IOSR-JBM   Volume-27 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2025

Abstract: Analysis of 45 sales contracts and interviews with 15 Ho Chi Minh City SME directors shows that essential clauses—choice-of-law, dispute-resolution, and boilerplate—are routinely omitted, exposing firms to enforcement risk. The absence of express protections forces reliance on implied terms under Vietnamese law and the CISG, often producing unintended obligations. Interviewees cite limited legal literacy, trust-based practices, and aversion to formal safeguards as root causes. The study contends that contractual incompleteness imposes significant legal and commercial costs, and recommends capacity-building, model contracts, and policy reform. Findings inform SME risk management and institutional development in emerging markets.

KeyWord: sales contracts; legal clauses; SMEs; contract enforcement.

[1] Nick Sullivan, (2024). The Imperative of Understanding Contractual Obligations for Small Business Owners. Floriolaw.
[2] BLawyers Vietnam. (2021). Conflict of laws regarding contracts pursuant to Vietnamese laws and 4 conflict resolution principles. Retrieved from BLawyers Vietnam website:
[3] Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[4] Civil Code 2015 (Vietnam). (2015). Civil Code No. 91/2015/QH13, passed 24 November 2015, effective 1 January 2017.
[5] Clay Haltan (2024). Implied Contract Terms: Definition and How Terms Are Set. Investopedia.

Abstract: The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing marketing practices across various industries, including education. This study examines the readiness of educational institutions in Bangalore to adopt AI-driven marketing strategies. With increasing competition among institutions for student enrollment, the role of intelligent technologies in enhancing outreach, personalization, and operational efficiency has gained prominence. The research aims to evaluate the level of awareness, implementation, and preparedness among educational administrators to integrate AI tools in marketing functions such as lead generation, campaign automation, and student engagement......

Key Word: AI driven marketing strategies, educational institutions, theory integration, TPB, Resource based view.

[1]. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
[2]. Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual (7th ed.). Open University Press.
[3]. Chatterjee, S., Rana, N. P., Tamilmani, K., & Sharma, A. (2020). The impact of AI on marketing: A systematic review and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 116, 369–383.
[4]. Davenport, T. H., Guha, A., Grewal, D., & Bressgott, T. (2020). How artificial intelligence will change the future of marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), 24–42.
[5]. Huang, M.-H., & Rust, R. T. (2021). A strategic framework for artificial intelligence in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 49(1), 30–50.

Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between Banking frauds and Corporate financial performance of quoted banks on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Automated teller machine fraud, mobile phone banking fraud and point of sale fraud were Banking fraud proxies while revenue growth and return on investment were the proxies of financial performance. The researchers adopted ex post- facto research design for the study. The study used relevant secondary data obtained from Nigerian Electronic Fraud Forum, Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation, and Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) from 2013 to 2017. The data was analyzed using basic descriptive statistic.......

[1]. Abdurasheed, A, Babaita, I. S. & Yinusa, M. A. (2012). Fraud and its implication for bank performance in Nigeria, International Journal of Asian Social Science 12(4), 382-387
[2]. Adediran, S. & Olugdenga, E. (2010). Impact of fraud on banks’ performance in Nigeria, The Nigerian Academic Forum 19(1).
[3]. Ademoye, K. A. (2012). Frauds in Nigerian banks: Nature, deep-seated causes, aftermaths and probable remedies, Doi:10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n2.279.
[4]. Adeniji, A. A. (2012). Auditing and Assurance Services, Revised Edition. Lagos. Value Analysis Consult.
[5]. Afayi, T. (2014). The effect of fraud on the performance of banks in the United States of America, https//www.academia.edu/7707784/the_effect_of_...April 8.

Abstract: This manuscript explores the unique challenges and opportunities faced by immigrant creatives in the United States through the lens of my personal and professional journey as a Nigerian entrepreneur and project manager. By integrating my experience managing creative cultural events, leading small business operations, and executing complex projects in logistics and technology, I highlight how multidisciplinary skills empower immigrant-led ventures to contribute meaningfully to U.S. economic growth, cultural diversity, and innovation. This study underscores the critical role of immigrant entrepreneurs in advancing national priorities such as workforce development, infrastructure resilience, and cultural inclusion, offering a model for leveraging creative and technical expertise within the framework of U.S. economic and social objectives.

[1]. U.S. Department of Commerce. (2023). Creative Economy Report.
[2]. Project Management Institute. (2022). Talent Gap Report.
[3]. Portes, A., & Zhou, M. (1993). The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
[4]. Florida, R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class. Basic Books.
[5]. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2024). EB-2 National Interest Waiver Guidance.

Abstract: O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as práticas de educação inclusiva à luz da pedagogia da diversidade de Vygotsky, buscando compreender como os profissionais da educação interpretam e implementam ações inclusivas no cotidiano escolar. A pesquisa teve abordagem qualitativa, de natureza descritiva, e foi realizada com 16 profissionais da educação básica, entre professores, coordenadores e gestores, atuantes em escolas públicas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisados com base em categorias emergentes, articuladas aos fundamentos da teoria histórico-cultural. Os resultados revelaram que, embora a maioria dos participantes não tenha recebido.......

[1]. CARVALHO, Anna Maria Pessoa de. Ensino e aprendizagem de Ciências: referenciais teóricos e dados empíricos das sequências de ensino investigativas. Uberlândia: Editora da UFU, 2011.
[2]. DAMASCENO NETO, Afonso Ribeiro; ALVES, Jannaina da Silva; DAMASCENO, Adriana Silva; CAMARGOS, Heloisa Chagas Maia de; TEIXEIRA, Isabelly Moura Cavalcante; MORAIS, Mácia Regina Vieira de; AQUINO, Maria Valdenora Silva de. CONTRIBUIÇÕES DE PIAGET, VIGOTSKY E PAULO FREIRE NA PRÁTICA PEDAGÓGICA: UM ESTUDO COM PROFESSORES(AS) DA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA. Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 4270–4292, 2025
[3]. LIMA, L. A. O. et al. Quality of life at work in a ready care unit in Brazil during the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, [S. l.], v. 8, n. 9, p. 318–327, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i9.2020.1243
[4]. LIMA, L. A. O.; DOMINGUES JUNIOR, GOMES, O. V. O. Saúde mental e esgotamento profissional: um estudo qualitativo sobre os fatores associados à síndrome de burnout entre profissionais da saúde. Boletim de Conjuntura Boca, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10198981
[5]. LIMA, L. A. O.; DOMINGUES, P. L ; SILVA, R. T. . Applicability of the Servqual Scale for Analyzing the Perceived Quality of Public Health Services during the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Municipality of Três Rios/RJ, Brazil. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research (IJMSR), v. 12, p. 17-18, 2024. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0349.1208003

Abstract: A transformação digital tem se consolidado como elemento central para a competitividade das organizações no século XXI, ao articular inovações tecnológicas com estratégias de gestão orientadas à agilidade e à geração de valor. Este resumo sintetiza, de forma concisa, o propósito, o escopo e as principais conclusões de uma revisão sistemática sobre o tema. Inicialmente, delimita-se o período de estudo e as fontes selecionadas para examinar como inteligência artificial, big data, computação em nuvem e automação de processos têm sido integrados aos modelos de negócio.......

[1]. Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., & Venkatraman, N. (2013). Digital business strategy: Toward a next generation of insights. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 471–482.
[2]. Vial, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(2), 118–144.
[3]. Westerman, G., Bonnet, D., & McAfee, A. (2014). Leading Digital: Turning Technology into Business Transformation. Harvard Business Review Press.
[4]. Hess, T., Matt, C., Benlian, A., & Wiesböck, F. (2016). Options for formulating a digital transformation strategy. MIS Quarterly Executive, 15(2), 123–139.
[5]. Sebastian, I. M., Ross, J. W., Beath, C. M., Mocker, M., Moloney, K. G., & Fonstad, N. O. (2017). How big old companies navigate digital transformation. MIS Quarterly Executive, 16(3), 197–213

Abstract: A pesquisa buscou estudar os desafios enfrentados pelos agentes públicos municipais com a implementação da Lei n° 14.133/2021, conhecida como a Nova Lei de Licitações e Contratos Administrativos, que estabelece um novo marco regulatório que visa superar as fragilidades da legislação anterior, tendo como objetivo identificar na prática, como a administração pública vem se adaptando a essas novas normas com ênfase no planejamento das contratações, compreendendo o impacto da Lei dentro da realidade do setor público municipal. A metodologia utilizada para alcançar os objetivos, consiste em uma abordagem qualitativa, no qual utiliza-se o método de observação para analisar.......

[1]. BERNARDO, Joyce Santana. REIS, Anderson de Oliveira. SEDIYAMA, Gislaine Aparecida Santana. Características explicativas do nível de transparência na administração pública municipal. Rev. Ciênc. Admin., Fortaleza, v. 23, n. 2, p. 277-292, maio. ago. 2017.
[2]. BRASIL. Presidência Da República, Secretária-geral Subchefia para assuntos jurídicos. Lei Nº 14.133, de 1º de Abril de 2021. Planalto, 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2021/lei/L14133.htm>. Acesso em: 10 abr. 2025.
[3]. COSTA, L.; DINIZ, R. Análise Crítica da Lei Nº 14133/2021 Reflexões sobre a Nova Lei de Licitações. 2021.
[4]. DINIZ, Emanuelly; FRAGOSO, Jusemar Pinheiro Coquito; RESGALA JUNIOR, Renato Marcelo. Análise das Mudanças e Impactos no Âmbito Municipal com a Nova Lei de Licitação e Contratos Administrativos: Os Impactos da Lei 14.133/2021 para os Municípios com menos de 20 Mil Habitantes. Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação- REASE. ISSN - 2675 – 3375. v.9.n.08. ago. 2023.
[5]. FERREIRA, Claudia Horrana de Oliveira Fagundes. MUDANÇAS NA LEI DE LICITAÇÕES E OS IMPACTOS NA ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA MUNICIPAL. Inhumas: FacMais, 2021. 58 f.: il.