iosr-JECE   Volume-16 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep.-Oct. 2021

Abstract: If we look at the communication system per se then we find that the coder and modulator are two different sections and function independently. Therefore, if the only coding rate is varied as per the design by keeping other parameters same then this directly affects the bandwidth (BW) of the system. For example, if the coding rate is 1/2 the bandwidth reduced to one half and if rate is 1/3 then BW reduces to one third and likewise. However, there is a method by which the BW can be preserved and this can be done if coding and modulation are combined, which means that they do not function independently and whenever the coding rate is changed then the modulation is also changed accordingly. Let us take an example when no coding is employed and the modulation scheme.....

Keywords: Convolutional Code, TCM, QAM.

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[4]. Zhuqing Yue et al Trellis coded modulation with three-dimension 9QAM mapping based on a novel probabilistic shaping method, Optical Communication Volume 449, 15 October 2019, Pages 45-52
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Abstract: A communications protocol illustrates the rules for sending blocks of information [each referred to as a Protocol Data Unit (PDU)] from one node in a network to another node. Protocols are generally defined in a layered mode and supply all or possibly part of the services specified by a level of the OSI guide model. A protocol specification explains the operation of the process and could also propose the technique the protocol requires to be realized. In this paper, we discuss that a Methodology for the Design and Implementation of Communication Protocols for Embedded Wireless Systems. Communication protocol design involves for complementary domains: specification, verification, performance estimation, and implementation. Usually, these technologies are treated as separate, unrelated stages of the design: formal specification, formal verification, and implementation, in particular, are seldom approached from an integrated systems point of view. This paper presents a design methodology that employs a blend of formal and informal mappings to process a high-level specification into an implementation.

Keywords: Protocol data, Embedded system, WPAN, WSN, Infopad, SDL, SMV

[1]. Devare, Manoj. (2018). Low Power Communication Protocols for IoT-Enabled Applications. 10.4018/978-1-5225-3805-9.ch003.
[2]. Daryl Narakadan, SadhanaPai, and Manita Rajput (2018) - Wireless Communication between Embedded Systems based on FPGA. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.41) (2018) 66-70
[3]. Stefan Marksteiner, V´ıctor Juan Exposito Jim ´ enez, HeribertVallant, HerwigZeiner (2018) An Overview of Wireless IoT Protocol Security in the Smart Home Domain. arXiv:1801.07090v1 [cs.CR] 22 Jan 2018
[4]. WojciechStaszewski, Adam JABŁOŃSKI, Kajetan DZIEDZIECH (2018) - A Survey Of Communication Protocols In Modern Embedded Condition Monitoring Systems. Diagnostyka. 2018;19(2):53-62.
[5]. Sarawi, Shadi& Anbar, Mohammed &Alieyan, Kamal &Alzubaidi, Mahmood. (2017). Internet of Things (IoT) Communication Protocols: Review. 10.1109/ICITECH.2017.8079928.

Abstract:In this paper, Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Path loss models for three locations , namely Ughelli, Odeama Creek and Diebu creek in the Southern Nigeria have been achieved. The risk of manually going to the fields to take measurements of relevant link budget parameters has been drastically reduced by using GIS; and more accurate results with clear visualization from point of operation were also achieved. In this work, a program was written in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to automatically compute the path loss using Cost 231 Hata Model, and display it spatially on an administrative map and satellite imagery (Land Use/Land Cover) using ArcMap 9.0.......

Keywords: Southern Nigeria, Geographic Information Systems, Path Loss, Cost 231 Hata, Model

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[3]. Biebuma, J.J, Omijeh, B.O (2013), "Pathloss Model Using Geographic Information System, International Journal of Engineering and Technology. Vol.3 No.3, pp 269-275
[4]. Gupreet Singh Bola and Gurpreet Singh Saini(2013) Path Loss Measurement and Estimation Using Different Empirical Models For WiMax In Urban Area, Area International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2013
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