Volume-7 ~ Issue-5
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Foraging activity of Apis mellifera on Parthenium hysterophorus. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr. Jasvir Singh Dalio |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0750104  |
Abstract: Present study revealed that during period of highly floral scarcity (May and June) Apis mellifera showed foraging activity on Parthenium hysterophorus which is considered worst weed for environment and human health. Average foraging activity was recorded 4.9 bees/m²/min. Maximum abundance of foraging bees (13 bees/m²/min.) was observed from 800 to 845 hours. Average foraging frequency of bees was found to be 48.1 flowers/min. but maximum number of flowers visited/ min. was noted to be 60 from 815 to 845 hours. Average pollen load was 5.28 mg/bee. So this weed serves as subsistence flora at very critical time of dearth. Keywords: Parthenium hysterophorus, Apis mellifera, Foraging behaviour of bees, pollen collection.
1]. R.C. Mishra and S.K. Sharma, Technology for management of Apis mellifera in India, in R.C. Mishra, (Ed.), Perspectives in Indian
Apiculture (Agro Botanica, Bikaner (India),1998)137 – 147.
[2]. U.S. Walia and R.S. Uppal, Weeds , in A.P. Singh, (Ed.), Field Problems of fruit crops, (Foll Printer, Ludhiana India), 220.
[3]. D.S. Bisht, Pollen gathering activity of honeybees and Halictus sp. in roses, Indian J. Ent. 40,1978, 333-335.
[4]. H.S. Dhaliwal and O.P. Bhalla, On the foraging ecology of Apis Cerana indica F., Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Apic.Trop Climates, New
Delhi, 1983,513-527.
[5]. R. Vishwakarma and S.S. Ghatak, Bee forage plants in Nadia district of West Bengal, Bee World, 3 , 2009, 27-33.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Diagnostics: A Changing Trend |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Kunal Singh |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0750514 |
Abstract: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 or Steinert's disease is the most common form of adult muscular dystrophy affecting multiple systems with a wide spectrum of phenotypes. This paper focuses on the different methods to diagnose myotonic dystrophy type 1 that have been used over the years and the various modifications that have been made to the previous diagnostics. The different diagnostic assays and their different advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Keywords: Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1, Diagnostics, Method
[1]. Harper PS, Myotonic Dystrophy (2nd ed. Philadelphia:W.B.Saunders,1989)
[2]. Prior TW, ACMG Standards and Guidelines:Technical standards and guidelines for myotonic dystrophy type 1 testing. Genetics in Medicine, 11, 2009, 552-555.
[3]. Brook JD, McCurrach ME, Harley HG, Buckler AJ, Church D, Aburatani H, Hunter K, Stanton VP, Thirion JP, Hudson T et al., Molecular basis of myotonic dystrophy expansion of a trinucleotide (CTG) repeat at the 3` end of a transcript encoding a protein kinase family member. Cell, 68, 1992, 799-808.
[4]. Mahadevan M, Tsilidifidis C, Sabourin L, Sabourin L, Shutler G, Amemiya C, Jansen G, Neville C, Narang M, Barcelo J et al., Myotonic dystrophy mutation: an unstable CTG repeat in the 3` untranslated region of the gene. Science, 255, 1992, 1253-1255.
[5]. Hamshere MG, Harley H, Harper P, Brook JD and Brookfield JF Myotonic dystrophy: the correlation of (CTG) repeat length in leucocytes with age at onset is significantly only for patients with small expansions. Journal of Medical Genetics, 36, 1999, 59-61.
[6]. The International myotonic Dystrophy Consortium (IDMC) New nomenclature and DNA testing guidelines for myotonic dystrophy type 1(DM1). Neurology, 54, 2000, 1218-1221.
[7]. Lavedan C, Hofmann-Radvanyi H, Shelbourne P, Rabes JP, Duros C, Savoy D, Dehaupas I, Luce S, Johnson K and Junien C, Myotonic dystrophy: size and sex-dependent dynamics of CTG meiotic instability and somatic mosaicism. American Journal of Human Genetics, 52, 1993, 875-833.
[8]. Martorell L, Monckton DG, Sanchez A, Lopez De Munain A and Baiget M, Frequency and stability of the myotonic dystrophy type 1 premutation. Neurology, 56, 2001, 328-335.
[9]. Höweler CJ, Busch HF, Geraedts JP, Niermeijer MF and Staal A, Anticipation in myotonic dystrophy: fact or fiction? Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 112, 1989, 779-797.
[10]. Brook JD, McCurrach ME, Harley HG, Buckler AJ, Church D, Aburatani H, Hunter K, Stanton VP, Thirion JP, Hudson T et al., Molecular basis of myotonic dystrophy expansion of a trinucleotide (CTG) repeat at the 3` end of a transcript encoding a protein kinase family member. Cell, 68, 1992, 799-808.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Evaluation of Amino Acids in the Milk Preparations from Tiger Nut Rhizome and Its Mixed Varieties |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Salau, Rasaq Bolakale, Aminu Muhammad, Bisiriyu M. T., Bamidele K. G., Bishir Usman |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0751519 |
Abstract: The amino acid composition of yellow and brown tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) milk preparations and their mixtures were studied. The mixed variety was prepared from mixing equal proportion of the two varieties. The milk preparation was obtained by blending and subsequent expression of the milk.. Protein analysis stated with the hydrolysis of the milk preparation with HCl for 23hrs and the resulting amino acids were quantified with amino acid analyzer (Technicom TSM-1). The % nitrogen for the yellow, Brown and the mixture are 3.72, 3.24 and 2.22 respectively. Arginine has the highest value of 15.87, 16.22 and 19.20 g/100g respectively conferring same order of amino acid basicity. Methionine and tyrosine are the lowest (0.60 and 0.63, 0.68 and 0.48, 0.49 and 0.48 g/100g protein) respectively. Tryptophan is not prominently associated with the myriad of essential amino acids of tiger nut milk. It was not detectable in any of the varieties. The overall result of the study showed that the tiger nut milk is a rich source of protein. It can also be consumed as a valuable substitute for conventional cow milk and other known milk sources. The milk prepared from mixed variety exhibited synergistic effect as it combined some beneficial amino acid that either of the two varieties lacks. Keywords : Tiger nut, milk, amino acid, synergistic effect, protein
[1] Bamishaiye E. I. and Bamishaiye O. M.Tiger nut: As a plant, its derivatives and benefits. African Journal of food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. Volume 11 (5), 2011, 5157- 5170, ISSN 1684 5374
[2] Adejuyitan, J.A., Otunola, E.T., Akande, E.A., Bolarinwa, I.F and Oladokun,F.M. Some physicochemical properties of flour obtained from fermentation of tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) sourced from a market in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Afr.J.Food.Sci. (2),2009, 051-055
[3] Rita E.S. The use of tiger-nut (Cyperus esculentus), cow milk and their composite as substrates for yoghurt production. Pak. J. Nu 6, 2009. 755-758.
[4] Belitz, H. D., Grosch W. and Schieberle P. Food Chemistry, 4th revised and extended edition ( Berlin; Springer-Verlag, 2009)
[5] WHO/FAO/UNU .Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition. Report of a Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2007
[6] FAO/WHO. Protein Quality Evaluation; FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 51, Rome, Italy. 1991
[7] Pellett PL. World essential amino acid supply with special attention to South-East Asia.Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 17, 1996, 204–234.
[8] Eyo, S. Eyo and H.J. Abel. Chemical Composition and Amino acid contents of Gnetum africanum, Heinsa crinitia and Piper guineense. Nig. J. Nutritonal. Sci. 4 (1), 1983, 57-62
[9] WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation. Proteins and amino acids in human nutrition. World Health Org Tech Rep Ser.; 935:265 pages, 2007
[10] Aremu,M.O., Olonisakin, A., Opaluwa, O.D., Mohammed, Y and Salau R B. Nutritional qualities assessment of Tilapia fish (Tilapia quineensis). Indian.J.Multi.Res .3 (3), 2007, 443-456
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Effect of Humidity on the Physical Properties of Aspirin Tablets Produced By Melt Granulation and Slugging Methods |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | John A. Avbunudiogba, Omonyemen E. Cash-Torunarigha, Ikechukwu Onah |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0752025 |
Abstract: Aspirin is easily hydrolyzed by water and it is therefore produced by slugging, which is a time consuming process. This work was aimed at studying the effect of humidity on the physical properties of aspirin tablets produced by melt granulation in comparison with conventionally produced aspirin tablets. Goat fat (1 to 2% w/w) and carnauba wax (2 to 7.5% w/w) were the waxes used as granulating agents in the melt granulation technique. The granules were characterized and the ones with adequate flow were compressed to tablets of diameter 13.8± 0.1 mm and thickness 3.2 ± 0.1mm using a single punch tableting machine. Resulting tablets were evaluated and then stored under ambient humidity and 1% relative humidity and the effect of the storage on the physical properties of the tablets were analyzed monthly for two months duration. The bulk and tapped densities of the granules were between the ranges of 0.62 ± 0.00 - 0.71 ± 0.01 g/cm3 and 0.77 ± 0.02 - 0.85 ± 0.00 g/cm3 respectively. The angle of repose ranged from 26.96 ± 0.07o - 39.21 ± 0.02o, Carr's index between 10.34 ± 0.14 and 21.88 ± 0.01 and Hausner's ratio being in the range of 1.12 ± 0.05 - 1.28 ± 0.11. The resulting tablets displayed a good disintegration, having disintegration time ranging from 2.28 ± 0.12 - 5.30 ± 0.13 min. Tablet friability and tensile strength ranged from 1.09 ± 0.05 - 3.10 ± 0.01% and 0.02 ± 0.01 - 0.07 ± 0.00 MNm-2 respectively. After storage there was no change in tensile strength, however, there was a change in disintegration time and friability ranging from 0.46 ± 0.05 – 5.50 ± 0.08 min and 1.25 ± 0.01 - 3.50 ± 0.10% respectively. Melt granulation, which is a simpler method, had the least influence of humidity on the physical properties of aspirin tablets.
Keywords: Aspirin, Humidity, Melt granulation, Physical properties, Slugging and Waxes.
[1] H.D. Lewis, J.W. Davis, D.G. Archibald, W.E. Steinke, T.C. Smitherman, J.E. Doherty, H.W. Schnaper, M.M. LeWinter, J.W. Pouget, S.C. Sahlarwal, E. Chesler, H. Demots. Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina. Results of a veteran administration co-operative study. The New England Journal of Medicine; 309: 1983, 396-403.
[2] D.G. Julian, D.A. Chamberlain, S.J. Pocock. A comparison of aspirin and anticoagulation following thrombolysis for myocardial infarction (the AFTER study): a multi centre un-blinded randomized clinical trial. British Medical Journal; 313(7070): 1996, 1429 - 1431.
[3] M.P. Rothwell, P.M. Wilson, F. Jacqueline, J. Belch, T.W. Meade, Z. Mehta. Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: A study of incident cancers during randomized controlled trials. The Lancet; 6736: 2012, 60208 - 60209.
[4] A.M. Algra, P.M. Rothwell. Effects of regular aspirin in long term cancer incidence and metastasis: A systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomized trials. The Lancet Oncology, 10(12), 2012, 70-112.
[5] T. Schaefer, P. Holm, H.G. Kristensen. Melt granulation in a laboratory scale high shear mixer. Drug Development Industrial Pharmaceutics; 16: 1990, 1249-1277.
[6] N.V. Patel, N.P. Chotai, M.P. Patel. Formulation design of oxycarbamazepine fast release tablets prepared by melt granulation technique. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics; 2: 2008, 22 - 25.
[7] J.A. Avbunudiogba, R.S. Okor, M.U. Uhumwangho, M.I. Arhewoh. Melt granulation of aspirin powder as an alternative to slugging: Implication for compressibility and dissolution rate. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(1), 2012, 32-39.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Study for anti-infective potential of antibacterial properties of Murraya Koenigii |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Satish Chand Saini , Dr. GBS Reddy |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0752628 |
Abstract: In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of leaves extracts of Murraya koenigii was performed by disc diffusion method against six Gram positive bacterial (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus subfava), nine Gram negative bacterial (Alcaligenes fecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Salmonella typhimurium) and two fungal strains (Aspergillus brasiliensis, candida albicans). The most susceptible bacterial strains were Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus whereas not showing antifungal activity. The leaf extracts in organic solvents (methanol) showed better antimicrobial activity as compared to aqueous extracts Results of present study shows that leaves of Murraya koenigii having antimicrobial activity and can be used for natural antimicrobial agent.
Key Words: Antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, curry leaves, Murraya koenigii,
[1]. Anonymous, The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi: CSIR, 1998:446-448.
[2]. Prajapati ND, Purohit SS, Sharma AK, Kumar T.A Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Jodhpur: Agrobios, 2003: 352-353.
[3]. Ito C, Thoyama Y, Omura M, Kajiura I and Furukawa H, Alkaloidal constituents of Murraya koenihii; isolation and structural elucidation of novel binary carbazolequinones and carbazole alkaloids, Chem Pharm Bull, 1993, 41, 2096-2100.
[4]. The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi: CSIR, Volume 6 (L-M), 1962 pp 446-448.
[5]. Chakraborty DP, Barman BK and Bose PK, On the constitution of murrayanine, apyranocarbazole derivative isolated from Murraya koenigii, Tetrahedron, 1965, 21, 681.
[6]. Goutam MP and Purohit RM, Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the leaves of Murraya koenigii Spreng (IndianCurry Leaf), Indian J pharm, 1974, 36 (1), 11.
[7]. Newman DJ, Cragg GM and Snader KM, Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002, J Nat Prod, 2003, 66, 1022-1037.
[8]. Gould JC and Bowie JH, The determination of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics, Edinb Med J, 1952, 59, 178-199.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The Effect of HU308/TGF-β3 Combination on Wound healing, Cell Proliferation and Protein Secretion of MG-63 Osteoblast Monolayers |
| Country | : | England |
| Authors | : | M. Genedy, M. Youseffi, A. Abdeldayem, M. Denyer |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0752943 |
Abstract: Despite the ongoing political debate regarding the legality of medical marijuana, clinical investigations of the therapeutic use of cannabinoids are now more prevalent than at any time in history. There are mainly two well-known cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. More recently, endocannabinoids (ligands) and their receptors have been identified in the skeleton which appeared to be physiologically regulated by CB2 receptors, furthermore transforming growth factor-β3 was found to influence bone healing by regulating extracellular matrix synthesis and angiogenesis [1].This study examined the effect of HU308 treatments in combination with TGF-β3 (transforming growth factor beta -3) on wound healing, cell adhesion, cell size and extracellular matrix up regulation of proteins (collagen type I, fibronectin and protein S-100A6) as well as other biological factors such as secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) and nitric oxide (NO). Our results show that combination treatments increased wound closure and decreased cell surface attachment while up regulating MMP-2, and nitric oxide.
Keywords: cannabinoids, HU308, MG-63, MMP-2, nitric oxide, TGF-β3, wound healing
[1] Kalfas, I. H. (2001) Principles of bone healing. Neurosurg Focus, 10 (4), E1.
[2] Bertone, A. L. (1989) Principles of wound healing. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 5 (3), 449-63.
[3] Faler, B. J., Macsata, R. A., Plummer, D., Mishra, L. and Sidawy, A. N. (2006) Transforming Growth Factor-β and Wound Healing. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. Mar;18(1):55-62
[4] Tyrone, J. W., Marcus, J. R., Bonomo, S. R., Mogford, J. E., Xia, Y. and Mustoe, T. A. (2000) Transforming growth factor beta3 promotes fascial wound healing in a new animal model. In: Arch Surg. Vol. 135. United States: pp. 1154-9.
[5] Graycar, J. L., Miller, D. A., Arrick, B. A., Lyons, R. M., Moses, H. L. and Derynck, R. (1989) Human transforming growth factor-beta 3: recombinant expression, purification, and biological activities in comparison with transforming growth factors-beta 1 and -beta 2. Mol Endocrinol, 3 (12), 1977-86.
[6] Shah, M., Foreman, D. M. and Ferguson, M. W. (1995) Neutralisation of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 or exogenous addition of TGF-beta 3 to cutaneous rat wounds reduces scarring. J Cell Sci, 108 ( Pt 3), 985-1002.
[7] Khan, S. N., Bostrom, M. P. and Lane, J. M. (2000) Bone growth factors. Orthop Clin North Am, 31 (3), 375-88.
[8] Tosounidis, T., Kontakis, G., Nikolaou, V., Papathanassopoulos, A. and Giannoudis, P. V. (2009) Facture Healing and Bone Repair: An Update. Trauma 11: 145-156
[9] Sun, T., Centre for Cell Engineering, U. o. G., Glasgow, United Kingdom, Adra, S., Department of Computer Science, U. o. S., Sheffield, United Kingdom, Smallwood, R., Department of Computer Science, U. o. S., Sheffield, United Kingdom, Holcombe, M., Department of Computer Science, U. o. S., Sheffield, United Kingdom, MacNeil, S. and Department of Engineering Materials, U. o. S., Sheffield, United Kingdom (2009) Exploring Hypotheses of the Actions of TGF-β1 in Epidermal Wound Healing Using a 3D Computational Multiscale Model of the Human Epidermis. PLOS ONE, 4 (12).
[10] Shirakata, Y. (2010) Regulation of epidermal keratinocytes by growth factors. J Dermatol Sci, 59 (2), 73-80.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Extraction of some secondary metabolites &Thin layer chromatography from different parts of Acacia farnesiana L. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Sanjay R. Biradar & Bhagyashri D. Rachetti |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0754448 |
Abstract: Acacia farnesiana L. is an Indian plant used in Ayurvedic treatment for many diseases. A qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography & a quantitative analysis by standard chemical protocol of secondary metabolites in the pod wall (pericarp) and seeds of the Acacia farnesiana L. has been studied. Using thin layer chromatography (TLC) different components like Alkaloids, Saponin, Flavonoids, and Terpenoides are isolated & identified. The Rf values of the developed spots in the different solvent systems are noted. In the quantitative analysis, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids & flavonoids are extracted by using the standard chemical protocol. These results may be helpful for rationale use of this plant in the modern system of health care.
Keywords: Acacia farnesiana L. TLC, Qualitative & Quantitative analysis, Secondary metabolites.
[1]. Grabely S, Thiericke R (1999). Bioactive agents from natural sources: trends in discovery and application. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotech., 64: 101-154.
[2]. Jeevam RA, Bhakshu L Venkata R (2004). In vitro antimicrobial activity of certain medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats, India, used for skin diseases. J. Ethnopharm., 90: 353-357.
[3]. Cragg GM, Newman DJ (2005). Biodiversity: A continuing source of novel drug leads. Pure. Appl. Chem., 77(1): 7-24.
[4]. Bora U, Sahu A, Saikia AP, Ryakala VK, Goswami P (2007). Medicinal plants used by the people of Northeast India for curing Malaria. Phytother. Res., 21: 800-804.
[5]. Duke, J.A. 1981a. Handbook of legumes of world economic importance. Plenum Press. NewYork.
[6]. R. Bino Kingsley,S. Aravinth Vijay Jesuraj , P. Brindha,A. Subramoniam, Atif M,(2013) International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304,
[7]. King H, Auberti RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1414-1431.
[8]. Ogbonnia SO, Odimegwa JI, Enwaru VN. Evaluation of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ethanolic extracts of Treculia Africana Decne and Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. And their mixture on streptozotozin (STZ) - induced diabetic rats. African Journal of Biotechnology.2008;7(15):2535-2539.
[9]. Edem DO. Hypoglycemic effects of ethanol extracts of alligator pear seed in rats. European Journal of Scientific Research 2009; 33:669-678.
[10]. Abdulrahman F, Inyang SI, Abbah J, Binda L, Amos S, Gamanie
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Somatic Chromosome Counts In Some Species Of Crassocephalum (Moench.) S. Moore (Asteraceae) In Southwestern Nigeria. |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | A. S. Oyelakin, M. S. Ayodele |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0754951 |
Abstract: Somatic chromosome numbers of four species in the genus Crassocephalum were counted. Basic chromosome number of n=10 which was tentatively suggested for the genus by previous workers was confirmed. Three species, Crassocephalum rubens (Juss.ex.Jacq) S. Moore, C. biafrae (Oliv.& Hiern) S. Moore and C. togoense C.D. Adams had chromosome numbers of 2n=20 while 2n=40 was reported for the C. crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore. The occurence of higher chromosome number in C. crepidioides suggests the species to be polyploid. Basic chromosome number of n=10 was confirmed for the genus.
Key words: Crassocephalum, Basic chromososme number.
[1]. J. J Hutchinson and J. M. Dalziel, Flora of West Tropical Africa (London: Avi Publishing Westport R.W.J. Crown Agents, 1963).
[2]. O. Olorode, Chromosome numbers in Nigerian Compositae, Bot .J. Linn. Soc 68, 1974, 329-335.
[3]. O. Olorode, and B.B Okoli, Cytogenetic studies in some Nigerian species of Crassocephalum. (Senecioneae- Compositae), Niger. J. Genet. 2, 1978, 81-90.
[4]. M.O. Bankole, M. Ayodele, and O.T Adejumo, The antimicrobial effects of some Asteraceae commonly eaten as vegetables in Southwest Nigeria on some enteric pathogens, Comp. Newsletter 40, 2003, 56-61.
[5]. A. O. Olufolaji and O. A. Denton, Vegetable programme ( National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT). 25years of Research into Horticultural Crops Development in Nigeria. NIHORT Printing Press, Ibadan, 1975-2000 ).
[6]. J. A. Okeno, D. K Chebet, and P. W, Mathenge, Status of indigenous vegetable in Kenya, Acta Hort. 6 (21), 2003:95-100.
[7]. G. J. H. Grubben and O.A Denton, Plant resources of tropical Africa, Vegetables (PROTA Foundation Wageningen Leiden: CTA Wageningen, 2004).
[8]. S.C. Dutta, Systematic botany (India: Wiley Eastern Limited, 1988).
[9]. G. L. Stebbins, Chromosome variation and evolution. Science, 15 (2), 1966, 1463-1469.
[10]. V. H. Heywood, Plant taxonomy (London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd, 1976 ) .
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The In vitro effects of Zidovudine (an antiretroviral Drug) on Human erythrocyte Haemoglobin –S gelation |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Okonkwo, C. O., Uwakwe A. A. |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0755255 |
Abstract: Zidovudine (AZT) is a nucleoside analog, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The in vitro action of zidovudine (mg/ml) on sickle red blood cell haemoglobin showed a non-significant (P>0.05) decreases in Haemoglobin S gelation. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in relative polymerization rate with corresponding significant (P<0.05) increase in the relative percentage inhibition which was dose dependent, Zidovudine therefore reduces the rate of haemoglobin-S gelation in sickle cell patients. This makes it a promising antiretroviral medicine for sickle cell patients of HIV and AIDS.
Keywords: zidovudine, nucleoside analog, reverse transcriptase, inhibitor, antiretroviral, gelation, polymerization
[1]. Botes M.E. Antiretroviral therapy: pharmacology. In Disease Review, p334-341, Johnnic Publishing, 2003. [2]. Brinkman K, Hofstede H.Buraer D.M, Smeitink I and Koopmans P.P (1998). Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway. AIDS 12:1735–1744.
[3]. Broder, S. (2009). "The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic". Antiviral research 85 (1): 1–2. [4]. Cazzalini O, Lazze M.C and Lamele L (2001). Early effects of AZT on mitochondrial functions in the absence of mitochondrial DNA depletion in rat myotubes. Biochem Pharmacol 62:893–902.
[5]. Chien, S (1977) Rheology of Sickle Cells and Erythrocyte Content of Blood Cells 3: (698-705)
[6]. Douek D.C,Roederer M and Koup R.A (2009). "Emerging concepts in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS". Annu. Rev. Med. 60: 471–84.
[7]. Duncan B.D (1957) .Multiple range tests for correlated and heteroscedastic means.Biometrics 13:359-364.
[8]. Greener, R. (2002). "AIDS and macroeconomic impact". In S, Forsyth (ed.). State of The Art:AIDS and Economics. IAEN. pp. 49–55.
[9]. Henry C.A (2000).Semitogenesis in Zebrafish.Ph.D Thesis University of Washington.
[10]. Hicks L.M,Cahoon R.E;Bonner E.R, Rirard R.S,Sheffield J and Jez J.M (2003). Current management challenges in HIV: Tolerability of Antiretrovirals and metabolic complications. aids patient care and STDs. 17(5),
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Certain Profession of Working as Risk Factors for Varicose Veins |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Shiksha Sharma, Minakshi Vashist, Madan Gopal Vashist, Kirti Grow, Ritu Yadav |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0755659 |
Abstract: Varicose veins are visible surface manifestations of an underlying venous insufficiency syndrome. The present study was designed to investigate the various risks factors behind the occurrence of varicose veins. One hundred fifty five patients of varicose veins were analyzed for various factors. A specialized questionnaire was developed to record detailed information of varicose veins patients. Two way- ANOVA, odds ratio and test were used to compare the data. Standing occupation was highly significant as compared to sitting (OR= 3.1774; 95 % CI=i.9528 to 5.1699). Two way ANOVA revealed statistically significant values for age group (CI= 95%, df=4, p= 0.05554) whereas sex alone as a factor was found less significant CI= 95%, (df=1, p=0.12723). Significant association was found between working posture and sex ratio (p< 0.05). Working posture and age groups were found to be the most significant risk factors of varicose veins.
Key Words: Risk factors, Varicose veins, Occupation and Working posture.
[1] Johnson G. The management of venous disorders in Rutherford RB. Vasc surg. 1994; 4(2), 1671-882.
[2] Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Geroulakos G, Griffin M, Incandela L, De Sanctis MT, Sabetai M, Geroulakos G, Agus G, Bavera P, Ippolito E, Leng G, Di Renzo A, Cazaubon M, Vasdekis S, Christopoulos D and Veller M. 'Real' epidemiology of varicose veins andchronic venous diseases: the San Valentino vascular screening project. Angiol. 2002; 53:119–130.
[3] Criqui MH, Jamosmos M, Fronek A, Denenberg JO, Langer RD, Bergan J and Golomb BA. Chronic venous disease in an ethnically diverse population: the San Diego Population Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003; 158:448–456.
[4] Kroeger K, Ose C, Rudofsky G, Roesener J, Hirche H. Risk factors for varicose veins. Int Angiol. 2004; 23:29 e34.
[5] Black J and Jacobes. Luckman and Sorensons medical surgical nursing 4th edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Suanders company. 2000; (4).
[6] Pramod M, Shalish E and Chhaya J. Study of Clinical Features and Management of Varicose Veins of Lower Limb. J Clinic Diagno Research. 2011; 5(7):1416-1420.
[7] Evans CJ, Fowker FG, Ruckley CV and Lee AJ. Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women of general population on: Edinburgh Vein Study. J Epidimiol Comm Health. 1999; 53:149-153.
[8] Konto ŝiĉ I, Vukeli M, Dreŝĉik I, et al. Work conditions as risk factors for varicose veins of the lower extremities in certain professions of the working population of Rijeka. Acta Med Okayama. 2000; 54:33–8.
[9] Barić LJ. The disease of aorta, arteries and veins; in internal medicine in practice. 1984; 683-699.
[10] Mimica M, Pavlinović Ž and Malinar M. Varicose veins in legs in working population. Arh Hig Rada Toksiko. 1977; 28:145-155.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Antitrypanosomal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extract of Artemisia herba alba Follwing Experimental infection of Rabbits |
| Country | : | Malaysia |
| Authors | : | Fathy. M. A. Awad, Zainal Abidin Bin Abu Hasan, Abdinasir Yusuf Osman, Nazlina Ibrahim |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0756068 |
Abstract: There is potential growing interest in the context of exploring the medicinal effect of Artemisia spp in relation to parasitic diseases in many parties of the world. In this study, however, use of Artemisia herba alba as anti-parasitic source is exclusively new contribution to the currently available data base. The present work of the experimental nature was conducted to evaluate the antitrypanosomal efficacy of crude ethanolic extracts (CEE) of the aerial parts of Artemisia herba alba against Trypanosoma evansi infection in animal model. A total of thirty rabbits (n=30) of approximately 5 - 6 months old, weighing 1.5 - 2.5 kg were divided into six main groups of five animals each. Animals in Group1 (pre-infection) were treated intraperitoneally (I.P) with 100 mg kg-1 of CEE from two days before T. evansi infection until 4 days after infection. Group 2 (concurrent) was infected and concurrently treated with 100 mg kg-1 of CEE for 6 days. Group 3 (post-infection) was treated with 100 mg kg-1 of CEE 6 days after detection of parasitaemia.
[1]. Adrian, M. S., Sani, R. A., Hassan, L. & Wong., M. T. 2010. Outbreaks of trypanosomiasis and the seroprevalence of T. evansi in a deer breeding centre in Perak, Malaysia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 42: 145–150.
[2]. Aquino, L.P.C.T., Machado, R.Z., Alessi, A.C., Marques, L.C., Castro, M.B., Malheiros, E.B., 1999. Clinical, parasitological and immunological aspects of experimental infection with Trypanosoma e_ansi in dogs. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 94, 255–260.
[3]. Barrett, M.P., Burchmore, R.J.S., Stitch, A., Lassan, J.O., Frasch, A.C., Cazzulo, J., Krishna, S., 2003. The trypanosomiases. Lancet 362 (9394), 1469–1480.
[4]. Dob, T., Benabdelkader, T., 2006. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia herba-alba Asso grown in Algeria. J. Essent. Oil Res. 18, 685–690.
[5]. Ene, A.C., Atawodi, S.E., Ameh, D.A., Nnamani, C.N. & Apeh, Y.E.O. 2009. Antitrypanosomal effects of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Artemisia maciverae Linn. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 47: 981-986.
[6]. Greuter, W. (2006–2009): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Greuter, W. &Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/ [accessed 07.11].
[7]. Losos,G.J. and Ikede,B.O., 1972. Review of Pathology of disease in domestic and Laboratory animals caused by Trypanosoma congolense.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Incidence of Tuberculosis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients attending General Hospital Bajoga |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Wasa Alibe Ahmed, Raj Kumar Prajapati, Bello Y. Bilkisu |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0756972 |
Abstract: Incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among patients attending Voluntary counseling and Testing (VCT) clinic at General Hospital Bajoga was determine in order to provide data on the disease burden and suggest ways on controlling the infection if present. A total of 304 HIV sero-positive patients from January to June 2013 were screened for TB. The study revealed 98 (32.2%) were TB positive, of which 63 (64%) were males, while 35 (36%) were females. The highest incidence rate of 47 was seen in the 16-35years age group, followed by 44 observed in the above 35years age group. The less than 15 years age group has the least incidence rate of 7. Retrospective studies conducted from 2010-2012 also revealed a prevalence rate of 52 (15.1%) in 2010, 24 (5.6%) in 2011 and 31 (7.1%).
Key words: Incidence, Gender, Tuberculosis, Retrospective, HIV
[1]. Anteyi, E.A., Idoko, J.A., Ukoli, C.O. and Bello, C.S. (1996) Clinical pattern of HIV in PTB in Jos Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci, 25(4):317-321
[2]. Cheesbrough Monica (2006). Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Volume II. Printed in Great Britain at the University press Cambridge
[3]. Daniel, O.J., Salako, A.A., Oluwole, F.A., Alausa, O.K. and Oladapo, O.T (2005)HIV seroprevalence among newly diagnosed adult PTB patients in Sagamu. Nigerian J Med, 13(4): 393-397
[4] Elliott A.M, Luo. N. and Tembo. G (1990) Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Zambia : a cross-sectional study, fir Med.I. 1990, 301, 412
[5] Harries A.D, Mbewe L.N.O, Salanifoni FML, Nyngulu DS, Randal JT Nunn P (1996) Tuberculosis Programme changes and treatment outcomes in patient with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Blantyre, Malawi. Lancet 347: 807 – 809
[6] Ige, O.M., Sogaolu, O.M. and Ogunlade, O.A. (2005). Pattern of presentation of Tuberculosis and the hospital prevalence of Tuberculosis and Immunodeficiency virus co-infection in University College Hospital Ibadan: a review of five years (1999 – 2007).
[7] Jemikalajah, JSS.D. and Okogun, G.A.(2009). Health point prevalence of HIV and Pulmonary Tuberculosis among patients in various parts of Delta State, Nigeria. Saudi Med J. 30(3); 387 -391
[8] Moses, A.E., Adelowo, K.A. and Ajayi, B.B. (2003). Prevalence of HIV-1 infection among patients with Leprosy and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a semi arid region, Nigeria. J R Soc Promot Hlth.123(2): 117 – 119
[9] Nwobu, G.O., Okodua, M.A. and Tatfeng, Y.M. (2004). Comparative study of HIV Associated Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Chest Clinics from Two Regions of Edo State, Nigeria. Online J Hlth Allied Scs. 2004;3:4 URL: http://www.ojhas.org/issue 11/2004-3-4.htm [10] Odaibo, G.N., Gboun, M.F., Ekanem, E.E.,Gwarzo, S.N., Saliu, I., Egbewunmi, S.A., Abebe, E.A. and Olaleye, D.O. (2006). HIV infection among patients with PTB in Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 35:93-98
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Parkinson disease and use of stem cells for therapeutic approaches of Parkinson disease |
| Country | : | Pakistan |
| Authors | : | Fehmida Farid Khan, Tania Tanveer, Asma Gul |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0757382 |
Abstract: Parkinson's disease involves a progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which causes motor symptoms such as dysfunctional bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor. Genetic mutations in Parkinson disease are infrequent and important because they represent potential therapeutic targets. Unfortunately, there is currently no treatment to stop the progression of the disease but only few improvements in symptoms are accessible by current treatments based on levodopa and dopaminergic therapy. Embryonic stem cells, Neural stem cells, Mesenchymal stem cell and induce pluripotent stem cell are a good source for dopaminergic neurons and can be used for cellular therapeutic approaches. Mesenchymal stem cells are thought to be among the easiest to harvest stem cells from individual sources. Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have more advantages than other two. Embryonic stem cells remain highly proliferative after in vivo expansion. They can generate dopaminergic neurons and survive after transplantation. Along with it, induced pluripotent stem cells generate unlimited Parkinson's disease patient specific cells. They show some degree of functional recovery after transplantation. Hence, these two have potential to enhance the success rate of clinical trial in Parkinson disease and to tolerate adverse effects of transplantation. This review will provide an insight into therapeutic approaches of Parkinson disease by the help of different types of stem cells.
Keywords: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, Human embryonic stem cell Induced pluripotent stem cell, Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C, Neural stem cells..
[1] B. Thomas and MF. Beal, Molecular insights into Parkinson‟s disease. F1000 Medicine Reports, 3, 2011, 7.
[2] MC. Rijk, LJ. Launer ,K. Berger, MM. Breteler, JF. Dartigues, M. Baldereschi, L. Fratiglioni, A. Lobo, J. Martinez-Lage, C. Trenkwalder and A. Hofman, Prevalence of Parkinson‟s disease in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group, Neurology, 54(11 suppl 5), 2000, S21-S23.
[3] JM. George, The synucleins. Genome Biology, 3(1), 2002, REVIEWS 3002.
[4] AH. Schapira, Present and future drug treatment for Parkinson's disease, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery. And Psychiatry, 76(11), 2005, 1472-1478.
[5] MJ. Farrer, Genetics of Parkinson disease: paradigm shifts and future prospects. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7(4), 2006, 306-318.
[6] W. Dauer and S. Przedborski, Parkinson‟s disease: mechanisms and model. Neuron, 39(6), 2003, 889–909.
[7] TH. Hamza, CP. Zabetian, A. Tenesa, A. Laederach, J. Montimurro, D. Yearout, DM. Kay,KF. Doheny,J. Paschall,E. Pugh,VI. Kusel, R. Collura, J. Roberts, Common genetic variation in the HLA region is associated with late-onset sporadic Parkinson‟s disease. Nature Genetics, 42(9), 2010, 781-785.
[8] F. Coppede, Genetics and Epigenetics of Parkinson‟s disease. The scientific World Journal, 2012, 2012, 1-12.
[9] MC. Chartier-Harlin, J. Kachergus, C. Roumier, V. Mouroux, X. Douay, S. Lincoln and C. Levecque, α-synuclein locus duplication as a cause of familial Parkinson‟s disease. The Lancet. 364(9440), 2004, 1167–1169.
[10] A. Zimprich, S. Biskup, P. Leitner, P. Lichtner and M. Farrer, Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology, Neuron, 44(4), 2004, 601–607.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms on the External Body Parts of Carpenter Ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) Collected from Kitchens. |
| Country | : | Pakistan |
| Authors | : | Kausar Malik, Anam Arshad, Ammara Jamil |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0758386 |
Abstract: Carpenter ants (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) are not only found in kitchens but they are also present in gutters, woods, and the places which are poorly adapted to healthy environment. The presence of these ants in the kitchen makes all the utensils and the food entirely unhygienic as a result when they are used by humans make them ill or may cause death. Carpenter ants are the very important source of spreading these pathogenic bacteria to humans and spreads food borne illness. The study was attempted to isolate the pathogenic bacteria from the external body parts of Camponotus pennsylvanicuscollected from kitchen of different hotels, houses and restaurants located in different areas of district Lahore. To isolate these pathogenic microorganisms, carpenter ants external body parts were dipped in the nutrient broth medium and the turbidity produced in the medium, (after 24 hours incubation with shaking) indicated the presence of certain microorganisms. Among the collected samples, bacteria like E.coli, salmonella, staphylococcus and streptococcus pathogenic species were isolated and identified by the help of selective media. Total 300 samples were collected and all were found to be contaminated with these pathogenic bacteria mentioned above. Results concluded showed and confirmed that the presence of carpenter ants (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) in the kitchen of houses, hotels and restaurants are the important source of spreading different pathogenic bacteria which are very lethal to human health and may cause even death.
Key words: Camponotus pennsylvanicus, pathogenic microorganisms, E.coli, staphylococcus, salmonella.
[1]. Casewell, M. W., Hill, R. L. R. 1986. The carrier state: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 18:1-12.
[2]. Christie, A. B. 1987. Infectious Diseases: Epidemiology and Clinical Practice. 4th ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone
[3]. Jacobs, S. 2008. Carpenter ants, Camponotus pennsylvanicus. ThePennsylvania State University, college of agricultural sciences.
[4]. Madigan, M. T. and Martinko, J. M. 2006. Brock Biology of microorganisms. Pearson. USA.11: 234-456.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Cloning and Expression of a cry III Gene Isolated from the Local Habitat into a Modified Strain of Bacillus thuringiensis |
| Country | : | Pakistan |
| Authors | : | Kausar Malik, Mir Muhammad Ali Talpur |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0758795 |
Abstract: The cryIII gene, isolated from a locally isolated Bacillus thuringiensis strain,CAMB #30382 (isolated from grain dust of Shakargarh,Punjab,Pakistan), highly effective against red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, was amplified through Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using of specific primers, The cryIII gene was cloned in HindІІІ digested and dephosphorylated expression vector pHB201. For this purpose, the DNA was run through 0.8% agarose gel and was eluted by means of DNA extraction kit.The transformation was done into an acrystalliferous strain of Bacillus thuringiensis, 4D22, by electroporation method . The positive clones were selected onto the petri plates containing LB X-gal/IPTG/Chloramphenicol. The Bacillus thuringiensis containing the gene of interest were also confirmed through PCR, and restriction analysis. Total protein extract from the transformed and non transformed Bt. strains were collected through affinity column chromatography.
Key words: Acrystalliferous strain, Bacillus thuringiensis, Biotoxicity, Expression
[1]. Aronson, A. I., Beckman, W. and Dunn, P. (1986). Bacillus thuringiensis and related insect pathogens. Microbiol. Rev. 50, 1-24.
[2]. Aronson, A. I., E.-S.,Mcgaughey, W. and Johnson, D. (1991). The solubility of inclusion proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis is dependent upon protoxin composition and is a factor in toxicity to insects. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57, 981-986.
[3]. Ben-Dov, E., Zaritski , A., Dahan, E., Barak, Z., Sinai, R., Manasherob, R., Khamraev, A., Troitskaya, E., Dubitsky, A., Berezina, N. and Margalith, Y.(1997)Extended screening by PCR for seven cry –group genes from field collected strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(12) 4883-
[4]. 4890.
[5]. Barton, K.A., Whiteley, H.R. and Yang, N. S., 1987. Bacillus thuringiensis delta- endotoxin expressd in transgenic Nicotiana tabaccum provides resistance to lepidopteran insects. Plant Physiology 85: 1103-1109.
[6]. Bhattacharya, P.R, 2000. Hyper production of Insecticidal crystal protein (delta-endotoxin) by Bacillus thuringienesis var israelensis is not related to sposulation specific biochemical functions Curr. Microbiol, 41 (3): 187-191.
[7]. Brinboim , H, C and Dolly, J., 1970. A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic acids Research. 7, 1513-1523.
[8]. Carozzi, N. B., Kramer, V. C., Warren, G. W., Evola, S. and Koziel, M. G., 1991. Prediction of insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains by polymerase chain reaction product profiles. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57, 3057-3061.
[9]. Chambers, J. A., Jelen, A., Gilbert, M. P., Jany, C. S., Johnson, T. B. and Gawron-Burke, C. (1991). Isolation and characterisation of a novel insecticidal crystal protein gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai. Journal of Bacteriology 173, 3966-3976.
[10]. Coyle, DR. MC Millan, J.D, Krause, SC Hart, E.R, 2000. Laboratory and field evaluations of two Bacillus thuringienesis formulations Novodor and Raven, forcontrol of cottonwood leaf beetle (Coleoptra Chrysomelidae), J. Econ. Entomol 93(3) 713-720.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Microbiological investigation of Escherichia coli isolates from cloacal and feacal swabs of broiler chickens for extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) enzymes |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Eze Emmanuel, Nwakeze Emmanuel, Oji Anthonia, Ejikeugwu Chika, Iroha Ifeanyichukwu |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0759699 |
Abstract: Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that hydrolyze oxyimino cephalosporins (except cephamycins) and monobactams but are inhibited by clavulanic acid. Pathogenic bacteria producing ESBL exhibit co-resistance to many other classes of antibiotics, and this result in limitation of therapeutic option in both veterinary and human medicine. This research work demonstrated ESBL production from Escherichia coli isolates of poultry origin in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 200 feacal and cloacal swab samples from broiler chickens were analyzed in this study. Swab samples were cultured and incubated at 37oC for 18-24 hrs, and colonies growing on agar plates were identified by standard microbiology techniques. Antibiogram was conducted on all isolates by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and ESBL production was evaluated as per the double disk synergy test (DDST) method. ESBL production was detected in 16 E. coli isolates from feacal swab samples and 20 E. coli isolates from cloacal swab samples. All isolates showed high resistance to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and ofloxacin. The frequency of ESBL production in E. coli isolates from broiler chickens in this study has clinical implications for the treatment of bacterial related diseases in human population, thus the need to control the use of antibiotics for non-human purposes in this environment.
Keywords: ESBL, Antibiotic Resistance, Poultry, Feacal Samples, Nigeria
[1]. A.M Ahmed and T Shimamoto, Emergence of a cefepime and cefpirome resistant Citrobacter freudii. clinical isolates harboring a novel chromosomally encoded AMPC - lactamase, CMY-37. Int. J. Antimicrob Agents, 32, 2008, 256-261.
[2]. C Ejikeugwu, M Ikegbunam, C Ugwu, P Eze, I Iroha and C.O Esimone, Phenotypic detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains-producing extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences, 1(1), 2013, 20-23.
[3]. P.A Bradford, P.J Petersen, I.M Fingerman, D.G White, Characterization of expanded-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in E. coli isolates associated with bovine calf diarrhoeal disease. J Antimicrob Chemother, 44, 1999, 607-610.
[4]. J.D.D Pitout, K.S Thomsons, N.D Hanson, A.F Ehrhardt, –lactamase responsible for resistance to expanded spectrum cephalosporin in Klebsiella pneumomiae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis isolates recovered from South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 1998, 1350-1355.
[5]. G.A Jacoby and L.S Munoz-Price, The New Beta-Lactamases. N. Engl. J. Med, 352(4), 2005, 380-391.
[6]. R Melano, A Petroni, A Garuth, H.A Sakea, L Mange, F Pasteran, M Rapport, A Rossi, M Galas, New carbenicillin hydrolyzing –lactamase (CARB-T) from Vibro cholerae non-01, non-0139 strains encoded by the VCR region of the V. Cholerae genome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 2002, 2162-2168.
[7]. R.L Vogt and L Dippold, Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with consumption of ground beef. Public Health Rep, 120 (2), 2005, 174–8.
[8]. V Jasson, I Sampers, N Botteldoorn, F Lopez-Galvez, L Baert, S Denayer, A Rajkovic, I Habib, L De Zutter, J Debevere and M Uyttendaele, Characterization of Escherichia coli from raw poultry in Belgium and impact on the detection of Campylobacter jejuni using Bolton broth. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 135, 2009, 248-253.
[9]. K.F Chah and N.E Nweze, Antibiotic use in poultry production in Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria. Proc. Nig. Soc. Anim. Prod, 26, 2001, 69-72.
[10]. I.R Iroha, E.C Okonkwo, E.A Nwakaeze, E.A Oji, F.N Afiukwa, A.C Nwuzo, T Ayogu, Antimicrobial resistan