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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Critical barriers impeding the delivery of Physical Education in Zimbabwean primary and secondary schools.
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Edmore Nhamo \|\| Tinny Margaret Muswazi
	:	10.9790/6737-0130106

Abstract: This article reviews and analyses the critical factors that have contributed to the trivialisation and the consequent non teaching of Physical Education in Zimbabwean primary and secondary schools. The paper analyses and reviews relevant Zimbabwean studies and literature in order to come up with a pattern that explains the major reasons for the non teaching of this significant, but often neglected subject. The paper also projects forward by presenting practical suggestions for improvement of the status quo.

Keywords: Physical education delivery, impeding factors, primary and secondary schools, Zimbabwe

[1]. World Health Organisation. Promoting active living in and through schools: A World Health Organisation Statement. Denmark, Esbjerg; 1998
[2]. UNESCO. International Charter of Physical Education and Sport; 1978
[3]. SRC. Sport and Recreation Policy of Zimbabwe. 1996.
[4]. Ministry of Education, Sports, Arts and Culture. National Sports, Arts and Culture Secretary's Circular number 2 of 1994
[5]. Ministry of Education, Sports, Arts and Culture. National Sports, Arts and Culture Secretary's Circular number 5 of 2005

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of yogic practices in State level football players
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Langpoklakpam Tamubi Devi \|\| Nongmaithem Sunderlal Singh \|\| Dr. R. K. Chandrakumar Singh \|\| Dr. Khuraijam Sanatombi Devi
	:	10.9790/6737-0130711

Abstract: To see the effect of three month yogic exercise in state level football players 50 state level football players were selected as a subject. The pre-test, mid test and post test had been taken by using Dynamic flexibility test, side split flexibility test and shoulder and wrist elevation flexibility test tools. To determine the difference between the 3 groups (initial, mid and post test) of state level football players F test was employed at 0.05 significance level. And to determine the training effect the t test for comparison mean was employed for two tails at the confidence level 0.05 level of significant. The comparative between the initial and post test of dynamic flexibility test, side split flexibility test and shoulder and wrist elevation flexibility test for the state level football players were found to be statistically significant at .05 confidence level as the values 10.676, 10.003 and 10.102 respectively were found greater than the tabulation value (1.98).
Key wards: Dynamic flexibility, Side sliding flexibility, shoulder and wrist elevation, F test, comparativet test.

[1]. Alter M.J., "Science of Flexibility", Human Kinetics, 1999, page 3 & 4
[2]. Swami Kwalayanada, "Scientific survey of the yogic poses", S MYM Samiti Lonavala 1999 page 2.
[3]. Amit Gupta, jaspal Singh, Sandhu and shyamal koley "A study on the physical Fitness spinal mobility and flexibility.
[4]. Vibha Bhola 'relationship of absolute Leg Length, relative Leg Length, Foot Lentgh, Dynamic power, Ankle Flexibility and agility of jumping Ability to volleyball using three strides Rhythm".
[5]. Peter singerseth and C. Chester Haliski; The flexibility of of football players "Research Quarterly Vol 21 No. 1 (December 1950). PP. 394-398.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study On Psychological Variables On Women Sports Participation Levels In University
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. A. Muthu \|\| Dr. V. Jayanth \|\| Dr. D. Sakthiganavel
	:	10.9790/6737-0131215

Abstract: This research is to examine whether the psychological variable on women have any impact on women's sports participation between Anna and Pondicherry Universities at different levels. The subject were (was) randomly selected from Anna University in Tamil Nadu State (300 Players) and Pondicherry University (Central University) in Puducherry State (300 Players), India. The selected subjects were with a brief questionnaire, to find out their level of sports participation, anxiety, aggression and stress. Data obtained were subjected to find out statistical significance among the means using 3 (levels – Zonal, Inter – Zonal and University participations) X 2 (University – Anna and Pondicherry) Factorial analysis. The result proved that there were significant differences in selected psychological factors of the different level of women sports players. There was no significant difference in stress at different levels. There was no significant difference between the Anna and Pondicherry in anxiety, aggression and stress of the women sports players. It was concluded that anxiety, aggression, and stress play a vital role in the participation level of women players.
Key Worlds: Different Level of Players, Women Sports Participation, University, Anxiety, Aggression and Stress.

[1] Harve E. Rawsona, Kimberly Bloomera, Amanda Kendalla. Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Physical Illness in College Students Psychology, Hanover College, 155(4), 1994, 321-330.
[2] Hurvitz M, Weiss R. The young female athlete, Pediatr Endocrinol Rev, 7(2), 2009, 123-9.
[3] Norton PJ, Burns JA, Hope D A, Bauer B K. Generalization of social anxiety to sporting and athletic situations: gender, sports involvement, and parental pressure, Depress Anxiety, 12(4), 2000, 193-202.
[4] Prather H, Hunt D. Issues unique to the female runner, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 16(3), 2005, 691-709.
[5] Sharma SV, Deanna M. Hoelscher, Steven H. Kelder, R.Sue Day, and Albert Hergenroeder. A path analysis to identify the psychosocial factors influencing physical activity and bone health in middle – school girls, J Phys Act Health, 6(5), 2009, 606-16.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative Study on Self Confidence among University Level Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi Players
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mahaprasad Ghosh \|\| Md. Kamrul Hassan \|\| Arindam Ghosh
	:	10.9790/6737-0131618

Abstract: Self-confidence is the belief that one can successfully perform or desired behavior. It is an important factor to achieve our ultimate goal. Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are very famous game in India involving various physical fitness components like speed, co-ordination, power, strength, agility etc. The Researcher was very keen to find out the self-confidence level of North Bengal University Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players before attending the inter university tournament. The purpose of this study was to compare the self-confidence level between Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players. Eighteen each male University level Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players from North University (Mean Age 23) were volunteered in this study. Hardy and Nelson (1992) questionnaire was used to measured the self confidence level of the subjects. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the overall mean significance difference of three groups. List significance difference (LSD) post-hoc test was used to measure the paired mean significance difference. The result indicated there was a mean significance difference in self-confidence level between Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players of North Bengal University. The researcher was concluded that Kho-Kho players are more confident than the Football and Kabaddi players before attending the respective inter university tournaments.
Key Words: Self-Confidence, Football, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi.

[1]. Gould, D., Weiss, M.R., & Weinberg, R. (1981). Psychological characteristics of successful and non- successful Big Ten wrestlers. Journal of Sport Psychology, 3, 69-81.
[2]. G. Dureja and S. Sing. (2011). Self-confidence and decision making between psychology and physical education student: A comparative study. Journal of Physical Education and Sports ManagementVol.2 (6), pp.62-65.
[3]. Highlen, P.S., & Bennett, B.B. (1979). Psychological characteristics of successful and non-successful elite wrestlers: An exploratory study. Journal of Sport Psychology,1, 123-137
[4]. Weinberg and Gould. (1999). Foundation of Sports and Exercise Psychology, (2nd ed., pp. pp. 287).
[5]. Weiss, M.R., Wiese, D.M., & Klint, K.A. (1989). Head over heels with success: The relationship between self-efficacy and performance in competitive youth gymnastics. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 444-451.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rehabilitation Process and Persons with Physical Dysfunctions
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Nanjwan, Josephine Dasel; Plang, Janet Punyit
	:	10.9790/6737-0131923

Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to determine rehabilitation process and persons with physical dysfunctions. To achieve the purpose of this study, three hypotheses were formulated. Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. A sample of one hundred persons with disabilities was randomly selected for the study. The selection was done through the simple random sampling technique. This was to give equal and independent opportunity to all the respondents to be selected for the study. The questionnaire was the major instrument used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to both face and content validation by expert in measurement and evaluation. The reliability estimate of the instrument was established through the test-retest reliability method Pearson product correlation analysis and independent t-test were employed were adopted to test the hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The result of the analysis reveals that rehabilitation significantly relates with persons with orthopedic and neurological impairments. The result also revealed that there is a significant difference between male and female disabled persons in their perception of rehabilitation of persons with other health impairments.

Keywords: Rehabilitation process, persons, physical, dysfunctions.

[1]. Andrews, J. R. & Herrelson, G.L. (1991). Physical rehabilitation of the injured athlete. Mexico: W.B. savders company.
[2]. Carte, E. T., Nigg, J. T. & Hinshaw S. P. (1996). Neuropsychological Functioning, Motor Speed, and Language Processing in Boys with and without ADHD Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6 (24) 481 -498.
[3]. Cratty, B. (1989). Adapted Physical Education in the Mainstream Second schools 2nd edition EagleWood: Love Publishing Company.
[4]. Dunlop, D. (2005). Starting an Exercise Program for High risk Individuals. California: Millipore Health Press.
[5]. Ihenacho, I. J. (2010). The need for effective rehabilitation service delivery. In Ajobiewe & Osurji (Ed.) New Perspectives in Special Need Education for Sustainable Development National Centre for Exceptional Children (NCEC) Ibadan: Glory-Land Publishing Company. 1-7.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Reasons for Success in Competitive Swimming among Various Human Races
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. Partha Pratim Majumder, Dr. Sayantani Roy Choudhury
	:	10.9790/6737-0132430

Abstract: It is very interesting to learn that though some consider swimming as Athletic Sports but when we consider the best sportspersons in swimming and running, there is a totally different result in terms of Human Race. It made us interested to find out the reason, why Swimming is not dominated by the Black race, what physical disadvantages they have in swimming. Also what physical advantages an Asian have in comparison with Dravidian to lead the Swimming World after White race! As we have analysed physical factors, there are some prominent structural difference in between 'black' and 'white' races which clarifies why White people are good in swimming. But these cannot reflect a clear difference in performance between Chinese and Dravidian.

[1]. Adrian Bejan, Edward C Jones, Jordon D Charles, 2010. The Evolution Of Speed In Athletics: Why The Fastest Runners Are Black And Swimmers White.International Journal of Design and Nature and Ecodynamics. 5(3):199-211.
[2]. Brent S. Rushall. 2007. Floating In Swimming: The Forgotten Technique Modifier. Swimming Science Bulletin, Number 36. [3]. Chin MK, So RC, Yuan YW, Li RC, Wong AS. 1994. Cardiorespiratory fitness and isokinetic muscle strength of elite Asian junior soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1994 Sep; 34(3):250-7.
[4]. Dale R Wagner and Vivian H Heyward (2000). Measures of body composition in blacks and whites: a comparative review1,2, Am J Clin Nutr, June 2000 vol. 71 no. 6 1392-1402.
[5]. Eugena Jung (2012). Swimmer Overcome Height Challenges, Yale Baily News , 11/09/12 [6]. Jinri Jiang, M.S. How to select potential Olympic swimmers. www.geocities.ws/ddstcoach/Coach.htm
[7]. Karen D. Berukoff and Grant Michael Hill, 2010. A Study of Factors That Influence the Swimming Performance of Hispanic High School Students. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education,2010, 4, 409-421
[8]. Lisa Porter, 2010.The History of Competitive Swimming. Livestrong.com (http://www.livestrong.com/article/342427-the-history-of-competitive-swimming/).

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Personality Assessment of Top Eight Interuniversity Male Archers for Various Divisions of Bow in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Aryavart Dabas, Laxman Singh, Dr. Dinesh P. Sharma
	:	10.9790/6737-0133132

Abstract: The main purpose of the study was to assess the personality traits of top eight Interuniversity male archers for various Divisions of bow in India. For the study 24 archers were selected from various divisions of Bow (Indian Round, Recurve and Compound). The age of the subjects were ranging from 17-30 years. Eysenck's personality inventory was used to assess the respective personality traits. The data was analyzed by applying descriptive statistics such as Mean, Standard Deviation and coefficient of variation were applied to the data. The finding of the study showed that there was Neuroticism and Extraversion stability in the behaviour of archers of every division.

[1]. Erwin Hauerback, "The Propagation Of Olympic Principles In Schools" (Thesis: Hellenci Olympic Committee, 1967), P. 2.
[2]. E.G. Health Faber, "Archery The Modern Approach" Faber and Faber Limited, London 1978, P.144.
[3]. R.B. Alderman, "Psychology Behaviour in Sports." W.B. Saunders Company London, 1974, P. 127.
[4]. http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072316799/student_view0/part4/chapter14/chapter_outline.html.
[5]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery.
[6]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Weight Training on Self-Concept of College girls
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Darshana Dahiya
	:	10.9790/6737-0133334

Abstract: The study was conducted on selected Self-Concept component of sixty girls (N= 60) of college level with a purpose to determine the effect of weight training on Self-Concept. 30 subjects were selected for each group i.e. Experimental and Control. The Self-Concept Questionnaire selected to measure the Self-Concept of college girls. In order to find out the effect of weight training on Self-Concept, the analysis of co-variance was applied at 0.05 level of significance. It was concluded that weight training leads to development of Self-Concept (F-Value =5.82).

[1]. Bucher, charles A. Foundation of physical education and sports London. The C.V.Mosby Company, 1983.
[2]. Barrow, Harold M. and Megee, RoseMary. A practical Approach to Measurement in Physical Education. Philadelphia : Lea and
Febiger, 1979.
[3]. Rogers, Dorothy. Child Psychology 2nd ed. Monterey California: Books publishing e.,1977
[4]. Freischlog., Jerry. "Basic considerations in changing attitudes towards physical education creditability success consequences and self – discovery " The Physical Education 30 (March 1973): 19
[5]. Martiken, T.J.chefter, J.T.and Zaichkowosky, L.P. " Physical activity, Motor Development, and self – concept." (Race and Age
Differences." Perceptual and Motor skills 46 (1977) cited by solokun. Journal of physical education and sports.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	To Study the Efficacy of Electromyographic Biofeedback Training on Dynamic Equinus Deformity and Gait in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Harveenkaur Gill, Anjali Bajaj, Jagmohan Singh, Aarti Sareen
	:	10.9790/6737-0133539

Abstract: Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by static lesion to a developing nervous system that primarily affects motor function. Spastic motor involvement is characteristic of most of these individual.Dynamicequinus is a common deformity that worsens the ambulatory ability of both diplegic and hemiplegic conditions. The use of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback has been suggested as a training tool to improve the ability to increase activation of weak and partially paralyzed muscles and to decrease the activation of muscles affected by spasm or spasticity without regard to specific diagnosis. However, very few studies have reported the effects of EMG biofeedback on ankle function among children with spastic cerebral palsy .Objectives of the study was to increase the activation of tibialis anterior and to improve the functional ambulation.40 subjects were made part of the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria divided into two groups group A and B.Group A received traditional physical therapy exercises and electromypgraphic biofeedback and group B received only exercise program.The treatment duration was for 4weeks 3 sessions a week.The results were analysed using statistical tests that were paired and unpaired t-test and mannwhitneytest.The results showed significant improvement in the pre and post treatment.The conclusion of the study lended a favourable outlook to use biofeedback training in treatment of CP children, to improve functional ambulation and gait.
Keywords: Cerebral palsy, dynamic equinus deformity, gait, electromyography, biofeedback.

[1]. Arya, BK, Mohapatra, J, Subramanya, K, Prasad, H, Kumar, R, Mahadevappa ,M, 2012 'Surface EMG analysis and changes in gait following electrical stimulation of quadriceps femoris and tibialis anterior in children with spastic cerebral palsy', ConfProc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. Pp. 5726-9.
[2]. Damiano, DL, Mehrolz, TL, Sullivan, DJ, Granata, KP, Abel, MF, 2000, 'Muscle force production and functional performance in spastic cerebral palsy: relationship of cocontraction', Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 895-900.
[3]. Dursun, E, Dugyu, A, 2004, 'Effect of biofeedback treatment on gait in cerebral children', Disability &Rehabilitation, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 116-206.
[4]. Maenpaa H, 2005, 'Electro stimulation therapy and selective posterior rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy'. Biomove, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 46-52.
[5]. RedaSayed Mohamed, 1994, 'Effect of biofeedback training on controlling dynamic equines deformity', Biomed Fed no.1, pp. 901-912.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Selected Pranayams on Breath-Holding Capacity, Cardio-Vascular Endurance & Reaction Time of High School Students in Punjab
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Bhupinder Singh Ghuman, Kuldip Singh
	:	10.9790/6737-0134044

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to assess the effects of selected Pranayams on Breath-Holding Capacity, Cardio-Vascular Endurance & Reaction Time of high school students in Punjab. Two hundred boy's age group of 13 to 16 years from Govt. High School, Karala, Punjab and S.B.W.S.M.P.School, Banur, Punjab were selected as the research subjects. The Pranayams Training duration was of 10-weeks. The subjects were divided into two groups as experimental (Group A) and control (Group B).

[1] Joshi, K.S, Yogic Pranayama, Orient Paperbacks, New Delhi, Page.10, 1982.
[2] Svatmarama, Hatha-Yoga-Pradipika, with a commentary by Swami MuktibodhanandaSaraswati.Munger, Bihar, India: Bihar School of Yoga, Page. 203, 1985.
[3] Best, J.W, and Kahn, J.V., Research in Education. PHI Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Edition Tenth, Page. 483. 2010.
[4] Dabal, "The Relationship of Breath Holding Capacity to Selected Pulmonary Functions." Unpublished doctoral Thesis, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 2003.
[5] Upadhyay, D. K., "Effects or Alternate Breathing Exercise on Cardio-Respiratory Functions." Nepal Med Journal, 2008, 10:1. PP. 25-7.

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