iosr-jspe   Volume-1 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-June 2014

Abstract: This study investigates residents' perception of economic and environmental impact of Christmas Festival/Calabar Carnival in Calabar Metropolis of Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the objectives of this study, two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Literature was reviewed according to the hypotheses directing the study. The survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of two hundred (200) respondents were randomly selected for the study. The selection was done through simple random sampling technique. A questionnaire was designed by the researchers with the help of some measurement experts that gave its face and content validity. To test this hypotheses and to ascertain whether to accept or reject them, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis was considered appropriate because of the nature of variables involved. The 0.05 level of significance was used for the statistical testing of each hypothesis, with critical value and degree of freedom. The results show that there is significant effect of economic and environmental impact of the Christmas Festival/Calabar Carnival on the residents of Calabar Metropolis, in Cross River State, Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, some conclusions and recommendations were made.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Learning by Video Modeling on Gymnastic Performances among Tunisian Students in the Second Year of Secondary Level
Country	:	Tunisia
Authors	:	Majdi Bouazizi, Fairouz Azaiez, Driss Boudhiba
	:	10.9790/6737-0150508

Abstract: The purpose of this work was to analyze the effects of learning through video modeling combined of sessions of physical education on gymnastic performance among Tunisian students in the second year of secondary level. Our study was conducted on a sample of 103 subjects (16,95 0,9 years) divided into two independent groups (experimental and control). The experimental group was subjected to a cycle of video modeling with explanations and verbal representations of gymnastic skills combined with sessions of physical education gymnastics, while the second group was practiced gymnastics with the usual conditions in the physical education sessions. Measures of performances were taken before and after the experiment. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of learning by video modeling procedures for the acquisition and improvement of gymnastic skills for students. In addition, the progression of gymnastic performance of girls is more important than boys after receiving the learning by video modeling.
Keywords: Learning; Video modeling; Performance; Gymnastics

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pressure Index in Cricket
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Parag Shah, Mitesh Shah
	:	10.9790/6737-0150911

Abstract: Usually, evaluation of individual player performances in one-day cricket has been based on measures such as batting and bowling averages, and strike and economy rates. It is accepted, within the game of cricket, that such measures have severe limitations in assessing the true performances and abilities of players. Whenever a player's performance statistics are quoted, there is nearly always some verbal prerequisite that is necessary in order to place the statistics into context. Such comments include the stage of an innings a player usually bats or bowls, as this significantly affects a player's opportunity for scoring runs or taking wickets. Further, traditional measures do not allow the comparison of the skills of batting and bowling as they are based on incompatible scales. We have developed a new measure – Pressure Index. It measures the pressure under which the team is playing or a batsman is batting. Variables such runs scored, runs left, wickets, balls faced and balls left are considered for developing this new measure. Runs scored under more pressure are more valuable than runs scored under very less pressure. With this Pressure index actual performance of the batsman can be measured. Similar measure can be developed for bowlers.

Keywords: Pressure index, Current run rate, required run rate, Target

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A study of selected biomechanical variables as a factor of hitting performance among softball players
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Pushkar Yadav
	:	10.9790/6737-0151214

Abstract: The modern age of sports is the excellence, so in every sports perfection and purification of skill has got its immense importance. Biomechanics is an applied form of mechanics and consequently the method used to investigate it must be derived from those of mechanics. Biomechanics aim to explain the mechanics of life. Sports biomechanics have also generated other efforts at improving athletic performance in different games and sports; it is helpful to minimize sports injuries through both identifying dangerous practice and designing safer equipment and apparel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of selected biomechanical variables with the hitting performance in softball.
Keywords: Biomechanical Variable, Centre of gravity, Evaluation of technique, Performance, Softball Hitting

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Levels of Physical Activity Participation of the Staff of Universiti Selangor
Country	:	Malysia
Authors	:	Mohd Norazwan A. Bakar, Nasrudin Md. Rahim
	:	10.9790/6737-0151517

Abstract: This study is carried out to identify the levels of the Universiti Selangor (Unisel) staff's participation in physical activities. It aims to investigate the stages of their physical activities to determine whether these activities are beneficial to them or otherwise. This study is a descriptive survey research of which the data has been collected via questionnaire from 231 employees of Unisel in Bestari Jaya Campus. Respondents are asked questions about their physical activities based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPIQ). The findings reveal that many members of the staff of the Universiti Selangor practice physical activities as their way of life. However, the level of their participation in physical activities has not reached a satisfactory level. The respondents often carry out physical activities, but mostly their participation is still considered within the range of average to low level. The respondents' participation in physical activities is influenced by their attitude which seeks acknowledgment rather than practicing it as a healthy lifestyle. The findings shows that the employees' physical activity participation is very high. However, they do not carry out the activities according to the principles of physical activity domain. This study concludes that there are still many Unisel staff members that seldom treat physical activities as their everyday routines. The findings show that 106 of the respondents carry out physical activities at a low level, 49 of the respondents at the medium level and 76 of the respondents at a high level. The findings are insufficient to establish that the respondents have carried out the best physical activity practice. The results conclude that these Unisel staff members still need to be guided and educated in order to ensure that their participation in physical activities becomes a healthy lifestyle that is led by the whole community.
Keywords: Employee, Low, Medium and High Level, Physical Activities

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparison of a strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training in improving dynamic balance in athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ambarish Akre, Krutika Kumaresan
	:	10.9790/6737-0151820

Abstract: Strength and proprioception are important to have a stable and functional ankle .Individuals with ankle injuries are bound to develop a loss of either or both of these during and after the phase of immobilization. Objectives: 1. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme on dynamic balance in CAI. 2. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI.3. To compare the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI. Materials and methods: This was an interventional study done amongst athlete students at Deccan Education Society college campus, Pune during November 2013 to April 2014. Total 27 college students who were known athletes with chronic ankle instability were selected by convenient sampling. These 27 subjects were randomly allotted, 13 to the strengthening group and 14 to the proprioceptive group. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Functional reach test (FRT) prior to the intervention. Maximum three readings were collected and then an average of the best two was taken while the first was considered as the trial. This was considered as the pre intervention reading. These subjects then underwent a 4 week programme depending upon the group they were allotted. Post intervention readings were taken of the FRT scores in the two groups and statistical analysis was done. Results & Conclusion: Paired andUnpaired t tests were done to compare the Functional reach test (FRT) scores pre and post in both the strengthening and proprioceptive groups and also the post training FRT scores between the two groups. The differences in the pre and post FRT scores were found to be extremely significant in both the groups (p value < 0.0001). However there was no significant difference between the FRT scores post training between the two groups (p value > 0.0001). The study proves that both the strength training as well as proprioceptive training are equally effective in improving the dynamic balance in athletes with ankle instability. They should thus both be given to improve dynamic balance.

Keywords: Strength, Proprioceptive training, chronic ankle instability.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Career in Physical Education and Sports
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Prof. T.F Gulhane
	:	10.9790/6737-0152122

Abstract: Physical Education degree/diploma is beneficial for any profession where you deal with the education, development and need of people, and for occupations which require presentation, interpersonal management and leadership skills. In this paper, physical education graduates and post graduates obtain skills which furnish them for employment in a broad range of career opportunities in a broad range of career opportunities, including other sections of education, national and regional sports and recreation organizations, local government, the health and fitness industry and sports coaching.

Keywords: Physical education, career opportunities, management and leadership.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The founding principles of Sport for Development programmes in Zimbabwe and challenges impeding effective programme implementation.
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Edmore Nhamo, Simbarashe Magonde
	:	10.9790/6737-0152328

Abstract: This article reviews, discusses and analyses the founding principles that have motivated and inspired the formation of two major Sport for Development (SFD) initiatives with specific reference to circumstances in a developing country like Zimbabwe. The paper proceeds by analysing the numerous challenges which Zimbabwe has faced in her quest to implement Sport for Development initiatives with specific reference to the two major SFD initiatives i.e the Community Sport Development project (CSDP) and the Youth Education through Sport (YES) programme. The paper also projects forward by reviewing solutions for effective implementation of these Sport for Development programmes in Zimbabwe in order to enhance the achievement of the intended development goals. Keywords: Sport for Development, founding principles, challenges, YES, CSDP.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Program Versus Core Stabilization Exercises For Decreasing Pain And Improving Functions In Patients With Low Back Pain
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Manmeet K Dhaliwal, Dr Amandeep, Dr Jagmohan, Dr Manjeet MPT
	:	10.9790/6737-0152935

Abstract: Low back pain has been a matter of concern, affecting up to 90% of population at some point in their lifetime, up to 50% have more than one episode. People of all age group can be affected by this menace irrespective to their gender and quality of life. It has become one of the leading causes for the visit to physician thus also puts a heavy burden on the currency of the country. Physiotherapy is the most widely used form of treatment adopted for gaining relief from low back pain. The exercises include stretching, strengthening, range of motion exercises, McKenzie therapy and core stability exercises other techniques like Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program etc. It has been concluded in various studies core stability exercises and Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation are beneficial in low back pain patients but comparison of their effect needs to be established to provide early and better relief from the disability. Therefore objective of the study was to compare the effect of Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program and Core stabilization exercises on low back pain patients. 40 subjects aged 30 – 50 years with low back pain for more than 4 weeks were made part of the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were then divided into two groups named A, B. Group A received Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and group B received Core stabilization exercises and hot pack given initially for 10-15 minutes to the lower back. The exercise program was given for 4 weeks with a total of 24 sessions and progression of the activity was made within the tolerance of the patient. Pre and post treatment readings were taken of pain, Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and Functional Reach Test. Results were analyzed using paired, unpaired t- test. Results showed that there is significant effect on pain, Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and Functional Reach Test in the two groups but group A was clinically more significant than groups B. The study concluded that patients with low back pain are benefitted more by Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program. So, Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program should be practiced more.

Keywords: Low Back Pain, Core Stabilization Exercises, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Comparative Study on Balance and Flexibility between Dancer and Non-Dancer Girls
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Saikot Chatterjee. , Miss, Sushmita Dey , Dr. Samir Ranjan Adhikary
	:	10.9790/6737-0153640

Abstract: Dance is a form of art that normally involves rhythmic movement of the body and accompanied with music. Movement of human body while performing dance can become a significant medium for communication, feelings and emotions. It embraces movement, creation and performance. Dance helps to extend the limits of human physical ability, expressiveness and spirit. When it comes to health dance can be a very effective way of establishing a lasting healthy living. Anecdotally it can be said that dance potentially motivate and excite young people. Dance is a non-competitive form of exercise which has positive effects on physical and mental health. Young girls can be engaged in physical activity through dance. The author being a dancer in fervor and passion as well as an aspirant of the profession Physical Education strived to conduct the study bearing the title "A Comparative Study on Balance and Flexibility between Dancer and Non-Dancer Girls". The researcher selected 30 girls who are regularly involved in Dance and 30 girls who are non-dancer or rather sedentary on the basis of purposive stratified random sampling from Bidhan Govt. Girl's School, Dist. Nadia West Bengal as the subjects of her study. She incorporated Sit and Reach test and Stork Stand Balance tests for assessment of Flexibility and Balance respectively. With respect to data analysis initially descriptive statics like mean SD and range and further paired sample T test was conducted to ascertain the degree of difference between the means with the help of SPSS soft ware. Data analysis proved significant difference between the Dancer and Non-Dancer girls both with respect to flexibility and Balance. In both the cases the Dancer girls proved to be better though the differences were not statistically significant. Thus the author arrived at the conclusion that dance involving passion, strength, stamina, enthusiasm, rhythm, amusement and many more could be a wonderful fitness activity similar to other fitness activities like jogging, running, cycling, swimming etc.

Key words: Dance, Flexibility, Balance, Dancer, Non-Dancer.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Instead of Quantitative Analysis in Improving the Technical Sports
Country	:	Algiers
Authors	:	Benlakehal mansour university of Mostaganem
	:	10.9790/6737-0154145

Abstract: Our goal is to answer the initial question on the role of biomechanical analysis of technique in shot put in improving performance in the Algerian athlete. We will try to see if there is a significant difference between the performance achieved before biomechanical analysis and the analysis followed by a training program that focuses on the shortcomings and misconduct. We will also note the performances respectively. Much more, we will compare the second execution (post-program) that the model takes on the champion of Algeria discipline. Athletic performance is a multi-factorial phenomenon. It is the subject of numerous investigations across different scientific fields. If the disciplines of the humanities and life sciences allow the coach to take a look at the meaning attributed to the athlete's motor and biological dispositions that enable it to realize, biomechanics enables them to understand the human locomotion, to detect the most efficient gestures and possibly correct errors.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study on the Relationship between Nutrition Status and Physical Fitness of School Boys.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Saikot Chatterjee , Sri, Jahirul Biswas., Dr. Samir Ranjan Adhikary
	:	10.9790/6737-0154650

Abstract: Nutritional status during school age is a major determinant of nutritional and health status in adult life. Many studies showed that under nutrition and anaemia had an adverse impact on performance and consequently led to reduction in wages for persons employed in manual labour. The past three decades have witnessed the emergence of over nutrition as a problem in school-age children in developed countries and in affluent urban segments in developing countries. The main determinants of performance are physical fitness and skill. Longitudinal studies have shown that the lifestyle and physical fitness during childhood and adolescence were major determinants of lifestyle, physical fitness and freedom from non-communicable diseases in adult life. According to the knowledge gathered from available literature it was somehow clear that numerous studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between body composition and body type on motor performance, but research in the area directly concerned with determining the relationship between nutrition status and physical fitness components is rare so the author strived to ponder on the fact how physical performance gets affected by the nutrition status and thus selected the problem "A STUDY ON THE REALATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION STATUS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS OF SCHOOL BOYS". PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The main purpose of the study is to find out if there is any relationship between Nutrition status and Physical fitness of school going boys.A total of 44 boys within the age group of 8-9 years were selected from the Puratan Pitamberpur Primary School and Chapra Primary School. The subjects were selected randomly with the help of drawing lots for the present study. The subjects were selected from rural areas of West Bengal. The rural area subjects The life style including food habits, made of transport, nature of recreation and amusement were also considered.

Key words: Nutrition Status, Physical Fitness, School Boys.