ( Cluster Head) , Wsn ( Wireless Sensor Network).

[1]. J. Broch, D. Maltz, D. Johnson, Y. Hu, And J. Jetcheva. "A Performance Comparison Of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols". In Proceedings Of The Fourth Annual Acm/Ieee International Conference On Mobile Computing And Networking(Mobicom), Acm, October 1998.
[2]. J. Elson And D. Estrin. "An Address-Free Architecture For Dynamic Sensor Networks". Technical Report 00-724, Computer Science Department, Usc, January 2000.
[3]. D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann, And S. Kumar. "Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination In Wireless Networks". In Proceedings Of The 5th Annual Acm/Ieee International Conference On Mobile Computing And Networking(Mobicom), Pages 263–270, 1999.
[4]. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, And H. Balakrishnan. "Uamps Ns Code Extensions".
Http://Wwwmtl.Mit.Edu/Research/Icsystems/Uamps/ Leach.
[5]. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, And H. Balakrishnan. "Energy-Efficient Communication Protocols For Wireless Microsensor Networks". In Proceedings Of Hawaiian International Conference On Systems Science, January 2000.

Abstract: This paper delves into the fundamental principles of control system design and their application in a comprehensive flight simulation of rocket liftoff and vertical landing. The primary objective is to develop a robust control system capable of orchestrating a rocket's liftoff during phase one and executing a precise gravity turn in phase two, ultimately enabling a safe and controlled vertical landing.

Keywords—rocket, vertical landing, control, autopilot

[1]. Jenie, Yazdi & Suarjaya, W. & Eko-Poetro, Ridanto. (2019). Falcon 9 Rocket Launch Modeling and Simulation with Thrust Vectoring Control and Scheduling. 25-31. 10.1109/ACDT47198.2019.9072837.
[2]. Smith, J. A., & Johnson, R. D. (Year). "Advances in Propulsion Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Specific Impulse Metrics." Journal of Rocket Science, 45(2), 123-137.
[3]. Anderson, J. D. (1987). "Hypersonic and High-Temperature Gas Dynamics." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 24(7), 506-511.
[4]. Sutton, G. P., & Biblarz, O. (2016). "Rocket Propulsion Elements." Journal of Propulsion and Power, 32(2), 212-219.
[5]. Huzel, D. K., & Huang, D. H. (1971). "Design of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines." Journal of Astronautics, 14(5), 304-312..

Abstract: This paper presents a compact, low-profile, and planar integrated antenna for Bluetooth and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) applications. The proposed antenna operates in dual bands, covering the Bluetooth frequency range of 2.40 to 2.48 GHz and the UWB frequency range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The antenna utilizes a circular-shaped patch fed by a microstrip line and is designed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 35×45 mm2. To achieve resonance over the Bluetooth band, an arc shaped slot with a half-wavelength is etched into the radiating patch........

Keywords :—Ultra-Wideband, Bluetooth, GSM

[1] Federal Communications Commission. Revision Of Part 15 Of The Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems. Tech. Rep. ET-Docket 98–153. Washington, DC, USA: Federal Communications Commission (FCC); 2002:FCC02-FCC48.
[2] S. W. Yik, Z. Zakaria And N. A. Shairi, "A Compact Design Of Reconfigurable Dual Band-Notched UWB Antenna," 2018 IEEE International Workshop On Electromagnetics:Applications And Student Innovation Competition (Iwem), Nagoya, Japan, 2018, Pp. 1-2, Doi: 10.1109/Iwem.2018.8536707.
[3] S. C. Deshmukh, R. P. Labade And S. Sureshkumar, "Design Of Modified Hexagonal UWB Slot Antenna With Dual Band Notched Characteristics," 2018 International Conference On Advances In Communication And Computing Technology (ICACCT), Sangamner, India, 2018, Pp. 420-425, Doi: 10.1109/ICACCT.2018.8529440.
[4] A. H. Majeed, K. H. Sayidmarie, "UWB Elliptical Patch Monopole Antenna With Dual-Band Notched Characteristics", International Journal Of Electrical And Computer Engineering (IJECE), Vol. 9, No. 5, October 2019, Pp. 3591~3598.
[5] B. Wu, Y. Ji And G. Fang, "Analysis Of GPR UWB Half-Ellipse Antennas With Different Heights Of Backed Cavity Above Ground," In IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 9, Pp. 130-133, 2010, Doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2010.2044475.

Abstract: An important parameter in radio-wave propagation is the electric field strength and the covered distance, especially for television and radio. Fluctuation, interference, and not being able to receive clear signal has been major challenge in some part of Osun state, hence the need to carry out this research for proper planning of a wider listening audience.
This study investigates variations of electric field strength and power density of Redeemer's FM, a radio station transmitting on frequency 103.5 MHz. Digital field strength meter and a Global Positioning System were used to objectively measure the radio transmitter's received signal intensity and elevation angle over 19 specific distances from the base station to about 50 km.........

Keywords :—Coverage area; Electric field strength; Field strength meter; Power density; Radio-Frequency

[1]. Sanyaolu, M. E., Dairo, O. F., Willoughby, A. A., Kolawole, L. B. Estimation Of Rain Fade Durations On Communication Links At Ka-Band In Equatorial And Tropical Regions. Telecommunication & Radio Engineering 2020, 79(2), 129-141.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1615/Telecomradeng.V79.I2.50
[2]. Vhf/Uhf Bands. Ieee Trans. Broadcast 48(2), 92–95. Doi: 10.1109/Tbc.2002.1021273
[3]. Ajewole, M. O., Oyedum, O. D., Adediji, A. T., Eichie, J. O., And Moses, A. S. Spatial Coverage Of F.M. Radio Transmitters In Niger State, Nigeria. Iup Journal. Of Telecommunication 2012, 14(4), 7-19.
Http://Repository.Futminna.Edu.Ng:8080/Jspui/Handle/123456789/19155
[4]. Sanyaolu Modupe Eunice, Sanyaolu Olufemi. Seasonal And Latitudinal Variations Of Surface Radio Refractivity Over Nigeria, Indonesian Journal Of Electrical Engineering And Computer Science, 2022, 28(3), Pp. 1548~1553 Issn: 2502-4752,
Https://Doi.Org/10.11591/Ijeecs.V28.I3
[5]. Azodolmolky, S. Et Al. Experimental Demonstration Of An Impairment-Aware Network Planning And Operation Tool For Transparent/Translucent Optical Networks. Journal Of Lightwave Technology, 2011, 29(4), 439–448

Abstract: Television White Space (TVWS) is the underutilized or unused radio frequency spectrum that was originally allotted for television broadcasting. It has enormous potential to increase internet access, especially in places where traditional connectivity choices are scarce. TVWS's capacity to pass through barriers and resilience to attenuation and fading has drawn attention to its potential to offer wireless broadband connectivity, especially in underdeveloped areas. But in order for it to be implemented successfully, operational, technological, and regulatory issues must be carefully considered. When used properly, TVWS can be a useful instrument in the fight against the digital divide and to advance equitable access to information and services. A deployed network must be carefully planned.......

Keywords :—Customer premises equipment, Distance distribution, Television white space, User capacity

[1]. Harrison, P. & Todes, A. Spatial Transformations On A Loosening State: South Africa In A Comparative Perspective. Geoforu M, 2015. 61, 148–162.
[2]. K. Andersson, 2014. Using Tv White Space For Rural Broadband, Carlson Wireless Technologies. White Paper. Available At Http://Www.Carlsonwireless.Com/Products/Ruralconnect- Ip.Htm
[3]. Itu Gsr 2013. Discussion Paper Tv White Spaces: Managing Spaces Or Better Managing Inefficiencies?
[4]. Tec (Telecommunication Engineering Centre), 2016. Ministry Of Communications And Information Technology, Department Of Telecommunication, Government Of India. Broadband Deployment Through Tv-White Space. Iso 9001:2008
[5]. B.I. Bakare, S. Orike, And T.S. Ibanibo, 2022. Design And Simulation Of Television White Space Technology For Rural Broadband Connectivity In

Abstract: Wireless sensor networks are used in many important areas like military, vibration monitoring health monitoring, andindustries etc. Because the sensor nodes has low power, small size, low cost and self-organizing behavior in harsh environments becomethe WSNs attractive in wide variety of applications. The important issue in the design of WSNs is energy usage. There are many routingprotocols like: DEEC, DDEEC, EDEEC, TDEEC, BEENISH, heterogeneous routing, etc. that is used for energy efficiency. Theseprotocols are used to increase the network lifetime of the wireless sensor networks and decrease the energy consumption of the nodes. Inheterogeneity protocols clustering is used. Using clustering the whole sensing area is divided into groups. These groups are also knownas clusters An Optimumclusteringtechnique can low the energy consumption in WSN andincrease the networklifetime.In WSNenergyismainretainer duringanalyzing the routingprotocolsfor WSN.

Keywords :— Wirelesssensornetworks,networklifetime,residualenergy,CH,energyefficientroutingprotocols.

...........