IOSR-JAVS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-11 ~ NOV-2016

ABSTRACT: Uttarakhand is a hill state, situated in central Himalaya. It differs from the plains in topography, elevation, geographic features, ethnic diversity, land use system, socio-economic conditions and diversity of habitats for flora and fauna. Among the diversity of habitats for flora, weeds cause enormous reduction in crop yield, wastage of resources and human energy and are also a health hazard to human being. Therefore, adequate and timely suppression of weeds is essential. Detail information about the weeds of any region is essential for deciding a weed control method.............

Keywords: Bharsar, weed, diversity, family, identification

[1] Jethro Tull, Horse Hoeing Husbandry. (Berkshire MDCC 1731), 33.

[2] Zimdahl, R. L., Fundamentals of Weed Science, 2nd edn., (Academic Press, San Diego, CA., 1999) 556.
[3] Macneish, R.S., The origin of new world cultivation, Science American 211, 1964, 29-37.
[4] DeWet, J.M.J., and J.R., Harlan, Weeds and Domesticates: Evolution in the man-made habitat, Economic Botany, 29, 1975, 99-107.
[5] Das, T.K. Weed science basics and applications (New Delhi, India: Jain Brothers, 2011).

ABSTRACT: This research aims to estimate the profit function by farmers as well as analyzing the efficiency of the economy and the price relative to rice farming in two typologies of wetlands are swamps and tidal lowland. The analysis showed that the price of the means of production in the research area is very influential on the profitability of rice farming so that the increase in production means a high price will lead to a decrease in profits, which in turn will lower the level of welfare of farmers. Under optimal conditions where maximum profit is reached, the effect of input prices and the number of input variables............

Keywords: Rice farming, the function of profits, business scale, the relative efficiency.

[1] Alihamsyah T. 2005. Swamp Land Development for Agricultural Enterprises. Banjarbaru: Swamp Land Agricultural Research Center of Agricultural Research and Development Agency.
[2] Diaz D, Green GP. 2001. Growth management and agriculture: An examination of local Efforts to manage growth and preserve farmland in Wisconsin Cities, Villages, and Towns. J Rural Sociology 66: 317-341.
[3] Feiock RC, Tavares AF, Lubell M. 2008. Policy instrument choices for growth management and land use regulation. J The Policy Studies Journal 36: 461-480.
[4] Gorsevski PV, Donevska KR, Mitrovski CD, Frizado JP. 2012. Integrating multicriteria evaluation techniques with geographic information systems for landfill site selection: A case study using an ordered weighted average. Waste Management 32: 287-296.
[5] Guo YH. 2012. Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Monitor and Predict Urban Growth-Case Study in Alachua County, Florida [dissertation]. Florida: the Graduate School of the University of Florida, United State of America

ABSTRACT: The semi parasitic plants causes the most serious and economically important diseases of forest trees in Turkey. So infection severity of mistletoe species were calculated according to hosts in Eastern Mediterranean Region. This study was carried out to determine the hosts and severity infection of Viscum, Arceuthobium and Loranthus species which cause problems on the forest and fruit trees. According to these surveys, the ratio of infection severity of Viscum album subsp. abietis was determined moderate to severe (9.73%) on Abies cilicica subsp cilicica............

Keywords: Semi parasites, mistletoe species, host, pine, oaks and severity infection

[1]. Miller AG 1982. Arceuthobium Bieb. and Viscum album L. (Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands), University Press, Edinburgh.
[2]. Ball PW 1993. Viscum L. In flora Europaea. p. 86. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
[3]. Hawksworth FG and Scharpf RF 1986. Spread of European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in California, US. European J. Forest Pathology.16:1-5.
[4]. Hawksworth FG and Wiens D 1996. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. Agric. Handb. 709. Washington DC: US Department of agriculture. 410 pp. [online] Available: http://www.rms.nau.edu/publications/ah_709.
[5]. Calder DM and Bernhardt P 1983. The Biology of mistletoes. Acedemicpress, New York, USA.

ABSTRACT: Kasargod cattle were found in Kasargod, Kozhikode and Kannur, Kerala India. A study was carried out for breed characterization with information on 351 cattle. The Kasargod cattle are maintained mainly on a grazing System with an average herd size of 2.5. The coat colour is black, brown, white or chocolate. Spotted animals were also seen. Ears were medium in length with horizontal orientation. Horns were short 8.3±2.2 cm for males and 11.2±0.4 cm for females. Tail is long and almost touching the ground, switch is mostly black in colour but brown and white colours were also noticed. The average body length, chest girth and height at withers of adult male were 106.0±5.8............

Keywords: Body Weight, Characterisation, Conservation, Kasargod cattle, Milk production

[1] S. Iype, Conservation of Vechur cattle of coastal area and other dwarf cattle of high ranges of Kerala, Annual Report, ICAR – ADHOC Project, 1993.
[2] P. Suprabha, K. Anilkumar, T. V. Aravindakshan, and K. V. Raghunandanan, Assessment of bandsharing values in RAPD-PCR analysis of dwarf cattle of Kerala. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci, 18(9), 2005, 1217-1220.
[3] S. Iype, and R.T. Venkatachalapathy, Vechur cattle of Kerala (Mannuthy, Kerala: Kerala Agricultural University, 2001).
[4] R. Khan, S. Ahmad, K. Kaleem, M. Shahid, M. Irshad, M. Rizwan, and B. D. Khan, Growth rate of various indigenous breed fed on Shandar Wanda at livestock research and development station Surezai Peshawar, Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 5(6), 2010, 35-38.
[5] M. Manoj, R. S. Gandhi, T. V. Raja, A. Verma, A. Singh, G. K. Sachdeva, and A. Kumar, Genetic parameters of body weights at different ages in Sahiwal heifers, Indian Journal of Animal Research, 48(3), 2014, 217-220.

ABSTRACT: Agricultural diversification is an important mechanism for economic growth. To meet the challenges of a globalizing market in agriculture as well as the growing and changing needs of the population, many countries in have undertaken crop diversification to enhance productivity and cultivate high value crop with positive outcome. These countries are gradually diversifying their crop sector in favour of high value commodities, especially fruits, vegetables and spices.Indian agriculture has been diversifying during the last two decades towards High-Value Commodities (HVCs) i.e., fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, and fish products.The pace has been accelerated during the decade of 1990s.............

[1] Vyas. (1996). "Diversification in agriculture, Concept Rationale and Approaches"Indian Journal of Agriculture Economics, vol. 51, No. 4, Oct-Dec , pp. 636-643.
[2] Hasan, B "Rainfall Climatology of Jammu and Kashmir State, India" (1999).Drought Network News (1994-2001).Paper 44. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/droughtnetnews/44
[3] PingaliandRosegrant(1995). "Agricultural Commercialization and Diversification: processes and policies". International Rice Research Institute, the Philippines, and International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA, Food Policy, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 171-185, 1995
[4] Dillon H.S. and A. Suprapto.(1992). "Agricultural diversification in Indonesia".InBriefs prepared for a seminar. Southeast Asia agriculture in transition:Implication for food policy. International Food Policy Research Instituteand Department of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta,September 10-11, 1991. International Food Policy Research Institute,Washington, D.C.
[5] Rosegrant, M.W. and P. B.R. Hazell, (1999)."Rural Asia Transformed: The QuietRevolution". International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington,D.C.

ABSTRACT: The food industry relies on a rapid and accurate separation and classification of fruits immediately after harvest before spoilage sets in. This study developed a prototype machine for olive fruit separation with image processing technology, founded on the changing hues of the olive fruit according to their level of maturity. The operating principle of the machine was based on a fruit-recognition software development using a USB3 camera functioning at 120 frames/s. Separation of the desired fruit is determined by first obtaining the color pattern from the camera image, which is then sent to the selected pattern as a clipboard and template............

Keywords: Fruit color sorting, image processing, pattern matching

[1] Feng, G. and C. Qixin (2004). Study on color image processing based intelligent fruit sorting system. 5" World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
[2] Zhang, D., D.-J. Lee, B. J. Tippetts and K. D. Lillywhite (2014). "Date quality evaluation using short-wave infrared imaging." Journal of Food Engineering 141: 74-84.
[3] Yogitha, S. and P. Sakthivel (2014). "A distributed computer machine vision system for automated inspection and grading of fruits." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 3(4): 522-527.
[4] Afkari-Sayyah, A.-H., H. Azarmdel, M. Rasekh and T. Mesri-Gundoshmian (2014). "Discriminating defected and sound fruits of olive according to external damage area using image processing techniques." International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences 3(6): 647-652.
[5] Azarmdel, H., A.-H. Afkari-Sayyah, H. Ghaffari and A. Alipasandi (2014). "Olive classification according to RGB, HSV and L*a*b* color parameters using image processing technique." International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences 3(6): 653-658..

ABSTRACT: The lack of traditional grazing land is a critical challenge for livestock rearing globally. Alternative botanical resources that can serve as fodder as therefore essential. In the highlands of the Chiapas State, Mexico, Cassia grandis offers potential for increasing weight gain and wool production in sheep. This study evaluates the benefits associated with inclusion of C. Grandis into sheep feeding. The results indicate that all rates of inclusion of C. Grandis resulted in weight gain, fleece quality and wool growth. In addition, an economic analysis of costs and benefits suggests that all treatments are profitable. The findings provide the rationale for including non-traditional feeding into sheep fodder in the Chiapas region to overcome the challenge of limited grazing resources. It is concluded that the inclusion of 10 % dried, ground Cassia grandis pods in the diet of growing lambs could have a favorable impact on the different productive parameters, both those related to body weight and fleece quality, and also the economic indicators (benefit-cost ratio).

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ABSTRACT: Agriculture diversification is considered as one of the important components of growth and development of agricultural sector in India. It can be defined as the shift of resources from the regional dominance of one crop or livestock to a large mix of crops or livestock. Diversification of agriculture in favour of non-cereals and high-value commodities such as fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, eggs, fish etc. are emerging as a promising source of income augmentation, employment generation, poverty alleviation and export promotion (Jha, Ramesh chand, Vyas, 1996; Delgado and Siamwalla, 1999; Ryan and Spencer, 2001; and Joshi et al.,2002). Agriculturaldiversification is increasingly being considered as a panacea for many ills in theagricultural development of the country.

[1] Brahmanand, P.S., Kumar, A. et.al. (2013). Challenges to food security in India.CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 104, NO. 7.
[2] Barghouti, S.,Samuel Kane., et. al. (2004). Agricultural Diversification for the Poor, Guidelines for Practitioners, Discussion Paper 1, IBRD, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, Washington, D.C., 20433.
[3] Birthal, P. S., Joshi, P.K., et.al. (2007). Diversification in Indian Agriculture towards High-Value Crops: The Role of Smallholders.International Food Policy Research Institute, Discussion Paper 00727.
[4] Delgado, C. L., & Siamwalla, A. (1999). Rural economy and farm income diversification in developing countries, pp. 126-143. In Food security, diversification and resource management: refocusing the role of agriculture (eds.G.H. Peters and Joachim Von Braun). Proceedings of twenty-third International Conference of AgriculturalEconomists. Brookfield, Vermont, USA: Ashgate Publishing Company.
[5] Dev, S.M., & Sharma, A.N. (2010). Food Security in India: Performance, Challenges and Policies, Oxfam India working papers series (OIWPS) – VII.

ABSTRACT: Background: The ecological studies were mostly observational and descriptive in Pakistan but with the passage of time quantitative methods were introduced and vegetation description merged into quantitative studies. The present study describes the vegetation composition of Shinkyari reserved forest, Kaghanvalley. Aims and Objectives: Aims of this study were to determine the pattern of different plants in Coniferous mixed plants and to determine the relative importance of edaphic and topographic factors in moist temperature forest. Study Settings: This study was undertaken by the institute of Pure and Applied Biology, BahauddinZakariya University, Multan. Research work was carried out in Shinkyari Forest during March 2013 to October 2013).

Keywords: Altitudinal gradient, coniferous mixed, forest attributes, ground vegetation, soil factors

[1] Khan S.M, Page S, Shaheen A and Harper D,2012. Vegetation dynamics in the western Himalayas, Diversity indices and climate change, Sci, Technol and Dev, 2012; 31(3):232-43.
[2] Currie DJ, Francis AP. Regional versus climateeffect on taxon richness inangiosperms; reply to Qian and Ricklefs. Am Nat, 2004;163: 780-5.
[3] Shaheen H. Ullah Z, S.M. Khan, and Harper D. A Species composition and community structure of western Himalayan moist temperate forest in Kashmir. For Eco and Manage. 2012; 278:138-45.
[4] Khan S.M, Page S, Ahmad H, Ullah Z, H.Shaheen A, Ahmad M,Harper D.Phytoclimatic gradient of vegetation and habitat specificity in the high elevation western Himalayas, Pak J Bot ,2013;45: 223-30.
[5] Chawla A, Rajkumar S, Singh K.N, Lal B, Singh,RD,Thukral AK..Plant species diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Bhabha Valley in western Himalaya. J.Mt. Sci.,2008;5(2): 157-77.

ABSTRACT: The effect of water energizer on the growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus was investigated in the Demonstration farm of the fisheries unit, University of Port Harcout, Choba. The experiment was carried out for a period of 8 weeks. Seven hundred (700) of Clarias gariepinus fry of (1.19cm) standard length and (0.097g) weight was stocked in a (1x1.2x1m3) concrete tank. Treatment 2 which had the water energizer had the best growth of length (11.65cm) and weight (7.000g) while treatment 1(control) had standard length of 7.75cm and weight 5.40g. Temperature of the water was measured daily using a mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by using the dissolved oxygen meter, and pH was determined by a pocket pH meter. The treatment 2 (water energizer) gave better physico-chemical parameters than the control without water energizer.

Keywords: Growth, physico- chemical parameters, energizer, Clarias gariepinus

[1]. Akinrotimi O.A., Abu O.M.G, Agokei E.O and Uedeme-Naa B., (2010). Effect of Direct Transfer to Fresh Water on the
Haematological Parameters of Tilapia guineensis. Animal Research International 7(2) 1199-1205
[2]. FAO, (2009). The Artificial Reproduction and Rearing of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus in the Lake Basin. FAO Journal 2.
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[5]. Boyd, C.E, (1982). Water quality management for Pond Fish Culture", Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.318..

ABSTRACT: The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of egg storage periods on egg weight loss, hatchability, hatchling weight and subsequent performances of leghorn. A total of 576 eggs were collected from similar ages of layers and randomly grouped into three storage periods of 0, 5 and 10 days with three replications, each contained 192 which were randomly sub-divided into three replicates of 64 eggs in a CRD. The chicks that hatched on the same day (21) were counted, weighed individually at hatch and the percentage hatchability was calculated. The chicks were intensively raised on deep litter system for 12 weeks on a similar diet, but kept separately according to the initial treatment of the eggs. Data were summarized using SAS and means were separated using Duncan's multiple-range test........

Keywords: chicks, egg, performances, storage period, White leghorn

[1]. J Brake, T.J. Walsh, C.E. Benton, J.N. Petite Jr., R. Meijerhof, and G. Penalva, Egg handling and storage, Poultry Science, 76, 1997, 144-151.
[2]. NA French, and Tullett, SG.,Variation in egg of poultry species, In: Tullett SG, editor. Avian incubation. London: Butterworth Heinemann Ltd,1991,59–77.
[3]. KH Nahm, Effects of storage length and weight loss during incubation on the hatchability of ostrich eggs Struthio camelus, Poultry Science, 80, 2001, 1667-1670.
[4]. DE Butler, Egg handling and storage at the farm and hatchery, In: Avian incubation. Ed. Tullet, S.G., Butterworth-Heinemann, London, UK., 1991, 195-203.
[5]. [5] KL Ayorinde, JO. Attach, and K. Joseph, Pre-and Post-Hatch Growth of Nigerian Indigenous Guinea Fowl as Influenced by Egg Size and Hatch Weight, Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 21, 1994, 49-55

ABSTRACT: Fourty two F5 families of rice belonging to four crosses along with their five parents were evaluated during kharif, 2015 at Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru with an objective to establish the nature of relation between grain yield and yield components by partitioning the correlation coefficients between grain yield and its components into direct and indirect effects by using simple correlation and path analysis. Data was recorded on seven characters which showed significant differences among themselves.........

Keywords: Rice, F5 families, Correlation, Path analysis.

[1]. Aditya, J.P and Bhartiya, A. 2013. Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis for quantitative charcters in rainfed upland rice
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