Volume-2 ~ Issue-2
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Monitoring Of Antimicrobial Effect of GC-MS Standardized Melaleuca alternifolia Oil (Tea Tree Oil) On Multidrug Resistant Uropathogens |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Archana Kulkarni, Nasreen Jan and Seema Nimbarte |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0220614  |
Abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate antimicrobial action of tea tree oil (TTO) against multidrug resistant uropathogens. TTO was analysed by GC-MS studies. 16 compounds representing approximately 99% of the oil were characterized. The major compounds were Limonene, γ –Terpinene, α- Terpinene, Cineol and α- Terpinolene. Further the antimicrobial effect of whole TTO was tested against the isolated uropathogens like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial action of TTO was determined by disc diffusion method and MIC was determined by broth microdilution method. The ZOI (mm) and MIC (%) was in the range of 16±4 mm and 0.075% (v/v equivalent) for E. Coli; 20±2 mm and 0.03% for S. aureus; 19±2 mm and 0.10% for K. pneumoniae; 19±2 mm and 0.03% for Proteus mirabilis; 20±2 mm and 0.038% for Proteus vulgaris. TTO showed low MIC values and high growth inhibition zone diameter in comparison to broad spectrum antibiotics – erythromycin, ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin and gentamycin. The result of the bioassay showed that oil possesses potent antibacterial and bacteriostatic property. This paper reviews the classical methods commonly used for evaluation of antibacterial activity of TTO and gives an overview on the susceptibility of human pathogens towards TTO and their constituents.
Key words: α-terpineol , α-terpinen-4-ol, linalool, multidrug resistance, tea tree oil, uropathogens.
Key words: α-terpineol , α-terpinen-4-ol, linalool, multidrug resistance, tea tree oil, uropathogens.
[1] Acharya. V. N., Jadav. S. K., Urinary tract infection – Current status (Postgrad. Med.) 26(2), 1980, 95-98
[2] Akram. M., Shahid M., Khan A.U., Etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of community- acquired urinary tract infections in JNMC Hospital Aligarh India, Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob, 6:4,2007
[3] Baral. P., Neupane. S., Bishnu. P., Kashi. M., Ghimire. R, Lekhak. B., and Shrestha B., High prevalence of multidrug resistance in bacterial uropathogens from Kathmandu Nepal, BMC Research Notes, 5:38,2012
[4] Bauer. A. W., Kirby. M. M., Sharis. J. L, and Turck. M., Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standard single disk method, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45, 1966, 493–496
[5] Beylier. M., Bacteriostatic activity of some Australian essential oils , Perfumer and Flavourist 4, 1979, 23–25
[6] Bhaskaran. C. S and Murti. B. R., J. IND. M.A., 1962, 38519
[7] Bishara. J., Pitlik. S., Samra. Z., Levy. I., Paul. M., Leibovici. L., Co-trimoxazole-sensitive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Israel 1988–1997, Emerg. Infect. Dis, 2003, 9: 1168–1169
[8] Carson. C. F and Riley. T. V., Antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 78, 1995, 264–269
[9] Carson. C. F., Hammer. K. A and Riley. T. V., Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties ,Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2006, 19:50-62
[10] Chakaraborty. P., Mehta. M. J., Roy. P. B., Shah. A. D, and Roy. S., J. of Indian Medical Association, 58, 1972, 113-116
[2] Akram. M., Shahid M., Khan A.U., Etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of community- acquired urinary tract infections in JNMC Hospital Aligarh India, Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob, 6:4,2007
[3] Baral. P., Neupane. S., Bishnu. P., Kashi. M., Ghimire. R, Lekhak. B., and Shrestha B., High prevalence of multidrug resistance in bacterial uropathogens from Kathmandu Nepal, BMC Research Notes, 5:38,2012
[4] Bauer. A. W., Kirby. M. M., Sharis. J. L, and Turck. M., Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standard single disk method, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45, 1966, 493–496
[5] Beylier. M., Bacteriostatic activity of some Australian essential oils , Perfumer and Flavourist 4, 1979, 23–25
[6] Bhaskaran. C. S and Murti. B. R., J. IND. M.A., 1962, 38519
[7] Bishara. J., Pitlik. S., Samra. Z., Levy. I., Paul. M., Leibovici. L., Co-trimoxazole-sensitive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Israel 1988–1997, Emerg. Infect. Dis, 2003, 9: 1168–1169
[8] Carson. C. F and Riley. T. V., Antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 78, 1995, 264–269
[9] Carson. C. F., Hammer. K. A and Riley. T. V., Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties ,Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2006, 19:50-62
[10] Chakaraborty. P., Mehta. M. J., Roy. P. B., Shah. A. D, and Roy. S., J. of Indian Medical Association, 58, 1972, 113-116
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Diversity and EPS Production Potential of Halotolerant Bacteria from Veraval and Dwarka |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Sandhya G. Nanjani and Harsha P. Soni |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0222025 |
Abstract: The microbial EPS are used in several biotechnological applications viz., cosmetics, textiles, pharmaceuticals, agricultural, paints and petroleum industries. Due to their extensive range of applications and also their bioactive roles there is increased interest for unusual and novel EPS. Less exploited saline and hypersaline environment may harbor microorganisms capable of producing unusual EPS with biotechnological interest. There are no reports of EPS production by halophilic and halotolerant bacteria from Gujarat. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to isolate halophilic and halotolerant bacteria, study their diversity and test their potential for EPS production. Four saline soil samples were collected, three from Veraval and one from Dwarka. The halophilic bacteria were enriched in media supplemented with 5% glucose containing increasing salt concentration from 5% to 35% NaCl. After enrichment organisms were isolated on solidified media containing salt concentration mentioned. Increasing salt concentration adversely affected growth. A total of 73 morphologically distinct isolates were studied. Less diverse colonies were obtained at low as well as extremely high salt concentration. The incidence of gram negative isolates decreased with increasing salt concentration. Organisms capable of growing at 35% NaCl concentration have been isolated. Out of 73 isolates, 23 isolates showing mucoid appearance were tested for EPS production which ranged from 0.2 gl-l to 10.60gl-l.
Key words: Dwarka, Exopolysaccharide, Halotolerant, NaCl, Veraval
Key words: Dwarka, Exopolysaccharide, Halotolerant, NaCl, Veraval
[1]. Bejar, I. Llamas, C. Calvo, E. Quesada. Characterisation of exopolysaccharides produced by 19 strains of the species Halomonas eurihalina. Journal of biotechnology, 1998, 61:135-141.
[2]. Llamas, J. Antonio Mata, R. Tallon, P. Bressollier, M. C. Urdaci, Emilia Quesada and Victoria Béjar. Characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Salipiger mucosus A3T, a halophilic species belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria, isolated on the Spanish Mediterranean Seaboard. Marine Drugs, 2010; doi:10.3390/md8082240.
[3]. Sutherland, I. W. Biotechnology of Microbial EPS. Cambridge University: New York, USA, 1990.
[4]. Cojoc, R., Merciu, P. Oancea, E. Pinou, L. Dumitru, M. Enache. Highly thermostable EPS produced by the moderatly halophilic bacterium isolated from a man-made young salt lake in Romania. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 2009, Vol-58, No.4, 289-294.
[5]. Sutherland, I. W. Microbial polysaccharide from gram negative bacteria. Intl Dairy, 2001. J.11: 665-674.
[6]. Calvo, Martínez-Checa, Toledo, J. Porcel, and E. Quesada. Characteristics of bioemulsifiers synthesised in crude oil media by Halomonas eurihalina and their effectiveness in the isolation of bacteria able to grow in the presence of hydrocarbons, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 2002. 60: 347–351.
[7]. Martinez-Checa, E. Quesada, M. JoseMartinez-Canovas, I. LLiamas ans V. Bejar. Palleronia marisminoris gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium belonging to the "Alphaproteobacteria", isolated from a saline soil. International journal of systematic and Evolutionary microbiology, 2005, 55:2525-2530.
[8]. Okutani, K. Antiviral activities of sulfated derivatives of a fucosamine containing polysaccharide of marine bacterial origin. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 1992. 58, 927–930.
[9]. Cormick, CA; Harris , J. E. Jay, A. J.; Ridout, E. J.; Morris, V. J. Isolation and characterisationof new extracellular polysaccharide from an Acetobacter species. J. Appl. Bacteriol 1996; 81: 419-424.
[10]. Hedi, Ajla Sadfi, Mari-Laure Fardeau, hanene Rabib, Jeen-Luc Cayol, Bernard Ollivier and Abdellatif. Studies on the biodiversity of halophilic microorganisms isolated from EI-Djerid Salt Lake (Tunisia) under aerobic conditions. International Journal of Microbiology, 2009. Article ID: 731786.
[2]. Llamas, J. Antonio Mata, R. Tallon, P. Bressollier, M. C. Urdaci, Emilia Quesada and Victoria Béjar. Characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Salipiger mucosus A3T, a halophilic species belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria, isolated on the Spanish Mediterranean Seaboard. Marine Drugs, 2010; doi:10.3390/md8082240.
[3]. Sutherland, I. W. Biotechnology of Microbial EPS. Cambridge University: New York, USA, 1990.
[4]. Cojoc, R., Merciu, P. Oancea, E. Pinou, L. Dumitru, M. Enache. Highly thermostable EPS produced by the moderatly halophilic bacterium isolated from a man-made young salt lake in Romania. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 2009, Vol-58, No.4, 289-294.
[5]. Sutherland, I. W. Microbial polysaccharide from gram negative bacteria. Intl Dairy, 2001. J.11: 665-674.
[6]. Calvo, Martínez-Checa, Toledo, J. Porcel, and E. Quesada. Characteristics of bioemulsifiers synthesised in crude oil media by Halomonas eurihalina and their effectiveness in the isolation of bacteria able to grow in the presence of hydrocarbons, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 2002. 60: 347–351.
[7]. Martinez-Checa, E. Quesada, M. JoseMartinez-Canovas, I. LLiamas ans V. Bejar. Palleronia marisminoris gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium belonging to the "Alphaproteobacteria", isolated from a saline soil. International journal of systematic and Evolutionary microbiology, 2005, 55:2525-2530.
[8]. Okutani, K. Antiviral activities of sulfated derivatives of a fucosamine containing polysaccharide of marine bacterial origin. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 1992. 58, 927–930.
[9]. Cormick, CA; Harris , J. E. Jay, A. J.; Ridout, E. J.; Morris, V. J. Isolation and characterisationof new extracellular polysaccharide from an Acetobacter species. J. Appl. Bacteriol 1996; 81: 419-424.
[10]. Hedi, Ajla Sadfi, Mari-Laure Fardeau, hanene Rabib, Jeen-Luc Cayol, Bernard Ollivier and Abdellatif. Studies on the biodiversity of halophilic microorganisms isolated from EI-Djerid Salt Lake (Tunisia) under aerobic conditions. International Journal of Microbiology, 2009. Article ID: 731786.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) On Depressed Spouses of Cancer Patients in an Adjuvant Care Setting |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | S. MANTHIRAMOORTHIYA PILLAI |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0222631 |
Abstract: Purpose: To assess the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for spouses of cancer patients with refractory depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV. Patients and Methods: All English-speaking spouses of cancer patients were eligible to participate. All spouses completed the following self-report questionnaires: Demographic variables sheet and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The research sample was consisted of 10 married spouses of cancer patients in the Adyar Cancer Institute, Chennai, in southern India. All spouses with moderate degrees of depression were selected. The cognitive behavior therapy sessions extended for 60 minutes and were held once weekly. The present study is a pre-post test design before and after intervention program. Continuous data were analyzed by using paired t tests to assess change over time. The analyses were conducted by using the SPSS version 11.0. Results: The mean of the Beck scores at the beginning and end of the study was respectively: Intervention group 24.6, SD= 3.84 versus 11.4, SD= 4.27 and control group 26.4, SD= 4.21 versus 27, SD= 3.93, the decrease in the Intervention group was significantly more than control group. Intervention group showed a significant decrease in BDI scores, t (17.96) = 4, p< .000. However, there were no significant within control group change in BDI scores, t (-o.557) = 4, p> .607. Conclusion: Depression is common and persistent in spouses of cancer patients. Psychological screening and appropriate intervention such as CBT is an essential part of palliative care. This preliminary study suggested that cognitive behavior therapy might be an effective psychological treatment for major depression among spouses of cancer patients. However, further large scale randomized controlled trials are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
[1]. Manne S, Ostroff J, Sherman M et al. Buffering effects of family and friend support on associations between partner unsupportive behaviors and coping among women with breast cancer. J Soc Pers Relat 2003; 20:771-792.
[2]. Pistrang N, Barker C. A partner relationship in psychological response to breast cancer. Soc Sci Med 1995; 40: 789-797.
[3]. Sellick S, Crooks D. Depression and cancer: An appraisal of the literature for prevalence, detection, and practice guideline development for psychological interventions. Psycho-Oncology 1999; 8:315-333.
[4]. Wang L, van Belle G, JKukull WB, Larson EB, Predictors of functional change: A longitudinal study of nondemented people aged 65 and older. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2002; 50 (9): 1525-1534.
[5]. Dausch BM, Compas BE, Beckjord E, Luecken L, Anderson-Hanley C, Sherman M, Grossman C. Rates and correlates of DSM-IV diagnoses in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Psychological Medical Settings 2004; 11(3): 159-169.
[6]. Simmonds MJ. Physical function in patients with cancer: Psychometric characteristics and clinical usefulness of a physical performance test battery. Journal of Pain Symptom Management 2002; 24 (4): 404-414.
[7]. Kristeller JL, Zumbrun CS, Schilling RF. 'I would if I could': How oncologists and oncology nurses address spiritual distress in cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology 1999; 8(5): 451-458.
[8]. Northouse LL, Swain MA. Adjustment of patients and husbands to the initial impact of breast cancer. Nurs Res 1987; 36: 221-225.
[9]. Oberst MT, Scott DW. Post-discharge distress in surgically treated cancer patients and their spouses. Res Nurs Health 1988; 11: 223-233.
[10]. Baider L, Kaufman B, Peretz T, Manor O, Ever-Hadani P, Kaplan De-Nour A. Mutuality of fate: adaptation and psychological distress in cancer patients and their partners. In Cancer in the Family, Baider L, Cooper CL, Kaplan De-Nour A (eds). Wiley: Chichester 1996; 173-186.
[2]. Pistrang N, Barker C. A partner relationship in psychological response to breast cancer. Soc Sci Med 1995; 40: 789-797.
[3]. Sellick S, Crooks D. Depression and cancer: An appraisal of the literature for prevalence, detection, and practice guideline development for psychological interventions. Psycho-Oncology 1999; 8:315-333.
[4]. Wang L, van Belle G, JKukull WB, Larson EB, Predictors of functional change: A longitudinal study of nondemented people aged 65 and older. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2002; 50 (9): 1525-1534.
[5]. Dausch BM, Compas BE, Beckjord E, Luecken L, Anderson-Hanley C, Sherman M, Grossman C. Rates and correlates of DSM-IV diagnoses in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Psychological Medical Settings 2004; 11(3): 159-169.
[6]. Simmonds MJ. Physical function in patients with cancer: Psychometric characteristics and clinical usefulness of a physical performance test battery. Journal of Pain Symptom Management 2002; 24 (4): 404-414.
[7]. Kristeller JL, Zumbrun CS, Schilling RF. 'I would if I could': How oncologists and oncology nurses address spiritual distress in cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology 1999; 8(5): 451-458.
[8]. Northouse LL, Swain MA. Adjustment of patients and husbands to the initial impact of breast cancer. Nurs Res 1987; 36: 221-225.
[9]. Oberst MT, Scott DW. Post-discharge distress in surgically treated cancer patients and their spouses. Res Nurs Health 1988; 11: 223-233.
[10]. Baider L, Kaufman B, Peretz T, Manor O, Ever-Hadani P, Kaplan De-Nour A. Mutuality of fate: adaptation and psychological distress in cancer patients and their partners. In Cancer in the Family, Baider L, Cooper CL, Kaplan De-Nour A (eds). Wiley: Chichester 1996; 173-186.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Antibacterial Studies on Toona Ciliata. Roemer. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Christopher Patrick kiladi |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0223235 |
Abstract: The use of higher plants and their extracts to treat infectious is an age old practice in traditional Indian medicine. The aromatic and medicinal plants represent enormous reservoir of potential microbicidal compounds that could be useful alternative to synthetic microbicides and are being used to develop drugs. In the present study Toona ciliata Roemer. leaf, stem and root powder extracts were tested against ten different randomly selected bacteria by disc diffusion method. It was found the methanol extract strongly effective against all the chosen bacteria. The Minimum inhibitory concentration value ranges from 10mg/ml to 35mg/ml.
Key words: Antibacterial study, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Key words: Antibacterial study, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
[1]. Bauer A.W. Kirby W.M.M. Sherries S.C. and Tunk M 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility of testing by a standard single disc method. Amer. J. Clinical Pathology 36 Pp 492 - 496
[2]. Chopra R. N and Nayar S L 1956 Cedrela toona In: Glossary of Indian medicinal plants Council of Scientific & Industrial Research India. Pp 56.
[3]. Hiremath S . P Swamy H KS Badamis Patil S and lendonker R L 1997 Antibactrial and antifungal activity of Striga desiflora and Striga orabanchiodes Pharmacology 34 Pp 48 - 50.
[4]. Heinrich, M 2000 Ethanobotany and its role in drug development Phytother. Res. 14 Pp 479 – 488.
[5]. Heinrich, M and Simon Gibbon 2001 Ethano Pharmacology in drug development discovery: and analysis of its role and potential contribution J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53 Pp 425 – 432.
[6]. Ruckmani , K. Kavimani, S. B and Karpagams, K. S .1996 Analgesic, Antipyretic and antimicrobial activity of root bark extract of Toddilia asiatica. Ind Drugs Pp 47 -49
[7]. Pradeep ,P, Leena ,P and Bohra, A 2003 Antibacterial potential of Cedrus deodara. Advances in Plant Sciences 16(11) 479-482
[8]. Shankar, Gopal and Joshi 2003 Cedrela toona In : Medicinal plants Oxford A 1 B H publishing co. Pvt. ltd Pp 264.
[9]. Yoganarasimhan 2000.Toona ciliata Roemr var. Ciliata Medicinal Plants of India Srinivasan & Kokosan Ram , Cyber Media Banglore 2 Pp 549.
[2]. Chopra R. N and Nayar S L 1956 Cedrela toona In: Glossary of Indian medicinal plants Council of Scientific & Industrial Research India. Pp 56.
[3]. Hiremath S . P Swamy H KS Badamis Patil S and lendonker R L 1997 Antibactrial and antifungal activity of Striga desiflora and Striga orabanchiodes Pharmacology 34 Pp 48 - 50.
[4]. Heinrich, M 2000 Ethanobotany and its role in drug development Phytother. Res. 14 Pp 479 – 488.
[5]. Heinrich, M and Simon Gibbon 2001 Ethano Pharmacology in drug development discovery: and analysis of its role and potential contribution J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53 Pp 425 – 432.
[6]. Ruckmani , K. Kavimani, S. B and Karpagams, K. S .1996 Analgesic, Antipyretic and antimicrobial activity of root bark extract of Toddilia asiatica. Ind Drugs Pp 47 -49
[7]. Pradeep ,P, Leena ,P and Bohra, A 2003 Antibacterial potential of Cedrus deodara. Advances in Plant Sciences 16(11) 479-482
[8]. Shankar, Gopal and Joshi 2003 Cedrela toona In : Medicinal plants Oxford A 1 B H publishing co. Pvt. ltd Pp 264.
[9]. Yoganarasimhan 2000.Toona ciliata Roemr var. Ciliata Medicinal Plants of India Srinivasan & Kokosan Ram , Cyber Media Banglore 2 Pp 549.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Recovery of Chromium from the Tannery Wastewater by Use of Bacillus Subtilis in Gujranwala, Pakistan |
| Country | : | Pakistan |
| Authors | : | Shazia Shafaat Adeel, Amina Wajid, Shahzad Hussain, Farnaz Malik, Zumra Sami, Ikram Ul Haq, Abdul Hameed, Rafiq A Channa |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0223645 |
Abstract: Tanneries discharge wastes without any treatments on the vast areas of vacant land around them. Untreated effluents contain toxic materials like hexavalent chromium and sulphides which accumulate in soils and cause many health hazards. Hexavalent chromium is toxic and carcinogenic and is being extensively used in the tanning industry of Pakistan. The tannery wastewater samples were collected from two tanneries in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Chromium in these samples was determined using fractionation technique, spectrophotometry and MIBK extraction procedure. These samples were analyzed to recover chromium and chrome cake was purified using chemical treatment which can be used in recycling process. Enzyme was used to recover chromium from the samples. Two strains S1 and S2 of the Bacillus subtilis (isolated and identified from soil and tannery wastewater respectively) were used for enzymatic processing. Isolates were screened for extracellular protease activity. The strain S2 of the Bacillus subtilis showed maximum zones of hydrolysis (2.3cm) and proteolytic activity of 107 PU/ml at 650C temperature, 150 rpm agitation speed and7.5 pH on Shake Flask Fermentation. The One-step and the Two-step methods were employed for chromium recovery using the S2 strain of the Bacillus subtilis. From the One-step method 96% chromium was recovered from sample-A and 92% from the sample-B. From the Two-step method of chromium recovery 98% of chromium was recovered from the sample-A and 97% from the sample-B. This paper evaluates the alternative treatment options used to treat, recover or recycle chromium from the waste water in order to minimize the environmental pollution.
Key words: Bacillus subtilis, Chromium, One Step and Two Step Methods, Pakistan, tannery wastewater.
Key words: Bacillus subtilis, Chromium, One Step and Two Step Methods, Pakistan, tannery wastewater.
[1]. Abass. Esmaeili, Alireza. Mesdaghi nia, and Reza. Vazirinejad, (2005). Chromium (III) removal and recovery from tannery waste water by precipitation process. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2005, 2 (10): 1471.
[2]. Amita D. Apte, Shubham Verma, Vinod Tare, Purnendu Bose, Oxidation of Cr (III) in tannery sludge to Cr (VI): Field observations and theoretical assessment (2005). J. Hazard Mater. 121, (1-3) : 215-222.
[3]. Brady D, Duncan JR and Russel AE (1990). A model of proteolytic depletion of skins. JALCA. 1990, 85, 334-343.
[4]. Brown EM, Diefendorf EM, Taylor MM, Marmer WN (1993). Enzymatic processing of materials containing chromium and protein. J. U.S. Patent. 5, 912, 946, (CA 107: 242425n).
[5]. Cot J. (2004). An imaginary journey to the collagen molecule for better understanding of leather waste treatments. JALCA, 2004, 88, 322-350.
[6]. Dermou E, Velissariou J, Xenos D and Vayenas DV (2005). Biological chromium (VI) reduction using a trickling filter. J. Hazard. Mater. 26, 78-85.
[7]. Faryal R,Yusuf M, Munir K, Tahir F and Hameed A (2007). Enhancement of Cr6+ removal by ASPERGILLUS NIGER RH19 using a biofermentor. Pak. J. Bot., 39(5): 1873-1881.
[8]. Gopalan R, Veeramani H (1994). Studies on microbial chromate reduction by Pseudomonas sp. in aerobic continuous suspended growth cultures. J. Biotech. Bioeng. 43 471–476.
[9]. Kadirvelu K and Thamaraiselvi CN (2001). Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from an agricultural solid waste, Bioresour. Technol 76 63–65.
[10]. Kamlesh N, Dharam S, Shilpa S and Sharma YK (2009). Phytotoxic effects of chromium and tannery effluent on growth and metabolism of Phaseolus mungo Roxb. J. Environ. Biol. 30(2), 227-234
[2]. Amita D. Apte, Shubham Verma, Vinod Tare, Purnendu Bose, Oxidation of Cr (III) in tannery sludge to Cr (VI): Field observations and theoretical assessment (2005). J. Hazard Mater. 121, (1-3) : 215-222.
[3]. Brady D, Duncan JR and Russel AE (1990). A model of proteolytic depletion of skins. JALCA. 1990, 85, 334-343.
[4]. Brown EM, Diefendorf EM, Taylor MM, Marmer WN (1993). Enzymatic processing of materials containing chromium and protein. J. U.S. Patent. 5, 912, 946, (CA 107: 242425n).
[5]. Cot J. (2004). An imaginary journey to the collagen molecule for better understanding of leather waste treatments. JALCA, 2004, 88, 322-350.
[6]. Dermou E, Velissariou J, Xenos D and Vayenas DV (2005). Biological chromium (VI) reduction using a trickling filter. J. Hazard. Mater. 26, 78-85.
[7]. Faryal R,Yusuf M, Munir K, Tahir F and Hameed A (2007). Enhancement of Cr6+ removal by ASPERGILLUS NIGER RH19 using a biofermentor. Pak. J. Bot., 39(5): 1873-1881.
[8]. Gopalan R, Veeramani H (1994). Studies on microbial chromate reduction by Pseudomonas sp. in aerobic continuous suspended growth cultures. J. Biotech. Bioeng. 43 471–476.
[9]. Kadirvelu K and Thamaraiselvi CN (2001). Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from an agricultural solid waste, Bioresour. Technol 76 63–65.
[10]. Kamlesh N, Dharam S, Shilpa S and Sharma YK (2009). Phytotoxic effects of chromium and tannery effluent on growth and metabolism of Phaseolus mungo Roxb. J. Environ. Biol. 30(2), 227-234