Volume-8 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2015

Abstract: Viscosities and densities of tetraethylammonium boride (Et4NBr) in N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), Water (H2O) and DMF + H2O solvent mixtures containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mol % of DMF at 298, 303 and 308K have been reported. The viscosity data have been analysed in terms A- and B- viscosity coefficients of the Jones Dole equation. Both A- and B coefficients have found to be positive over the entire solvent composition range at all temperatures. Partial molal volumes () have also been calculated which have been used along with B- values to calculate the activation parameters for viscous flow process electrolytic solution. The activation parameters have been examined as a function of solvent composition to interpret the solution behaviour of tetraethyl ammonium bromide (Et4NBr) in binary mixture of DMF-water.

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Abstract: Anaerobic digestion is a biological method used to convert organic wastes into biogas and a stable product land application without adverse environmental effects. The biogas produced could be used for heating, cooking and electricity generation while the residue Horn the process is a high quality fertilizer. Some of the organic wastes used for biogas production include cattle manure, pig manure, chicken dung, corn silage, fresh grass etc. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of inoculums on biogas yield. The substrate used is cattle manure and the inoculum used is rumen fluid. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the cow manure was determined to be 9200mg/h. A 750ml biodigester was used and water displacement method was used to monitor the amount of biogas produced. 100g of fresh cattle manure (M) was fed to each biodigester and mixed with rumen fluid (R) and tap water (W) in several ratio resulting five difference M:W:R ratio i.e. 1:1:0, 1:0:75, 0:25:1, 0:5:0, 5: 1:0, 25:0:75 and 1:0:1 corresponding to 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50% rumen respectively. The operating temperature was at room temperature. The results showed that biogas production increase with increased in the amount of inoculums.

Keywords: anaerobic digestion, rumen fluid, inoculums, biogas production

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Abstract: we showed in this paper the possibility of producing caustic soda directly from solar powered electrolytic diaphragm cells in comparison with present conventional modes of electrochemical production.,The results showed that this method has superior economic characteristics. The non-asbestos diaphragm cell showed similar trend with the conventional asbestos diaphragm cell performances indicating higher yield of caustic soda per d.c Watt. The asbestos and non-asbestos diaphragms served to hinder the formation of unwanted substances as well as permit reasonable production of the desired products. Quantitative analysis showed that the quantity and concentration of caustic soda produced varied with the current and voltage obtained from the solar panels which were dependent upon the intensity of the sun on any particular day and the length of time the panels were exposed to sunlight.[1]

Keywords: caustic soda, asbestos, diaphragm cells, solar, non-asbestos, economic .

[1]. Alkire R. C. and Braatz R. D. 2004. Electrochemical Engineering in an Age of Discovery and Innovation. AIChE J. 50(9): 2000-2007.
[2]. Gunatillaka J. and Achwal S. 2003. Chloralkali Process Technology. http://www.tcetoday.com/employment. pp. 1-2.
[3]. Ichinose O., Kawaguchi M. and Furuya N. 2004. Effect of Silver Catalyst on the Activity and Mechanism of a Gas Diffusion Type Oxygen Cathode for Chlor-alkali Electrolysis. J. Appl. Electrochem. 34: 55-59.

Abstract: Activated carbonsderived from oil palm shell wereused as adsorbents for removal of Fe and Cu from patchouli essential oil. The activated carbon was prepared with chemical activation using 50% zinc chloride under nitrogen and followed by carbon dioxide at 600oC. The activated carbons were converted into modified and non-modified adsorbent using chemical techniques with ammonia solution and without chemical techniques, respectively. Textural characteristics were performed by nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherm at 77K. The Langmuir surface area and BET surface area were 743.25 and 530.02 m2g-1, respectively. The isotherm curve shows the Type I with a very small hysteresis loop, indicating predominantly micropores and small amount of mesopores. TheFTIR and Boehm titration methods were applied for determination of surface functional group showing an increasing basic group after ammonia treatment. The adsorption capacity of adsorbents was observed for removal ferrate and copper into patchouli essential oil. The results show that modified adsorbent was able to remove 94.96 % and 76.39 % of Fe and Cu ions, respectively.

Keywords:Activated carbon, adsorbent, patchouli essential oil, Fe and Cu ions

[1]. Ramya H. G., P.V., Singla R., An Introduction To Patchouli (Pogostemon Cablin Benth.) -A Medicinal And Aromatic Plant: It's Importance To Mankind. Agric. Eng. Int: CIGR. Vol. 15. 2013. 243-250.
[2]. Harunsyah And Yunus, M., Process Design Of Patchouli Oil Distillation By Varying Operating Conditions To Increase Yields Of Patchouli Oil.The Proceedings Of The 2nd Annual International Conference Syiah Kuala University 2012 & The 8th IMT-GT Uninet Biosciences Conference, 2012.2(2): P. 149-153.
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[6]. Khalili, N.R., Campbella, M., Sandi, G., Golas, J. ,Production Of Micro- And Mesoporous Activated Carbon From Paper Mill Sludge I. Effect Of Zinc Chloride Activation.Carbon, 2000.38: P. 1905-1915.
[7]. Budinova, T., Ekinci, E., Yardim, F., Grimm, A., Björnbom, E., Minkova, V., Goranova, M., Characterization And Application Of Activated Carbon Produced By H3PO4 And Water Vapor Activation Fuel Processing Technology, 2006. 87: P. 899-905.
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Abstract: Three polyurethane polymers, all containing 3,6-disubstituted carbazolering in the main polymer chain, are synthesized by solution polycondensation of 3,6-diamino N-substituted carbazole with chloroformicester of diethylenc glycol,triethylene glycol and tetra ethylene glycol .The polymers are characterised by IR,UV,and NMR spectroscopy.

Keywords: Monomer synthesis,Urethane polymer synthesis, solution polycondensation.

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Abstract: The oxidative chemical polymerization of o-hydroxyaniline (OHA) was studied in hydrochloric acid solution using potassium dichromate as oxidant at 5±0.2 0C. The effects of potassium dichromate, hydrochloric acid and monomer concentrations on the polymerization reaction were investigated. The order of reaction with respect to potassium dichromate, hydrochloric acid and monomer concentrations were found to be 0.939, 0.961 and 1.123 respectively. Also, the effect of temperature on the polymerization rate was studied and the apparent activation energy of the polymerization reaction was found to be 23.05 kJ/mol. The obtained polymer was characterized using XPS, IR, UV-visible and elemental analysis. The surface morphology of the obtained polymer was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TGA analysis was used to confirm the proposed structure and number of water molecules in each polymeric chain unit.

Keywords: oxidative chemical polymerization, o-hydroxyaniline, characterization, kinetics.

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Abstract: Thin layers and nanoparticles of metals on or oxide surfaces are of great importance in catalysis, sensors, and even in anticancer therapies and nanotoxicology. The applications of the metals that are studied in this study act the one of the important techniques in the biological science and medicine. Cancer nanotherapeutics are rapidly progressing and are being implemented to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems such as nonspecific bio distribution. To improve the bio distribution of cancer drugs, naoparticles have been designed for optimal size and surface characteristics to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. We report a theoretical study of the behavior of Au, Pd and Fe nanoparticles anchored onto  -Fe2O3 substrate. By simulation of the data which is noticed in reference of Philip R. Davies et.al and using the Matlab program with a curve fitting method to study the effected of increasing the Au nanoparticles appear upon a growing layer of  -Fe2O3 through limit time. We discuss these results by using a curve fitting method that is a theoretical method to test the system. It is noticed that the theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental results and this work expanded the ranges of kinetic energy with intensity in the case of Au, Pd and Fe on  -Fe2O3.
Keywords: Intensity, Binding Energy, Concentration, Temperature Effect.

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nanoparticles on a silicon wafer during thermal oxidation, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117 (41), 2013, 21577-21582.
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Nanoscale 5, 2013, 9018-9022.
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Abstract: Leachates were simulated from decomposing solid waste soil samples obtained from two landfills in Kaduna metropolis the capital of Kaduna State in Nigeria. Three physicochemical properties and the concentration of heavy metals present in the simulated leachates were determined; adsorption studies using rice husk, sawdust and composite mix of both adsorbents were carried out on the simulated leachate. the heavy metal concentration of lead (0.53 to 1.07 mgL-1), nickel (3.00 to 3.60 mgL-1), cadmium (3.00 to 3.60 mgL-1) and manganese (31.57 - 72.27 mgL-1) exceeded the guideline limits for wastewater effluents set by the National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency. Sawdust is a more suitable adsorbent compared to rice husk in the removal of heavy metals from the simulated landfill leachate. Composite Mix 1 adsorbed more of the metals than Composite Mix 2 and 3 and it also adsorbed more of the heavy metals present in the leachate than rice husk and sawdust alone. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models were applicable to the adsorption of the metals studied and the experimental data were better described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model as evident from correlation coefficients.

Keywords: Adsorption, Heavy metal, Leachate and Agricultural Solid Waste.

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Abstract: The present study evaluated the effects of physical characteristics and harvesting time on the overall likeness of roasted fresh yellow maize hybrids. Freshly harvested cobs from eight biofortified yellow maize hybrids, at three harvesting time (20, 27 and 34 days after pollination (DAP)), were used for this study. The harvested fresh yellow maize cobs were roasted with and without intact husk on hot-charcoal burning on wire gauze until the seeds were cooked and turned brown. Sensory evaluation was carried out on the roasted fresh yellow maize samples within 24 hours after harvesting. The physical characteristics of the fresh maize grains were also determined. Variety and harvesting time had significant effects (P≤0.001) on most of the physical properties, except porosity. Harvesting time and husk had effects on the overall likeness of roasted maize hybrids with husk or without husk. The optimum harvesting time to consume roasted maize hybrids was found to be 20DAP, but the overall likeness rating for roasted fresh yellow maize hybrid without husk was higher than that of roasted fresh yellow maize hybrid with husk. There was negative but significant correlation between the physical characteristics and the sensory properties except colour that showed positive correlation. Differences in kernel characteristics caused by genetic inheritance and harvesting time can influence the processing, utilization and consumer overall likeness of maize.

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Abstract: Three species of stannanes were determined in different biological samplesobtained from the sea water of the Arabian Gulf.Following digestionwith acetonitrile, and extractionwith n-hexane, the analytes were derivatized and subsequently analyzed in gas chromatography mass spectrometric system. Five-point calibrations using the concentration range of 0.05-10 μg/g were linear with coefficients of determination between 0.9892 and 0.9992. LODs of 7.7-14.1 μg/g with their corresponding LOQ were determined at S/N of 3 and 10 respectively with precision of ≤14.3%. All the three species of the phenylated tin determined were quantified in all the samples with the exceptions of Trivially fish, Crab, Indian Mackerel, Stripped red mullet and Emperor fish. Only monophenyltin was detected in Trivially fish and Crab.Triphenyltin tin was absent in Indian mackerel, and diphenyl tin was not detected in both Stripped red mullet and Emperor fish. The range of 0.097-5.870 μg/g wet weight was obtained for the individual species of stannanes in the samples, an indication for the contamination of the biota samples. Results of calculation for the ratios of triphenyltin to its two main degradation products may suggest long residence of triphenyltin in the environment due to its slow rate of degradation.

Keywords:Biological samples, derivatization, GC-MS, liquid-liquid extraction, stannanes.

[1]. Pinochet H, Tessini C, Bravo M, Qiuroz W, De Gregori I (2009)Butyltin compounds and their relation with organic matter in marine sediments from San Vicente Bay-Chile. Environ. Monit. Assess. 155:341-355
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Abstract: A set of 38 chickpea cultivars were assessed in this study at the molecular level using 8 STMS (Sequence-Tagged Microsatellite Site) markers. This set includes advanced lines from the Tunisian breeding program, Tunisian varieties and reference lines from ICARDA (International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid-Tropics) and other countries. A total of 58 alleles were generated from the amplification of the 8 microsatellite sites studied with an average value of 7.25 alleles per locus, which explain a high level of polymorphism within the cultivars studied. All the cultivars studied showed a unique genetic profile, each one using the genotypic combination of all loci studied. Only three STMS markers (TA59, TA64, and TA71) from the eight studied showed the highest number of alleles, the effective number of alleles and the highest values of power of discrimination allow us the unambiguous discrimination of all the cultivars studied

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