Volume-16 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2023

Abstract: The compliance and comparative case study of public water works in Enugu and Ebonyi State of Nigeria was carried out in this study. The water samples were collected at Ajali water treatment plant Enugu State (Sample A), 9 Works road GRA, Enugu State (Sample B), Ezilo water Scheme Ebonyi State (Sample C) and Ameke in Ezilo Ebonyi State (Sample D). Ten physicochemical parameters and water like- metals such as SO42-, Cl-, NO3, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Al were determined in rainy season in for one year. The results shows that chloride (Cl-), (A = 97 mg/l, B = 121 mg/l, C = 97 mg/l, D = 119 mg/l); nitrate, (A = 3.11 mg/l, B = 1.29 mg/l, C = 1.10 mg/l, D = 0.70 mg/l); total phosphate, (A = 1.97 mg/l, B = 0.26 mg/l, C = 0.32 mg/l, D = 0.42 mg/l); Biological oxygen demand (BOD),.....

Key words: Hydrochemistry, Compliance, Cations, Abakiliki, Ajalli and Evaluation

[1]. Eja, M. E. (2002): Water Pollution and Sanitation for Developing Countries.Seaprint (Nig) Co., Calabar. Pp. 9-10.
[2]. Rylander, R. (2008). Drinking Water Constituents and Disease. Journal of Nutrition; 138(2): 423S-425S.
[3]. Kulshreshtha, S. N. (1998): A Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2005. Water Resources Management. 12(3): Pp. 167-184.
[4]. Muyi, T. D. (2007): Water and the Body. Daily Sun.Tuesday, August 7, 2007 edition P. 3.
[5]. Ogbulie, J. N.; Duru, C. N.; Awujo, N. C. and Ogbulie, T. E. (2009). Physicochemical Quality Of Municipal Borehole in Imo State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 48(1): 205-210..

Abstract: The quest for more nutrition source among underutilized fruits parts has spurred the comparative analysis of the nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of paw-paw (Carica papaya) and watermelon (Citrullus lantana) seeds. Although the pulp of these fruits were known, but not much was known about the seeds. The results of the analysis which was carried out using conventional method showed that the paw-paw (Carica papaya) and watermelon (Citrullus lantana) contain both phytochemicals, nutritional and anti-nutritional compounds. For paw-paw seeds, the factors analyzed include moisture, ash, fiber, protein, fat and oil, vitamin C, vitamin E, saponins........

Keywords—Nutritional, Anti nutritional, Paw-paw, Watermelon, Seeds, Phytochemical, Analysis

[1]. Anhwange BA, Ajibola VO, Oniye SJ (2004) Chemical studies of the seeds of Moringa oleifera (Lam) and Detarium microcarpum. (Guill and Spurr) Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6) 711-715.
[2]. Hassan L G and Umar K J. (2004). Proximate and mineral composition of the seeds and Pulp of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa L.).Nigeria Journal of Basic and Appllied Sciences. 13:15-27.
[3]. Ganry J (2008). Promotion of fruits and vegetables in countries of sub-saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean. Fruits, 63:63.
[4]. Shiundu KM. (2002): Role of African leafy vegetables (Alvs) in alleviating food and nutrition insecurity in Africa: AJFNS African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutritional Development (AJFAND), 2(2): 96-97.
[5]. Fraser DM and Cooper M A. (2006): Myles textbook for midwives: African Edition. Edinburgh, Elsevier Sciences Limited. pp 333-336.

Abstract: A variety of nano spinel chromite with the formula MgCexCr2-xO4 where x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 was synthesised by the citrate auto combustion method. The structural characterization was carried out by XRD, SEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. From the XRD, the crystalline size was calculated and found to be 21.86 to 29.55 nm. Lattice parameter varied 7.81 to 7.87 AO, indicates obeysVegardslawand SEM images revealed the agglomerated of particles. From FTIR studies, two bands are absorbed at 600 cm-1 and 400 cm-1, which are characteristic bands of metal oxygen.....

Keywords—Mg-Ce nano chromites, XRD, SEM, FTIR and Dielectric studies.

[1]. S.M. El-Sheikh, M. Rabbah, Novel low temperature synthesis of spinel nano-magnesium chromites from secondary resources, Thermochim Acta. 568 (2013) 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.06.024.
[2]. S. Ghotekar, S. Pansambal, V.-H. Nguyen, S. Bangale, K.-Y.A. Lin, H.C.A. Murthy, R. Oza, Spinel ZnCr2O4 nanorods synthesized by facile sol-gel auto combustion method with biomedical properties, J Solgel Sci Technol. 105 (2023) 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-022-05964-0.
[3]. F. Hcini, S. Hcini, M.A. Wederni, B. Alzahrani, H. al Robei, K. Khirouni, S. Zemni, M.L. Bouazizi, Structural, optical, and dielectric properties for Mg0•6Cu0•2Ni0•2Cr2O4 chromite spinel, Physica B Condens Matter. 624 (2022) 413439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2021.413439.
[4]. M. Javed, A.A. Khan, J. Kazmi, M.A. Mohamed, M.N. Khan, M. Hussain, R. Bilkees, Dielectric relaxation and small polaron hopping transport in sol-gel-derived NiCr2O4 spinel chromite, Mater Res Bull. 138 (2021) 111242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2021.111242.
[5]. M. Younis, M. Saleem, S. Atiq, S. Naseem, Magnetic phase transition and magneto-dielectric analysis of spinel chromites: MCr2O 4(M = Fe, Co and Ni), Ceram Int. 44 (2018) 10229–10235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.03.024

Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adsorption potential of natural and locally available soapstone and Calcium bentonite clay for fluoride removal from aqueous solution and to determine the optimum conditions for use. Adsorption potential was investigated using batch equilibrium experiments. Materials and Methods; Mineralogical characterizations were done using X-ray fluorescencespectroscopy. Fluoride ion selective electrode was used in determination of fluoride content in aqueous solution.Optimization studiesoninitial pH of the solution, contact time, initial fluoride concentration, adsorbent dose, and heat pretreatment of the adsorbent were done in batch adsorption experimentsat room temperature. Results:It was observed that calcium bentonite exhibited better adsorption capacity of 0.28mg/g while soapstone had 0.08mg/g at a contact time......

Keyword: Adsorption, adsorbent, defluoridation, fluorides, soapstone, bentonite

[1] Khati, N., &Tyag, S. (2015). Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas. Frontiers in Life Science, 8(1), 23-39. Https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2014.933716
[2] Edmunds, W. M., & Smedley, P. L. (2013). Fluoride in natural waters. In S. O., Essentials of Medical ecology (pp. 311-336.). Nottinghamshire: Springer, Dordrecht. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-437G5-5
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[5] Loganathan, P., Vigneswaran, S., Kandasamy, J., & Naidu, R. (2013). Defluoridation of drinking water using adsorption processes. Journal of hazardous Materials , (248 -249),1-19. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.043

Abstract: The hydrogeochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater from Opobo in Rivers State, were determined in this study. The levels of Physicochemical and Microbial Properties and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbonswere determined using standard methods recommended by the American Society for Testing and Materials,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for Heavy Metals. Hydrogeochemical properties were determined by plotting Piper, Durov and Gibbs diagrams; Water Quality Indexwasdetermined using an adopted mathematical The results showed maximum mean levels.....

Keyword: Hydrogeochemical, Groundwater, Physicochemical, Water Quality Index, Opobo

[1]. Afolabi O. O., Olatunji S. O. and Wategire E. D. (2017). Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater in AfeBabalola University, Ado-Ekiti Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering.
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Abstract: ....

[1]. Refat MS, Al-Maydama HMA, Al-Azab F, Amin RR, and Jamil YMS, Synthesis, thermal and spectroscopic behaviors of metal–drug complexes: La(III), Ce(III), Sm(III) and Y(III) amoxicillin trihydrate antibiotic drug complexes. Spectrochim.Acta A, 2014:128:427-446.
[2]. El-Sonbati AZ, Diab MA, Morgan Sh.M, Seyam HA, Supramolecular structures for determination and identification of the
bond lengths in novel uranyl complexes from their infrared spectra. J. Mol. Struct. 2018:1154: 354-365.
[3]. Ganji N, Rambabu A, Vamsikrishna N, Daravath S, Shivaraj, Copper(II) complexes with isoxazole Schiff bases:
Synthesis, spectroscopic investigation, DNA binding and nuclease activities, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies. J.Mol. Struct. 2018:1173:173-182.
[4]. Paulpandiyan R, Arunadevi A, Raman N, Role of Knoevenagel Condensate pyrazolone derivative Schiff base ligated
transition metal complexes in biological assay and cytotoxic efficacy. Appl. Organomet. Chem.2017: 30: e3792.
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Abstract: Bisglycinate complexes of calcium, iron and zinc were synthesized in a 1:2 (M-L) ratio and characterized using FTIR, UV-vis, XRD and XRF spectroscopic methods. The metal complexes were found to be slightly soluble in water, ethanol and methanol, but insoluble in diethyl ether, acetone and chloroform. They were very soluble in DMSO studied attemperature of 25oC. The melting point of the complexes ranges from 290 – 2950C, 285 – 2880C and 240 – 2440C for calcium, iron, zinc bisglycinate and the ligand respectively. A bathochromic shift was observed for the UV......

Keyword: Synthesis; zinc bisglycinate; calcium bisglycinate; iron bisglycinate;

[1]. Alloway, B.J. (2008). Zinc in soils and crop nutrition (PDF). Brussels: International Zinc Association and International Fertilizer Industry Association. ISBN 9789081333108.Retrieved 14 April 2015.
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Abstract: Novel Schiff base ((E)-(5-trifuoromethyl)-2-methoxyphenylamino)methyl)-4-bromophenol and its binary Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) complexes were synthesized. The structures of all the compounds have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR, UV-Visible, ESI -Mass, TGA, ESR, and magnetic moments. Based on the analytical and spectral data a square planar geometry has been assigned to Ni (II), Cu (II) complexes and octahedral geometry has been assigned to Co (II), in which the Schiff base act as bidentate ligand, coordinating through the azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen atom. Geometry optimized structures have also been illustrated.......

Key words: Schiff Base, Metal complexes, Biological activity

[1]. Liu H-K, Sadler PJ. Metal Complexes as DNA Intercalators. Acc. Chem. Res. 2011;44(5): 349-359.
[2]. Simunkova M, Lauro P, Jomova K, Hudecova L, Danko M, Alwasel S, Alhazza IM, Rajcaniova S, Kozovska Z, Kucerova L, Moncol J, Svorc L, Valko M. Redox-cycling and intercalating properties of novel mixed copper(II) complexes with non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs tolfenamic, mefenamic and flufenamic acids and phenanthroline functionality: Structure, SOD-mimetic activity, interaction with albumin, DNA damage study and anticancer activity J. Inorg. Biochem. 2019;194: 97-113.
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Abstract: A number of metal(II) complexes have been made from the Azo Schiff base ligand, where M = VO(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) (NE) -N-(5-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide. Conductivity investigations indicate that the complexes are not electrolytes. According to spectroscopic and other analytical research, certain complexes have tetrahedral geometry, while others have distorted square planar geometry for copper, square-pyramidal geometry for oxovanadium, and other complexes. The redox behaviour of the copper (II) complex has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry, and the biological activities of the ligand and metal complexes against diverse bacteria have been investigated using.....

[1]. Hong, X.J.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J.B.; Wu, X.; Chu-Ling, L.; Ou, Y.J.; Yang, J.; Jin, H.G.; Cai, Y.P. Two low-dimensional Schiff base copper(I/II) complexes: synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity for degradation of organic dyes. CrystEngComm 2014, 16, 7926-7932, https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CE01207K.
[2]. Arulpriya, P.; Lalitha, P.; Hemalatha, S. In vitro antioxidant testing of the extracts of Samaneasaman (Jacq.) Merr. Der Chemica Sinica 2010,1, 73-79.
[3]. Guo, Z.; Xing, R.; Liu, S.; Yu, H.; Wang, P.; Li, C.; Li, P. The synthesis and antioxidant activity of the Schiff bases of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan, Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2005, 15, 4600-4603, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.095.
[4]. Mruthyunjayaswamy, B.H.M.; Nagesh, G.Y.; Ramesh, M.; Priyanka, B.; Heena, B. Synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes containing thiazole moiety. Der Pharma Chemica 2015, 7, 556- 562.
[5]. Subba, R.Y.; Prathima, B.; Adinarayana, S.; Madhavi, K.; Varada, R.A. Complexes of Cu(II) and Ni(II) with Bis(phenylthiosemicarbazone): synthesis, spectral, EPR and in vitro-antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Journal of Chinese Chemical Society 2012, 57, 677-682, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201000094.

Abstract: This research focused on the analysis of concentration levels of heavy toxic elements, specifically Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), and Copper (Cu), in various environmental matrices. The study aimed to assess the extent of contamination, identify potential sources, and evaluate the implications for human health and the environment. Through the collection of soil, water, and air samples from selected sites, the concentrations of Zinc, Lead, and Copper were determined using appropriate analytical techniques. The results revealed spatial variations, with higher concentrations observed in industrial and urban areas, indicating the influence of anthropogenic activities. Soil samples exhibited the highest concentrations, followed by water and air samples. The elevated Zinc concentration levels have significant......

Keywords: Heavy metals, Concentration level, Zn, PB, Cu, environmental pollution

[1]. Ali, M. M., Ali, M. L., Islam, M. S., & Rahman, M. Z. (2014). Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 1-2, 36-41.
[2]. Flora, G., Gupta, D., & Tiwari, A. (2012). Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 5(2), 47-58.
[3]. Gaetke, L. M., & Chow, C. K. (2003). Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology, 189(1-2), 147-163.
[4]. Jarup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British medical bulletin, 68(1), 167-182.

Abstract: A novel set of tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives were crafted through a multicomponent one-pot synthesis scheme. This procedure incorporated a cyclocondensation reaction involving benzil, aromatic primary amines, aldehydes, and ammonium acetate within glacial acetic acid. To characterize the resultant compounds, various methods were employed including determination of melting point, color assessment, conductivity evaluation, CHN analysis, along with FT-IR and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The progression of the reaction was monitored using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) at regular time intervals. To assess the biological efficacy of these compounds, they were tested against multiple bacterial strains. All three imidazole derivatives exhibited varying degrees of notable antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains.

Key points: Imidazole Compound, Benzil Derivative, Formation Process, Analysis and Identification

[1]. Alkahtani, H.M., A.Y. Abbas, and S. Wang, Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzo[d]imidazole derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2012. 22(3): p. 1317-1321.
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[3]. Angyal, A., et al., Acid-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of 2H-Azirines with Nitrones: An Unexpected Access to 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2020. 85(5): p. 3587-3595.
[4]. Bhatnagar, A., P. Sharma, and N. Kumar, A review on "Imidazoles": Their chemistry and pharmacological potentials. Int J PharmTech Res, 2011. 3(1): p. 268-282.
[5]. Boiani, M. and M. González, Imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives as chemotherapeutic agents. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry, 2005. 5(4): p. 409-424.