Volume-6 ~ Issue-4
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Self-Medication of Anti-Biotics amongst University Students of Islamabad: Prevalence, Knowledge and Attitudes |
Country | : | Pakistan |
Authors | : | Muhammad Paras Javed |
Abstract: The prevalence and pattern of self-medication with antibiotics among undergraduate and graduate community of students at different universities of Islamabad was evaluated using structured self-medication administered questionnaire. This cross-sectional, study was conducted in March 2013. A convenience sample was taken from 4 non-medical universities of the city of Islamabad, Pakistan. Data was analyzed using SPSS v14 and associations were tested using the Chi square test. A total of 210 questionnaires were randomly distributed with a respondent rate of 100%. The prevalence of self-medication was found to be 77.03% (Female: Male Ratio=1:1.14). The major reasons given for self-medicating with antibiotics were; 33.63% assumed knowledge on antibiotics (P=0.478), 26.64% prior experience on use (P=0.378), while 9.17% admitted lack of time to go for consultation (P=0.130). Majority of respondents however, self-medicate with antibiotics occasionally. The most reported antibiotic class (48.58%) was the β-lactams (as amoxicillin) while co-trimoxazole was rarely used (2.23%). The most reported condition for self-medication was respiratory tract infections (59%). About almost half of the respondents (46.79%) purchased the drugs from drug stores. These findings highlight the needs for planning interventions to promote the judicious use of antibiotics within the student population.
Keywords: Antibiotics, drugs, Pakistan, rational use, self-medication, students..
[1] Olayemi O.J., Olayinka B.O., Musa A.I., Evaluation of Antibiotic Self-Medication pattern amongst undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University (Main Campus), Zaria. Russian Journal of Applied Sciences Engineering and Technology 2(1): 35-38 2010. [2] Zafar SN, Reema S, Sana W, Akbar JZ, Talha V, Mahrine S, Wajeeha Y, Saman S, Sarah S. Self medication amongst university students of Karachi: prevalence, knowledge andattitudes. J Pak Med Assoc 2008, 58, 214-17.
[3] Filho L, Antonio I, Lima-Costa MF, Uchoa E. Bambui Project: a qualitative approach to self-medication. Cad Saude Publica 2004; 20: 1661-9.
[4] Shankar PR, Partha P, Shenoy N. Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: a questionnaire-based study. BMC Fam Pract 2002; 3: 17.
[5] Bretagne JF, Richard Molyoivd B, Honnorat C, Caekaert A, Barthelemy P. [Gastroesophageal reflux in the French general population: national survey of 8000 adults]. Presse Med 2006; 35: 23-31.
[6] Haider S, Thaver IH, Self medication or self care: implication for primary health care strategies. J Pak Med Assoc 1995; 45: 297-8. [7] Chalker, J., Improving antibiotic prescribing in Hai Phong Province, Viet Nam: he "antibiotic-dose" indicator. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001; 79(4).
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Chemical Investigations of Some Commercial Samples of Calcium Based Ayurvedic Drug of Marine Origin: Kapardika Bhasma |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | Sonali Dhamal, M.P.Wadekar*, B.A.Kulkarni, V.V.Dhapte |
Abstract: Kapardika bhasma is an important Ayurvedic drug of marine origin. Even though it is composed of mainly of calcium carbonate it exhibits excellent medicinal properties which are not associated with standard calcium carbonate. In the present study four commercial samples are characterized using techniques like EDX, SEM, IR, UV,XRD and TG analysis to throw light on their chemical composition and chemical properties .Such comparative study may help to standardise and to interpret the biological and medicinal properties of such traditional drug.
Keywords: Calcium carbonate, Kapardika bhasma, TG, SEM, IR, XRD.
[1] Wadekar M.P., Rode C.V., Bendale Y.N, Patil K.R., Prabhune A.A., Preparation and characterization of a copper based Indian traditional drug: Tamra bhasma. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 39,2005,951-955.
[2] Wadekar M.P., Rode C.V., Bendale Y.N., Patil K.R., Gaikwad, Prabhune A.A., Effect of calcinations cycles on the preparation of tin oxide based traditional drug: Studies on its formation and characterization., Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.,41,2006,1473-1478.
[3] Mrudula Wadekar, Vishwas Gogte, Prasad Khandagale and Asmita Prabhune. Comparative study of some commercial samples of Naga Bhasma., Ancient Science of Life, 23(4),2004, 45-48.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Evaluation of Nutritional Components of Carica papaya L. At Different Stages of Ripening. |
Country | : | Nigeria. |
Authors | : | Chukwuka, K.S, Iwuagwu, M, Uka, U.N |
Abstract: The study compared the nutritive value of Carica papaya L. fruit at different ripening stages with the aim of advising consumers and biological world when best to consume the fruit. Proximate, mineral and vitamin analysis were carried out on the pulp, peel and seeds of fruits. Results showed that unripe papaya is a good source of carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins, and the content decreases as it ripens. Very ripe papaya is not a good source of protein because unripe papaya contains more protein. The vitamin C content of the hard ripe and very ripe pawpaw was found to be fairly high. Papaya at different stages is a good source of vitamin A and mineral elements (Ca, Mg, Na and K). Unripe pawpaw contains the highest amount of all the non-nutritive elements (Saponin, Alkaloid, Tannin, Flavonoid and Phenol) analyzed which are beneficial to the body. In view of these differences, though very ripe pawpaw is sweet and good for consumption, the unripe pawpaw is recommended for use due to its nutritive value. `
Keyword: Carica papaya, Nutrients, Vitamins and Minerals
[1] Food and Agriculture Organization (2004). United Nations Statistics. http://faostat.fao.org
[2] Bari, L., P. Hassan, N. Absar, M.E. Haque and M.I.I.E. Khuda (2006). Nutrional analysis of two varities of papaya (Carica papaya) at different maturation stages. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 9:137-140
[3] Wilson, P (1974). Manual of tropical and subtropical fruits, excluding the banana, coconut, pineapple, citrus fruits, olive, and fig. Hafner Press, New York. Pp 474
[4] Imaga, N.A., G.O. Gbenle, V.I. Okochi, S. Ademekan and T. Duro-Emmanuel et al, 2010. Phytochemical and anti-oxidant constituents of Carica papaya and Parquetina nigrescens extracts. Scient. Res. Essays, 5: 2201-2205.
[5] Okeniyi, J.A.O., T.A. Ogunlesi, O.A. Oyelami and L.A. Adeyemi, 2007. Effectiveness of dried Carica papaya against human human intestinal parasitosis: A pilot study. J. Med. Food, 10: 194-196.
[6] Reis C.P., K. Kline and S.O. Weaver, 1987. Impact of commercial eating on nutrient adequacy. J.Am.Diet Assoc.,87:463-468.
[7] AOAC, 1990. Official method of analysis. Association of Analytical Chemist. 15th Edition
[8] James, C.S., 1995. Analytical Chemistry of foods Chapuan and Hall, New York PP:18
[9] AOAC., 1980. Methods of Analysis,13th Edn.,Association of analytical Chemists.Washington DC,USA,pp:122
[10] Kirk, R.S. and R. Sawyer, 1998. Pearson's composition and composition analysis of foods. 9th ed.Churchill living stone, Edingburgh,pp:615-616
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Study on the Use of Agricultural Wastes for Cellulase Production by Using Aspergillus Niger |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | Jadhav A. R.*, Chitanand M. P., Shete H. G. |
Abstract: It was the goal to investigate the Cellulase enzyme production ability of fungal strains such as Aspergillus niger against the lignocellulosic bio-waste like Rice husks, Millet husks, Maize cobs, Wheat straws and leaves at varying environmental parameters of pH, substrate concentration and dry weight and wet weight. The enzyme production was analyzed individually by Miller's modified method of Dinitrosalicylic acid ( DNSA ). In this study the high level of enzyme production was achieved at pH 3 by using Rice husks, Millet husks, Maize cobs, Wheat straws and leaves and pH 4 by using Maize cobs at varying substrate concentrations. Out of all the five used substrates rice husks gave the higher production of the cellulose enzyme. The importance of cellulase enzyme in industries cannot be over emphasized.
Key words: Cellulase, Agricultural waste, Aspergillus niger.
[1]. Ali S., Sayed A., Sarker R. T., and Alau R. (1991 ) factors affecting cellulase production by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terrus using water Hyacinth. World Journal of Microbial Biotechnology. 7: 62 – 66. [2]. Bayer E.A, Chanzy H., Lamed R. and Shoham Y. (1998): Cellulose, Cellulases and Cellulosomes, Curr Opin Struc Biol 8: 548 – 557
[3]. Demain A.L., Newcomb M. and J. H. D. Wu ( 2005 ) Cellulase, clostridia and ethanol. Microbiol. Mol. Bio. Rev., 69: 124 - 154.
[4]. Gharpuray M. M., Lee Y. H. and Fan L. T. ( 1983 ) Structural modification of lignocellulosic by treatment to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol. 25: 157 - 170. [5]. Gbekeloluwa B. O. and Moo-young, ( 1991 ) Production and properties of $-glucosidase by Neurospora sitophila. World Journal of Microbial Biotechnology. 7: 4 – 11.
[6]. Fadel M., ( 2000 ) Production physiology of Cellulase and 𝛽- glucosidase enzyme of Aspergillus niger grown under solid state fermentation conditions. Biological sciences 1 ( 5 ): 401 - 411.
[7]. Immanuel G., Akila Bhagwat C. M., Iyappa Raj P., Esakkiraj P. and Palavesam A. ( 2009 ) Production and Partial purification of Cellulase by Aspergillus niger and A. fumigates fermented in coir waste and sawdust. International journal of Microbiology.
[8]. Milala M. A., Shugaba A., Gidado A., Ene A. C. and Wafar J. A., ( 2005 ) Studies on the use of agricultural wastes for cellulase enzyme production by Aspergillus niger. Research journal of Agri. And biology. Sciences 1(4): 325 -328.
[9]. Miller G.L. ( 1972 ) Use of Dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 5: 193 - 219
[10]. Pierre Beguin and Jean-Paul Aubert, ( 1994 ) The biological degradation of cellulose. FEMS Microbiology Reviews Volume 13, Issue 1, January 1994, Pages 25 – 58
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Extracts from the Leaves of Tithonia Diversifolia for Pharmaceutical Importance |
Country | : | Nigeria |
Authors | : | *John-Dewole, O.O. And Oni, S.O. |
Abstract: Phytochemical screening of extracts from the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia displayed the presence of Alkaloids, Saponin, Saponin glycoside, Tannin, Balsam, Cardiac glycoside and Volatile oil. Spectrophotometric analysis for trace metals, Phosphorus and Sulphur showed that T. diversifolia contained Mn (0.490+0.001 mg/100g), Zn (1.609+0.001 mg/100g), Cu (0.454+0.001 mg/100g), Ni (0.758+0.001 mg/100g), Fe (0.690+0.002 mg/100g), P (55.62+0.200 mg/100g) and S (709+1.000 mg/100g). The medicinal properties of the extract were evaluated in-vitro by antimicrobial and antifungal assays. The aqueous extract (but not methanol and petroleum ether extracts) showed growth inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were resistant to all the plant extracts and the antibiotic controls. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the aqueous extract of T. diversifolia on S. aureus and E. coli were both 12.50mg. The Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) of the aqueous extract against the test organism ranged from 12.50mg to 25.00mg.
Keywords: antimicrobial, herbal, pharmaceutical, phytochemical, T. diversifolia
[1]. Akobundu I.O. and Agyakwa C.W. (1997): A Handbook of West African Weeds. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (I.I.T.A.) Ibadan, Nigeria, 18, 76 -79.
[2]. AOAC, (2000): Official Methods of Analysis, 12th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Washington, D.C. 112 – 117.
[3]. Baruah, N.L., Sarma J.C., Barua, N.C., Sarma, S. and Sharama R.P. (2000): Germination and Growth Inhibitory of Sesquiterpene Lactones and a Flavone from T. diversifolia. Phytochemistry, 36 (1): 29 – 36.
[4]. Bello, M.K. (1999): Detection of Phenolic acid derivatives from Plum Tree. Journal of Plant Science, vol. 15, pp 334 – 340.
[5]. Bubayero, A.M. (1998): Traditional Medicine in the Service of Man. Medicinal Plant Research in Nigeria, 12, 129 – 142.
[6]. Cheesebrough, M. (2000): District Laboratory Practice in Tropical African Countries. Vol 2. Cambridge University Press pp. 157 – 159.
[7]. Egwari L.O. (1999): Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extract of Nauclea latifolia and Eugenia aromatica. West African Journal of Drug Research. 15 (1&2): 55 – 59.
[8]. Evans, C.W. (1999): Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 15th Edition. Bailliere Tindall Press, pp. 245 – 263.
[9]. Groth, A. (1994): Medicinal Pharmacology. 10th edition. C.V. Mosby pp 300 – 302.
[10]. Harbone, J.B. (1993): Phytochemical Methods; a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 5th Ed. Prentice and Hall. pp.68 – 80.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow On The Haematological Parameters of Anaemia Induced Adult Wistar Rats. |
Country | : | Nigeria |
Authors | : | T. E. Isamoh*, M. A. Eluwa, A. O. Akpantah, T. B. Ekanem |
Abstract:The use of medicinal plants as food supplements and in the treatment of specific diseases dates back to antiquity. Age old anecdotal reports from many cultures strongly suggests a role for diet of plant origin in preventive and therapeutic medicine. Anaemia remains a major public-health problem especially in developing countries. This study aimed at investigating the antianaemic potentials of combined diet of garlic (Allium sativum), garden egg (Solanum melongena) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea).Twenty five wistar rats of both sexes weighing 160-200g were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as the non-anaemic control and fed with normal rat chow. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with anaemia by oral administration of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) given at 50mg/kgBW. Group 2 served as anaemic control, fed with normal rat chow; Group 3 were fed with 20g (75%ww) of garlic, garden egg and groundnut in the ratio of 1:1:1 with normal rat chow; Group 4 fed with 10g of garden egg (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow and Group 5 fed with 10g of ground, nut (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow. Animals were sacrificed at the end of fourteen days of dietary feeding using chloroform vapour with blood collected at the left ventricle to test for haematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results showed that RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV values increased in all the experimental as compared to anaemic control with a significant (P<0.05) in WBC values of groups 3 and 4 as compared to the anaemic control. This suggests a consumption of garlic, garden egg and groundnut will moderately improve anaemic condition.
Keywords: anaemia, garlic, garden egg, groundnut, phenylhydrazine, diet
[1]. Vaidya, A.D. & Devasagayam, T.P.A. (2007). Current status of herbal drugs in India: An overview. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 41, 1-11.
[2]. Tapsell, L.C., Hemphill, I., Cobiac, L., Patch, C.S., Sullivan, D.R., Fenech, M., Roodenrys, S., Keogh, J.B., Clifton, P.M., Williams, P.G., Fazio, V.A. & Inge, K.E. (2006). Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future. Medical Journal of Australia, 185, S4-S24
[3]. Modak, M., Dixit, P., Londhe, J., Ghaskadbi, S., Paul, A., Devasagayam, T. (2007). Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 40,163–73. [4]. Akah, P.A., Okolo, C.E., Okoye, T.C & Offiah, N.V.(2010). Aqueous extract and methanol fractions of leaves of Brillantaisia nitens Lindau. reverses phenylhydrazine-induced anaemia in rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(3), 271-277.
[5]. Okochi, Y.I., Okpuzor, J. & Alli, L.A.(2003). Comparison of an African herbal formula with commercially available hematinics. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2(8), 237 – 240.
[6]. Duff, S. (2008). Types of Anaemia. www,innvista.com. Accessed 14-04-2011.
[7]. Holden, J.& Acomb, C.(2007). Anaemia. In: R.Walker & C.Whittlesea (Eds.), Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics(pp. 699-701).New York: Churchil Livingstone. [8]. Ogbe, R.J., Adoga, G.I. & Abu, A.H.(2010). Antianaemic potentials of some plant extracts on phenyl hydrazine-induced anaemia in rabbits. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(8), 680-684. [9]. Goldberg, B. & Stern, A.(1977).The mechanism of oxidative hemolysis produced by phenylhydrazine. Academic Press, Inc. New York.
[10]. Dacie, J.V. & Lewis, S.M. (1991).Practical Haematology. 7th Ed. Churchill Livingstone. London. 659-661.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Gene therapy: Where do we stand? |
Country | : | Bangladesh |
Authors | : | Sushmita Roy, Md. Abdullah Yusuf |
Abstract: The concept of transferring genes to tissues for clinical applications has been discussed for nearly half a century, but the ability to manipulate genetic material via recombinant DNA technology has brought this goal to reality. 'Gene Therapy' covers both the research and clinical applications of the new genetic therapy techniques currently being developed. The application of molecular biology has revolutionized researchers understanding of many diseases and has been readily applied for diagnostic purposes. Now-a-day this is originally conceived as a way to treat life-threatening disorders (inborn errors, cancers) refractory to conventional treatment, gene therapy now is considered for many non–life-threatening conditions, including those adversely affecting a patient's quality of life. The lack of suitable treatment has become a rational basis for extending the scope of gene therapy. It is not very far, the justifiable optimism that with increased biotechnological improvement, gene therapy will become a standard part of clinical practice.
Key Words: Recombinant DNA technology, Gene Therapy, Biotechnological improvement
[1]. Wolff JA, Lederberg J. An early history of gene transfer and therapy. Hum Gene Ther. 1994; 5(4):469-80.
[2]. Friedmann T. A brief history of gene therapy. Nat Genet. 1992; 2(2):93-8.
[3]. Greenberg AJ, McCormick J, Tapia CJ, Windebank AJ. Translating gene transfer: a stalled effort. ClinTransl Sci. 2011; 4(4):279-81.
[4]. Kang HJ, Bartholomae CC, Paruzynski A. Retroviral gene therapy for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease: results from Phase I/II trial. MolTher 2011; 19: 2092–2101.
[5]. Francisco Martín, KarimBenabdellah, MariénCobo, PilarMuñoz, Per Anderson and Miguel G. Toscano. New Vectors for Stable and Safe Gene Modification. In: Chunsheng Kang (ed) Gene Therapy - Developments and Future Perspectives.2011: 1-30.
[6]. Edelstein ML, Abedi MR, Wixon J. Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide to 2007 – an update. J Gene Med 2007; 9: 833–842.
[7]. Samantha LG, Ian EA, Michael LE, Mohammad RA, Jo Wixon.Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide to 2012 – an update. The Journal of Gene Medicine 2013; 15(2): 65–77.
[8]. Penn Medicine presents HIV gene therapy trial data at CROI 2009. EurekAlert! 10 February 2009.
[9]. Callejas D, Mann CJ, Ayuso E, Lage R, Grifoll I, Roca C, Andaluz A, et al. "Treatment of Diabetes and Long-term Survival Following Insulin and Glucokinase Gene Therapy". Diabetes 2013.
[10]. Marshall E. Gene therapy death prompts review of adenovirus vector. Science 1999; 286: 2244–2245.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Dust Interception Capacity And Alteration Of Various Biometric And Biochemical Attributes In Cultivated Population Of Ficus Carica L. |
Country | : | Pakistan |
Authors | : | Uzma Younis, Tasveer Zahra Bokhari, Muhammad Hasnain Raza Shah, Seema Mahmood and Saeed Ahmad Malik |
Abstract: The dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. was evaluated from eight different sites in and around Multan. The impact of dust accumulation was observed via various biometric attributes (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids & ascorbic acid) from leaves of F. carica. The maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing at Road sides while, the minimum dust was found on plants growing at Bahauddin Zakariya University. Dust accumulation has caused a significant effect on almost all foliage and biochemical attributes of F. carica. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and biometric attributes in F. carica. Biochemical responses had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoids decreased and ascorbic acid contents increased with an increase in dust accumulation. A negative correlation was found between dust deposition and chlorophyll contents. Whereas, accumulation of ascorbic acid was associated with a decline in pigment contents.
Key Words: Dust interception, Ficus carica, biometric and biochemical attributes.t
[1]. Anthony P (2001). Dust from walking tracks: Impacts on rainforest leaves and epiphylls. Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management, Australia.
[2]. Arnon D (1949). Plant Physiology. 24, 1- 15.
[3]. Beckett KP, Freer-Smith PH, Taylor G (1998). Urban woodlands: Their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution. Environ. Pollut.99, 347–360.
[4]. Beckett KP, Freer-Smith PH, Taylor G (2000). Particulate pollution capture by urban trees: Effect of species and windspeed. Glob. Change Biol. 6, 995–1003.
[5]. Borja-Aburto VH, Castillejos M, Gold DR, Bierzwinski S, Loomis D (1998). Mortality and ambient fine particles in southwest Mexico city, 1993–1995. Environ. Health Perspect. 106, 849–855.
[6]. Bunzl K, Schimmack W, Kreutzer K, Schierl R (1989). Interception and retention of Chernobyl-derived 134,137Cs and 100Ru in a spruce stand. Sci. Total Environ. 78, 77–87.
[7]. Cacciola RR, Sarva M, Polosa R (2002). Adverse respiratory effects and allergic susceptibility in relation to particulate air pollution: Flirting with disaster. Allergy. 57, 281–286.
[8]. Farmer AM (1993). The effects of dusts on vegetation– A review. Environ. Pollut. 79, 63–75.
[9]. Farooq M, Arya KR, Kumar S, Gopal K, Joshi PC, Hans RK (2000). Industrial pollutants mediated damage to mango (Mangifera Indica) crop: A case study. J. Environ. Biol. 21, 165–167.
[10]. Fowler D, Cape JN, Unsworth MH (1989). Deposition of atmospheric pollutants on forests. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. 324, 247–265.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Andrographolide Induced Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity in Isolated Mitochondrial Fractions from Different Organ of BALB/C Mice |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | H. K. Garg & Ashish Shrivastava |
Abstract: Andrographolide, a bicyclic diterphenoid lactose, extracted from a plant, Andrographis paniculata, is known for its multiple clinical applications in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic systems in India. Its therapeutic value is perhaps by virtue of its mechanism of action through enzyme induction. The present study is aimed to determine the effects of andrographolide on succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, in vitro, using mitochondrial fractions isolated from different organs of BALB/c mice. Administration of andrographolide into mitochondrial fraction of liver, lung and kidney resulted in the induction of SDH. Mitochondrial fraction of lung tissues indicated the maximum SDH acceleratory activity (68.19%), in vitro, against 50 μg/ml concentration of andrographolide. Keywords : Andrographolide, Succinate dehydrogenase, 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol, Mitochondrial fraction.
[1]. Ackrell, B.A.C., Kearney, E.B. and Singer, T.P. (1978). Mammalian succinate dehydrogenase, Methods Enzymol, Vol. 53: 466-483. [2]. Agarwal V.S. (1997). Drugs plants of India. Ludhiana: Kalyani Publishers Vol. 1: 1.82.
[3]. Ahmad, M. and Asmawi, M. Z. (1993). Some pharmacological effects of aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees. International Conference on The Use of Traditional Medicine and Other Natural Products in Health Care (Abs), University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, 122.
[4]. Anderson, S., Bankier, A.T., Barrell, B.G., De Bruijn, M.H.L., Coulson, A.R., Peron, I.C., Nierlich, D.P., Roe, B.A., Sanger, F., Schrieier, P.H., Smith, A.J.H., Staden, R., Young, I.G. (1981). Sequence and Organization of the Human Mitochondrial Genome, Nature Vol. 290: 457-465. [5]. Alangaden, G. J., and Lerner, S. A. (1997). Clinical use of Fluoroquino-lones for the treatment of Mycobacterial Diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis., 25:1213-1221.
[6]. Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L. (2007). Biochemistry, 6th edn. New York, W.H. Freeman & Co.
[7]. Benning, M.M., Meyer, T.F., Rayment, I. and Holden, H.M. (1994). Molecular structure of the oxidized high potential iron-sulfur protein isolated from Ectothiorhodospira vacuolata, Biochemistry, Vol. 33: 2476-2483.
[8]. Bhatt, D.K. (2009). Modulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenase during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by hexachlorocyclohexane in mice. Experimental and Toxicological Pathology, Vol. 61(4): 325-332.
[9]. Chan, D.C. (2006). Mitochondria : Dynamic organelles in disease, aging and development. Cell, Vol. 125 (7): 1241-1252.
[10]. Ernster, L. and Dallner, G. (1995). Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinone function. Biochem Biophys Acta, Vol. 1271: 195-204.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Submerged fermentation of laccase producing Streptomyces chartreusis using box-behnken experimental design |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | Ronak Chhaya, H.A.Modi |
Abstract: Response surface methodology was engaged for the optimization of diverse nutritional and physical parameters for laccase production by Streptomyces chartreusis strain NBRC 12753 in the submerged fermentation process. Screening of production parameters was executed using Plackett–Burman design and the variables with statistically momentous effects on laccase production were recognized. Variables such as Cupric sulphate, Pyrogallol and Yeast extract were selected for further optimization studies using Box-Behnken design. The multiple regression coefficients (R2) had a value of 0.9606, indicating that the model could explain up to 96.06 % of the variability of the response. This methodology facilitated analysis of the experimental data to establish the optimum conditions for the process and understand the contribution of individual factors to evaluate the response under optimal conditions. Thus application of Box-Behnken approach appears to have potential usage in process application.
Key words- Box-behnken , Laccase ,Response surface methodology, Submerged fermentation
[1] RS Chhaya and HA Modi , Selective isolation and screening of laccase producing Streptomyces, Biotechnology an Indian Journal, 7(2), 2013, 71-79.
[2] RR Singhania, RK Sukumaran, AK Patel, C Larroche and A Pandey, Advancement and comparative profiles in the production technologies using solid-state and submerged fermentation for microbial cellulases, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 46(7), 2010, 541-549. [3] G Janusz, J Rogalski and J Szczodrak, Increased production of laccase by Cerrena unicolor in submerged liquid cultures, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23(10), 2007, 1459–1464.
[4] A Demir, P Aytar , S Gedikli, A Çabuk and M Arisoy, Laccase Production with Submerged and Solid State Fermentation: Benefit and Cost Analysis, Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 39(3),2011, 305–313.
[5] G Songulashvili, V Elisashvili, SP Wasser, E Nevo and Y Hadar, Basidiomycetes laccase and manganese peroxidase activity in submerged fermentation of food industry wastes, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 41(1-2),2007, 57-61.
[6] M Téllez-Téllez, JF Fernández, AM Montiel-González, C Sánchez and G Díaz-Godínez, Growth and laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged and solid-state fermentation, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 81(4),2008, 675-679.
[7] S Bakkiyaraj, R Aravindan , S Arrivukkarasan and T Viruthagiri, Enhanced Laccase Production By Trametes hirusta Using Wheat Bran Under Submerged Fermentation, International Journal of ChemTech Research, 5(3),2013, 1224-1238.
[8] K Rajendran, MSM Annuar and MAA Karim, Optimization of nutrient levels for laccase fermentation using statistical techniques, Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 19(2), 2011,73-81.
[9] ND Davis and WT Blevins, Methods for laboratory fermentation, In Microbial Technology,2 (Ed.), 1979,Academic Press. London.
[10] BA Auld, Mass production of fungi for biopesticides, Plant Protection Quarterly, 8(1), 1993, 7-9.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | A Correlative Study of Cardiovascular Response to Sustained Hand Grip in Healthy Young Adults with Fat Free Mass Index |
Country | : | India |
Authors | : | Dr.Aparajita Priyadarshini, Dr.Snigdha Prava Mishra, Dr.Bipin Bihari Pradhan |
Abstract: The cardiovascular changes like increase in heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure(MAP) following isometric contraction (sustained hand grip) are mediated largely by the sympathetic nervous system which is activated by both central command to autonomic system and by reflexes arising within the contracting muscle .Body mass index (BMI) has been used since long to asses health and obesity .But BMI has the limitation of not distinguishing between fat and fat free mass. Hence the validity of BMI as an indicator of body fat in cardiovascular risks is recently challenged. So the present study was taken up with an objective to find out the cardiovascular changes during sustained hand grip and their relation with BMI, body fat percentage (BF%) , fat free mass(FFM) and fat free mass index(FFMI).The study included 50 healthy young adults ( 31male & 19female) of age group 17-25 yrs. Their height and weight were measured. Basal heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. BF% was measured by OMRN body fat Monitor. They were subjected to hand grip at 30% max. Voluntary contraction (MVC) for 3 minutes. HR & BP were recorded at the end of 3 min . SBP&MAP showed significant correlation with FFM and FFMI but it was insignificant with BMI.
Keywords: Sustained hand grip, Body mass index, Body fat %, Fat free mass, Fat free mass index.
[1]. Leonard,B.,Mitcel,J. H.,Mizunu,M.,Rube,N.,Saltin,B. & Secher,N.H. Partial neuromuscular blockade and cardiovascular response to static exercise in man. .Journal of physiology, 1985; 359:365-379.
[2]. Vanderlei,LCM.,Pastre, CM.,Godoy,MF. et al .Analysis of cardiac autonomic modulation in obese and eutropic children. Clinics.2010;65(8):789-792.
[3]. Muralidhar ,D.V.& Ramesh Bhat M. Futrex 5000-A over estimates body fat in young Indians of different body mass index. The journal of physiological sciences. 2006;19(3):31-37
[4]. Gallagher et al.Approprite Body Mass index for Asian population & its implication for policy and intervention strategies. American journal clinical nutrition;2000;72:694-701
[5]. Lind,A.R. & McNicol, G.w. Circulatory response to sustained hand grip contractions performed during other exercise, both rhythmic and static. Journal of physiology.1967a;192:595-607.
[6]. Cheneau, e.,Cadi,F.,Bensouda,C.,Charasse,A.,Ritz ,B. &Aupetit,JF. Studyof blood pressure, hemodynamic, ventilator and metabolic response to isometric exercise.Arch Mal Coer Vaiss. 2001;94:863-868
[7]. Sucharita, S.,Bharati, A.V.& Mario V. Effect of age and nutritional status on heart rate response to cough and maximal hand grip.Indian Journal of Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;48(1):106-110.
[8]. Goodwin, G. M.,McCloskey & MitchelJ. H. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to changes in central command during isometric exercise at constant muscle tension. Journal of physiology.1972;226:173-190.
[9]. JoseMGalvez,JuanP. Alonso,Luis A. Sangrador and Gonzalo Navarro,Effect of muscle mass and intensity of isometric contraction on heart rate;J Appl physiol 88:487-492,2000
[10]. F Iellamo,M.Massaro,G.Raimondi,G Peruzzi &J.M.Legramante.Role of muscular factors in cardiorespiratory responses to static exercise:contribution of reflex mechanisms
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
Title | : | Microbiological Quality Assessment of Cereal Based Food 'Pitha' On Retail Sale in the Street Of Dhaka City, Bangladesh |
Country | : | Bangladesh |
Authors | : | Fahmida Binte Atique , Kazi Tahsin Ahmed , Fauzia Begum |
Abstract: "Pitha‟ is one of the most popular traditional foods made up from various kinds of cereal grains like rice, wheat‟s, flours etc. The microbiological quality of pitha on retail sale in the street of Dhaka city was studied with thirty six different samples by detecting the range of total viable count (TVC) of bacteria, indicator microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae and the common food pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus., Salmonella Spp. and Pseudomonas spp. In our study, the majority (67.5%) of the microbial contaminants were gram negative rods. The TVC of bacteria was ranged from (9.0x103) cfu/g to (1.2x106) cfu/g. Total coliform, fecal coliform and E. coli were detected from 30.56%, 22.2% and 13.8% of the samples respectively indicating unsatisfactory results. For Salmonella spp. 16.6% of the samples were unable to reach the acceptability levels. Besides, according to the ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for food), in terms of Pseudomonas spp. 33.3%, for Staphylococcus aureus 12.2% and for Bacillus cereus 11.1% of the samples were not suitable for the consumption. All these phenomena indicate poor hygiene practices. This study emphasizes the need to improve production hygiene.
Key Words: Pitha, Microbial contamination, Coliform, Indicator organisms, Retail sale, Street market.
[1] BRAC (2008). WASH Programme of BRAC: Towards attaining the MDG targets- baseline findings, Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka Bangladesh. Available at: www.bracreseacrh.org.
[2] F. R. Pinu, S. Yeasmin, L. Bari and M. M. Rahman, Microbiological conditions of frozen shrimp in different food market of Dhaka City. Food Sci. Technol. Res, (13), 2007, 362-365.
[3] W. C. Frazier and D. C. Westhoff, Contamination, Preservation and Spoilage of sugars and sugar Products, Food Microbiology, (Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 2007). pp. 187
[4] W. C. Frazier and D. C. Westhoff, Contamination, Preservation and Spoilage of Cereals and Cereal Products, Food Microbiology, (Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 2007). pp. 179
[5] M. Cheesbrough, Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries, Microbiology, Vol. II. Cambridge: University Press. ISBN 075060578X, PP. 58-69, 1984.
[6] A. A. Salyers & D. D. Whitt. Bacterial pathogenesis: a molecular approach, 2nd ed. (ASM Press, Washington DC, USA, 2002).
[7] P. S. Brachman and E. Abrutyn, Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control,( New York: Springer, 2009).
[8] B. Joseph, S. K. Otta, Indrani Karunasagar, and I. Karunasagar, Biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. on food contact surfaces and their sensitivity to sanitizers, International Journal of Food Microbiology, (64), 2001, 367–372
[9] L. P. Forshell and M. Wierup, Salmonella Contamination: a significant challenge to the global marketing of animal food products, Rev. Sci. tech. off. Int. Epiz., 25 (2), 2006, 541-554.
[10] M. T. Madigan, J. M. Martiko and J. Parker, Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 10th ed. (Pearson Education, Inc., 2003)