iosr-JMCE   Volume-6 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: Reduced beam section (RBS) is one of the several connection types, which is economical and popular for use in new steel moment frame structures in seismic zone. To form RBS connection, some portion of the beam flanges at a short distance from column face is purposefully trimmed so that the yielding and plastic hinge occurs within this area of flanges. Use of RBS connection is found advantageous due to: a) the shear force in the panel zone is reduced; b) the force demand in column continuity plates i.e. stiffeners are reduced; and c) strong-column – weak-beam requirement is satisfied. Although, radius cut RBS is qualified by ANSI/AISC, FEMA codes, various flange cut shapes like constant, tapered, radius cut, drilled holes are possible to reduce the cross sectional area of beam flanges. The purpose of this study is to understand behavior of RBS beam-to-column moment connections for various flange cut geometries. This document represents nonlinear finite element analysis of the connection models performed using the computer program, ANSYS/Multiphysics

Keywords - Steel structures, steel connections, reduced beam section, RBS profiles

[1]. Farzad Naeim (ed), Seismic Design Handbook 2ndedn. (Kluwer Acedemic Publishers Group, USA, 2001).
[2]. D. K. Miller, Lessons learned from the Northridge earthquake, Engineering. Structures, 20(4-6), 1998, 249-260.
[3]. M. Nakashima, P.Chusilp, A partial view of Japanese post-Kobe seismic design and construction practices. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, (4), 1998, 1-13.
[4]. A. Plumier, New idea for safe structure in seismic zone, In: Proceedings of IABSE symposium on mixed structures including new materials, 1990, 431-36.
[5]. Plumier et al. Patent No. 5148642, USA, 1992.
[6]. FEMA-355D, State of the Art Report on Connection Performance. Roeder C, Team Leader. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, 2000.
[7]. K. S. Moore, J. O. Malley, M. D. Engelhardt, Design of reduced beam section (RBS) moment frame connections. Steel Tips, Structural steel education council. USA, 1999.
[8]. Plumier A. General report on local ductility. Journal of Constructional Steel research 2000; 55: 91-107.
[9]. K. C. Tsai, C. Y. Chen, Performance of ductile steel beam column moment connections, 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1996.
[10]. S. J. Lee, S. E. Han, S.Y. Noh and S. W. Shin, Deformation capacity of reduced beam section moment connection by staggered holes. 1067-1072.

Abstract: This investigation is done to study of the effect of silica fume on fly ash cement bricks. The experiments are conducted in two phases to observe the variation in properties i.e. compressive strength, density and water absorption of fly ash–cement brick. In first phase the fly ash, stone dust percentage are kept constant and cement is replaced with silica fume in different proportion, whereas in second phase, silica fume is added as a admixture in same proportion of weight of cement. The entire experimentation is done S.M. Nawle & Company fly ash – cement brick plant in Dhule. The fly ash cement - bricks are tested after 7 days, 14 days and 28 days curing in concrete material testing laboratory of the institute. The experimental results showed that in the compressive strength of fly ash cement brick decreases with increase in content of silica fumes as replacement of cement whereas increases with increase in content of silica fume as addition. The water absorption % in first phase of experimentation increases whereas in second phase of experimentation decreases.

Keywords - Bricks, Compressive Strength, Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Water Absorption.

[1]. Akhtar, J.N. et. al. (2011), "Bricks with Total Replacement of Clay by Fly Ash Mixed With Different Materials", International
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Vol. 3, No.10 October 2011.
[2]. Gamal, A. A. (2012), "Utilization of Perlite and Foam in Cement Bricks", Journal of Applied Sciences Research, ISSN 1819-
544X.2012, 8(7), pp : 3112-3121,
[3]. Hegazy, B El-Din E. et. al. (2011), "Reuse of Water Treatment Sludge and Silica Fume in Brick Manufacturing", Journal of
American Science, 2011.
[4]. Holland, T.C. (2005), "Silica Fume User's Manual", Silica Fume Association, Federal Highway Association, FHWA-IF-05-016.
[5]. IS-12894 : 2002, "Pulverized Fuel Ash-Lime Bricks – Specification", First Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan,
9, Bahadur Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
[6]. IS-3495 : 1992 (Part 1 to 4), "Method Of Testing Of Burnt Clay Building Bricks", First Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards,
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
[7]. IS-5454 : 1978,"Method for Sampling of Clay Building Bricks", First Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9
Bahadur Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
[8]. Kocak Y. (2010), "A Study on the Effect of Fly Ash and Silica Fume Substituted Cement Paste and Mortars", Scientific Research
and Essays, ISSN 1992-2248, Vol. 5(9), pp. 990-998.
[9]. Parashar, A.K. & Parashar, R. (2012), "Comparative Study of Compressive Strength of Bricks Made With Various Materials to
Clay Bricks", International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2012.
[10]. Tabin Rushad S. et. al. (2011), "Experimental Studies on Lime-Soil-Fly Ash Bricks", International Journal of Civil and Structural
Engineering, Volume 1, No 4, 2011.

Abstract: Quality costs plays vital role in improving productivity. These costs are typically categorized into costs of prevention, appraisal, internal and external failure. Like other activities of business, quality costs can be programmed, budgeted, measured and analyzed to attain the objective of better quality at lower cost. Quality costs is the basis by which investments in quality programs may be evaluated in terms of cost improvement , profit enhancement and other benefits for plants and companies from these programs. The cost of quality is an increasingly important issue in the debates over quality. There was a mistaken notion that achievement of better quality requires higher costs. It was the myth that prevented many Indian companies to invest more on quality cost related programs. In this article the authors made an attempt to identify the different types of quality costs in a medium scale industry because the small and medium scale industries pay very little attention towards finding and developing a system for knowing & optimizing the cost of achieving quality. A model is proposed to identify the different quality costs in a medium scale industry and is further implemented. It has been found some quality costs are more critical and require greater attention.

Key words: Quality costs, Quality management, Pareto analysis, Model for optimization

[1] Ahmed Wali , Ayoob et al (2000) ," Quality Initiatives In a Manufacturing Unit : A Case Study ", Productivity Journal, Vol 41, No.2, pp210-216.
[2] Campanella J. (1999) "Quality costs Principles, implementation and use" ASQ quality press, Third edition,
[3] Deming,W.E.,(1982) Quality,productivity and compititive position", MA: MIT press,.
[4] Feigenbaum, A. V. (1983) "Total quality control", Mcgraw Hill.
[5] Gurursamy ,S.( 1998.) " Cost Of Quality- A Gateway to TQM", Productivity Journal, Vol 39, No.1, ,pp 91 — 96.
[6] Garvalia ,N.N (2003),. "Productivity Improvement Through the 5S's — A Case Study ", Industrial EngineeringJournal Vol. XXXII No. 12, December, pp 4-6.
[7] Jaju S.B.,R.R. Lakhe and R.L. Shrivastava, (2004) "Performance analysis through quality costs: A case study" Industrial engineering journal, Vol XXXIII, No. 6, pp 15-20.
[8] M.Yasin ,Mahmoud et al (1999 ) ," In search of an optimal cost of quality : an integrated framework of operational efficiency and strategic effectiveness" Journal of Engineering and technology Management ,
[9] Rao ,J.V.Prabhaker et al (2000)," Cost Leadership- A Strategy For 2000 ", Productivity Journal, Vol 41, No.2, July -September pp321-327.
[10] Schmahl K.E., Yasser Desssouky and David Rucker (1997), "Measuring the cost of quality: A case study" Production and Inventory Management, Journal, fourth quarter, pp 58-63.

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the experimental investigation of various strengths of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Variables considered in the research work of various shapes and fiber volume fractions. Compressive strength is investigated using mix of M70 grade and hooked, flat and waved fibers with aspect ratio 50. The fiber volume fraction is varied from 0.5% to 4% at an interval of 0.5% by weight of cement separately. Standard test specimens for compressive strengths were cast and water cured for 7 and 28 days. All the test specimens were tested according to relevant Indian Standards and standard test procedures available in the literature wherever applicable. Compressive strengths are found to be increased continuously with increase in fiber volume fraction. Keywords: composites, SFRC, aspect ratio, fiber volume fraction, strengths

[1]. P. N. Balaguru, and S. P. Shah, 1992, Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites, McGraw-Hill: New York.
[2]. J. J. Beaudoin, 1990, Handbook of Fibre Reinforced Concrete – Principles, Developments and Applications, Noyes Publications: New Jersey, USA.
[3]. D. J. Hannant, 1978, Fibre Cements and Fibre Concretes, John Wiley and Sons: New York, USA.
[4]. G. R. Williamson, 1974, The effect of steel fibres on compressive strength of concrete, ACI Special Publication. SP-44, 195-207.
[5]. S. P. Shah and V. B. Rangan, 1971, Fibre reinforced concrete properties, ACI Journal. 68, 126- 135.
[6]. C. D Johnston and R. A. Coleman, 1974, Strength and deformation of steel fibers reinforced Mortars in uniaxial tension, ACI SP-44, 177-193.
[7]. C. D. Johnston, 1984, Steel fibre reinforced mortar and concrete: A review of mechanical properties, ACI SP-44, 127-142.
[8]. R. N. Swamy, et al., 1974, The mechanics of fibre reinforcement in cement matrices: Fibrereinforced concrete, ACI SP-44, 1-28.
[9]. R. N. Swami and S. A. Al-Taan, 1981, Deformation and ultimate strength in flexure of reinforced concrete beam made with steel fibre concrete, ACI Journal, 78, 395-405.
[10]. M. A. Mansur, et al., 1986, Shear strength of fibrous concrete beams without stirrups, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering. 112, 2068-2079.

Abstract: This article presents a case of application of geostatistical methods in geotechnical engineering: There is a railway platform, going to be built on compressible soils which presents important settlement. Geotechnical data were analyzed by a geostatistical approach using GIS software to characterize the spatial variability of the thickness of the compressible soils and their deformation Module. Then these data were crossed with settlement calculations by oedometer method to estimate the distribution of soil compaction on the entire site.

Key words: Morocco, Kenitra, geotechnical studies, settlement, geostatistics, kriging.

[1] Le Coz, J., 1964. The Rharb Fellahs and settlers. Study of regional geography, frames the nature and history, 1, Rabat, Morocco, 487.
[2] Choubert, G., 1957. Test cycles correlation between marine and continental Pleistocene of Morocco. C.R. Acad.Sci. Paris, 245, 13, 1066-1069.
[3] Michard, A., 1976. Elements Moroccan geology. Notes and Mem. Serv. Geol. Morocco, 252, 408.
[4] Cirac, P., 1985. The southern basin Neogene western Rif higher. Evolution of sedimentary dynamics and paleogeography during filling phase. Thesis of Science, University of Bordeaux I, France, 283.
[5] Chalouan, A., Michard, A., 2004. The Alpine Rif Belt (Morocco): a case of mountain building in a subduction-subduction-transform fault triple junction. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 161, 489-519.
[6] Chalouan, A., Michard, A., Feinberg, H., Montigny, R., Saddiqi, O., 2001. The Rif mountain building (Morocco): a new tectonic scenario. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., 172, 5, 603 616.
[7] Michard, A., Chalouan, A., Feinberg, H., Goffé, B., Montigny, R., 2002. How does the Alpine belt end between Spain and Morocco? Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., 173, 1, 3-15.
[8] Platt, J. P et al 2003). The ultimate arc: Differential displacement, oroclinal bending, and vertical axis rotation in the External Betic-Rif arc. Tectonics, 22, 1017-1035.
[9] Matheron G., 1962. Traité de géostatistique appliquée. Mém. BRGM, 14, t.I & II.
[10] Be Chilès J.P et Delfiner P., 1999. Geostatistic: modeling spatial uncertainty. Wiley series in Probability and statistic, Wiley, 695 p.

Abstract: This paper presents implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to establish a relation between vibration parameters and properties of vibration welded joints. During the welding of metals along with mechanical vibrations, uniform and finer grain structures can be produced. This increases the toughness and hardness of the metals, because of solidification effects at the weld pool surface. So, physical experiments have been conducted on the homogeneous welded joints by providing vibrations during the welding period. The voltage used to generate the vibration and the time of vibration are used as vibration parameters. Hardness of the welded joint is considered as one of the mechanical properties of the welded joint.

Keywords: Vibratory welding, Neural Networks, Hardness

[1]. Dirk Tomandl and Andreas Schober (2001) A Modified General Regression Neural Network (MGRNN) with new, efficient training algorithms as a robust 'black box'- tool for data analysis. Journal of Neural Networks, 14, pp1023-1034.
[2]. Donald F.Specht (1991) A General Regression Neural Network, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol.2, No.6,pp568-576.
[3]. Hsien-Yu Tseng(2006), Welding parameters optimization for economic design using neural approximation and genetic algorithm, Int. J. Adv. Manufacturing Technology vol27:pp897-901.
[4]. Jijin Xu, Ligong Chen and Chunzhen Ni (2006) Effect of vibratory weld conditioning on the residual stresses and distortion in multipass girth-butt welded pipes, International Journal of Pressure vessels and piping 84,pp298-303.
[5]. Lakshminarayanan A.K. and Balasubramanian. V(2010) An assessment of microstructure hardness, tensile and impact strength of friction stir welded ferritic stainless steel joints, 31, pp 4592-4600.
[6]. Lu Qinghua, Chen Ligong and Ni Chunzhen (2006) Improving welded valve quality by vibratory weld conditioning, Materials Science and Engineering A 457, pp246-253.
[7]. Munsi, A.S.M.Y. and Waddell, A.J. and Walker, C.A. (2001) The effect of vibratory stress on the welding microstructure and residual stress distribution. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 215 (2). pp. 99-111.
[8]. Shigeru Aoki, Tadashi Nishimura and Tetsumaro Hiroi (2005) Reduction method for residual stress of welded joint using random vibration, Nuclear Engineering Design, 235,pp1441-1445.
[9]. Tewari, S. P. and Shanker (1993), A. Effect of longitudinal vibration on the mechanical properties of mild steel weldments. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part B, Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 207(B3), 173–177.
[10]. Weglowska. A. and Pietras. A. (2012), Influence of the welding parameters on the structure and mechanical properties of vibration welded joints of dissimilar grades of nylons. Archives of civil and mechanical engineering 12, pp198-204.

Abstract: Recovery of waste constituents from industrial waste is a cost effective solution in control of environmental pollution. Present investigation deals with the feasibility of usage of sludge obtained from sand beneficiation treatment plant in the production of bricks and their durability. The experimental results show that the brick earth can be replaced with treatment plant sludge up to 40% by weight without loss in strength and other brick characteristics considered satisfactory for conventional purposes. Apart from that when reference specimens and test bricks (5% Sludge) were immersed in various concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution at different immersed ages, the loss of weight is found to be less in test bricks than that in reference bricks. Hence, at 5% of replacement, the quality of bricks is superior to the bricks made from earth alone and can be used for superior work of permanent nature.

Keywords-Brick, Sludge from sand beneficiation treatment plant, Compressive strength, HCL, weight loss

[1] Bhattacharya. J.K. Shekdar. A.V. and Gaikwad, S.A. 2004. Recyclability of some major industrial solid wastes. Journal of Indian Association for Environmental Management, 31(1): 71-76.

[2] Kotaiah. B.. Ramana Reddy. I.V. and Sreedhar Reddy, S. 2002. Ceramic tile industrial waste treatment plain-residue usage in the production process. J. Curr. Sci., 2(1): 73-74.

[3] Subramanyam, K. 1999. Fly ash, Fly ash and Cement in Compressed Soil blocks. M.Tech. Thesis Submitted to Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati.

[4] Kotaiah, B. 1990. Management of Liquid Waste of Stiles India Limited. Unpublished Project Report, pp. 32.

[5] Madhava Rao, A.G. and Ramachandra Murthy. D.S 1996. Appropriate Technologies for Low Cost Housing. (Oxford & IBH) [6] IS: 1498-1970. (Reaffirmed 1992). Classification and Identification of Soil, BIS. New Delhi.

[7] IS: 3495-1976. Part 1 to IV. Methods of Tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks. BIS, New Delhi. [8] IS: 2117-1975. Guide for Manufacture of Handmade Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks. BIS. New Delhi.

[9] IS: 2720-1985. Part V. Determination of Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit. BIS. New Delhi.

[10] Mitchell. J.K. 1976. Fundamentals of Soil Behaviour, (John Wiley and Sons. Inc... New York).

Abstract: Geometry and orientation plays an important role in natural convection heat transfer. For horizontal rectangular fin array a chimney flow pattern is developed due to density difference. This flow pattern creates a stagnant zone near central bottom region. That portion does not contribute much towards heat dissipation. This area is removed from fins and they became inverted notched fins. This modified geometry reduces material cost, material weight without hampering heat transfer rate. Numerical models are prepaid to investigate heat transfer characteristics in plane fins and inverted notched fins. This investigation is also extended over different types of notches and their effectiveness comparison. Fin spacing, fin height, fin length, heater input, percentage of area removed in the form of inverted notch are the parameters under consideration. This analysis is done numerically using CFD package (Fluent). It is found that the heat transfer coefficient of inverted notch fin array is 25% to 35% higher as compared with normal fin array. Also we found that the triangular shape notch gives better result than trapezoidal and rectangular shape notch.

Key words: Inverted Notched Fin, Chimney Flow, Natural Convection, Heat transfer coefficient enhancement.

[1]. Starner K. E, and McManus H. N, 1963, "An Experimental Investigation of Free Convection Heat Transfer From Rectangular Fin
Arrays," Trans. ASME,Ser. C: J. Heat Transfer, 85, pp. 273–278.
[2]. Sane N. K, and Sukhatme S. P, 1974, "Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Short Horizontal Rectangular Fin Arrays," Fifth
International Heat Transfer Conference, Tokyo, Sept.
[3]. Sane N. K, Kittur M. B, and Magdum J. D., 1995, "Natural Convection Heat Transfer From Horizontal Rectangular Fin Arrays With
a Rectangular Notch at the Center," Seventh ISHMT Conference, Suratkal.
[4]. Sane, N. K, Tikekar, A. N, and Morankar, K. P., 2000, "Natural Convection Heat Transfer From Vertical Arrays With Rectangular
Notched Fins," ME thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
[5]. Baskaya, S, Sivrioglu, M, and Ozek, M, 2000, "Parametric Study of Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Horizontal Rectangular
Fin Arrays," Int. J. Therm. Sci., 39, pp. 797–805.
[6]. Jones, C. D, and Smith, L. F, 1970, "Optimum Arrangement of Rectangular Fins on Horizontal Surface for Free Convection Heat
Transfer," ASME Paper No. 69-HT-44.

Abstract: The Now a day, we need to look at a way to reduce the cost of building materials, particularly cement is currently so high that only rich people and governments can afford meaningful construction. Studies have been carried out to investigate the possibility of utilizing a broad range of materials as partial replacement materials for cement in the production of concrete. This study investigated the strength properties of Silica fume and fly ash concrete. This work primarily deals with the strength characteristics such as compressive, Split tensile and flexural strength. High performance concrete a set of 7 different concrete mixture were cast and tested with different cement replacement levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% 12.5% and15%) of Fly ash (FA) with silica fume (SF) as addition ( 0%,5%,10 % ,15% ,25and 30%) by wt of Cement and/or each trial super plasticizer has been added at constant values to achieve a constant range of slump for desired work ability with a constant water-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.30.Specimens were produced and cured in a curing tank for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The cubes were subjected to compressive strength tests after density determination at 3,7,14 and 28 days respectively. The chemical composition and physical composition of micro silica, FlyAsh and cement were determined. The density of the concrete decreased with increased in percentage of micro silica and Fly ash replacement up to 15%. Increase in the level of micro silica fume and Fly ash replacement between 30% to 45% led to a reduction in the compressive strength of hardened concrete. This study has shown that between 15 to 22.5% replacement levels, concrete will develop strength sufficient for construction purposes. Its use will lead to a reduction in cement quantity required for construction purposes and hence sustainability in the construction industry as well as aid economic construction.

Keywords: Durability, Fly Ash, High performance Concrete, Silica Fume/Micro Silica, Density, water absorption

[1]. Alireza Mokhtarzadeh, Catherine W.(1995), "High Strenth Concrete: Effects of Materials,Curing and Test Procedures on Short-Term Compressive Strength",PCI Journal, pp. 76-87.
[2]. Chinnaraju K, Subramanian K and Senthil Kumar S R R (2011), "Role of Fly Ash and Silica Fume on Durability Characteristics of High Performance Concrete", International Journal of Advance in Civil Engineering, pp. 17-27.
[3]. Hariharan A R, Santhil A S and Mohan Ganesh G (2011), "Study on Strength Development of High Strength Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Silica Fume", International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 3, pp. 2955-2961.
[4]. Islam Laskar A and Talukdar S (2008),"A New Mix Design Method For High Performance Concrete", Asian Journal of Civil Engg. (Building And Housing),Vol. 9,No. 1, pp. 15-23.
[5]. IS 456 (2000), Bureau of Indian Standardplain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice, Fourth Revision.
[6]. IS 10262 (2009), Bureau of Indian Standard-concrete Mix Proportioning guide Lines, first Revision.
[7]. Mullick A K (2007), "Performance of Concrete with Binary and Ternary Cement Blends", the Indian Concrete Journal, pp. 15-22.
[8]. Nataraja M C and Lelin Das (2010), "Concrete Mix Proportioning as per IS 10262:2009-Comparison with IS 10262:1982 and ACI 211.1-91", The Indian Concrete Journal, pp. 64-70.
[9]. Perumal K and Sundararajan R (2004), "Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement With Silica Fume

Abstract: The Human powered flywheel motor (HPFM) is the integral part of the various manually energized machines such as brick making machine, chaff cutter, pedal operated flour mill etc .Since its invention continuous efforts are being made for its optimization with objective of the efficient energy utilization of human energy. In an attempt this paper presents the development of flywheel motor for multiple rider as till now only single rider system is developed. Further the CAD modeling of this system is developed by using the CAD software SOLID EGDE.

Keywords - CAD modeling, HPFM, Solid edge.

[1]. Modak J.P, Bapat A.R. "Various efficiencies of human powered flywheel motor" Human power number volume 54;pp21-23
[2]. Modak J.P, Kazi Z S " design and development of human energised chaff cutter" [New York Science Journal 2010;3 (4):104-108].(ISSN:1554-0200)..
[3]. Modak J.P , Moghe S.D "Design and development of human powered machine for the manufacture of lime flyash sand bricks" Human power; volume 13 num-ber2;1998;pp3-7.
[4]. Modak J.P, Bapat A.R. " Improvement in experimental setup for establishing generalized experimental model of various dynamic responses for A manually energised flywheel motor"
[5]. Modak J.P ,Bapat A.R.. " Formulation of generalized experimental model for manually driven flywheel motor and its optimization" Applied ergonom-ics;1994; volume 25; number2; pp 119-122.
[6]. Modak J.P "Bicycle and its kinematics and modifications". National conference mach Mech; February 1985;pp5-11.
[7]. Modak J.P. , Chandurkar K.C., Singh M.P, Yadpana-war A.G "Experimental verification of various bi-cycle drive mechanism part1" Proceedings of AMSE conference modeling and simulation Karisurhe west Germeny, july 20-22 1987;pp139-160.
[8]. Modak J.P "General consideration of mechanical design of A manually driven process machine" NA-COMM; 1987;pp 13-17.

Abstract: Suspension bridge is an efficient structural system particularly for large spans. Many difficulties related to design and construction feasibility arises due to its long central span. There are many suspension bridges around the world and dynamic behavior has been found to be the primary concern for those bridges. Natural period of a suspension bridge mainly dependent on the span and other structural dimensions related to the stiffness. In the present study, the effects of structural parameters like deck depth and tower height on natural period of suspension bridges having different central spans are conducted. Natural periods are analyzed by modal analysis for central span lengths ranges from 600m to 1400m. The modal analysis is performed by finite element software package SAP2000. For each central span, tower heights and deck depth are varied and the consequences of these variations on the natural periods of various types of vibration modes are investigated and dominant mode for each span is recognized. Obtained values from the analysis were utilized to plot three dimensional surfaces representing correlation among natural period, deck depth, tower height, and span, using MATLAB functions. A relationship among tentative optimum deck depth, optimum tower height and central span of suspension bridge is developed for obtaining minimum natural period. This relationship can be used to obtain the tentative optimum dimensions of a suspension bridge with central span between 600m to 1400m.

Keywords: suspension bridge, natural period, optimum dimensions, modal analysis.

[1]. Anil k. Chopra, Dynamics of structures: theory and application to earthquake engineering (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1995).

[2]. Abdel- Ghaffar. Dynamic Analysis of Suspension Bridge Structures, EERL 76-01, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 1976.

[3]. Moisseiff, L. S. and Lienhard, F., Suspension bridge under the action of lateral forces, Trans. ASCE, 58, 1933.

[4]. Brotton, D. M., A general computer programme for the solution of suspension bridgeproblems, Struct. Eng., 44, 1966.

[5]. Saafan, A. S., Theoretical analysis of suspension bridges, Proc. ASCE, 92, ST4,1966.

[6]. I. Konishi and Y. Yamada, Earthquake Responses of a Long Span Suspension Bridge, Proceedings of the Second World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Vol. 2, 1960, pp. 863-875.

[7]. Clough. Ray W, Penzien. J., Dynamics of Structures (McGraw-Hill. Inc. 1993).

[8]. Wilson, E.L., Three-Dimensional Static and Dynamic Analysis of Structures: A Physical Approach with Emphasis on Earthquake Engineering. Computers and Structures, Inc, Berkeley, California, 1996.

Abstract: The evolution of the early rotary kiln for cement industries and innovation made by man is to ease cement processing. The rotary Kiln in which cement is burnt at 13000C to 15500C is a long cylinder rotating on its axis and inclined so that the materials fed in at the upper end travel slowly to the lower end. The approach adopted is by evolving a mathematical model of the system. Simulation of the process was carried out using FORTRAN language to compute theoretical heat of formation. The exact value of theoretical heat of formation was found to be 435.583000. The aim is to produce a good quality clinker at the optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency. The computer model is in a FORTRAN language. The simulation provides very encouraging result, which showed trends that enabled the deduction of optimum system parameters. Significance: This paper investigated the behavior of the kiln through computer simulations, for comparing the performance of different constitutions under similar operations and conditions. The paper highlighted how a good quality clinker can be produced at optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.

Keywords: simulation, kiln, constituents, mathematical model, clinker and Theoretical heat

[1]. Richard C. D (1989) "Energy resources and Policy". Addison – Wesley Publishing Company
[2]. Scott P. J. and Homes J. R (1986) "Heat utilization at Coventry Waste Reduction Unit" Chartered Min. Eng. Vol. 103 pp. 8 – 12.
[3]. Stambulearn A. S. (1994) "Flame Combustion process in Industry" Abacus Press Limited.
[4]. Hubbard G. L and Denny V.E (1985) "International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer" Vol 18 pp. 20 – 31.
[5]. Mayes R. A (1983) "Handbook of Energy Technology and Economics" John Miley & Sons Inc.
[6]. Daudas W. H. (1985) "Cement Data Book" P4 – 5.