iosr-JMCE   International Conference on RECENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Abstract: The Bayer Process for the production of alumina from Bauxite ore is characterized by low energy efficiency and it results in the production of significant amounts of dust-like, high alkalinity bauxite residues known as red mud. Currently red mud is produced almost at equal mass ratio to metallurgical alumina and is disposed into sealed or unsealed artificial impoundments (landfills), leading to important environmental issues. It comprises of oxides of iron, titanium, aluminum and silica along with some other minor constituents. Presence of Alumina and Iron oxide in red mud compensates the deficiency of the same components in limestone which is the primary raw material for cement production. Presence of soda in the red mud which when used in clinker production neutralizes the sulfur content in the pet coke that is used for burning clinker enrooted cement production and adds to the cement's setting characteristics. Based on economics as well as environmental related issues, enormous efforts have been directed worldwide towards red mud management issues i.e. of utilization, storage and disposal. Different avenues of red mud utilization are more or less known but none of them have so far proved to be economically viable or commercially feasible. Experiments have been conducted under laboratory condition to assess the strength characteristics of the aluminum red mud. The project work focuses on the suitability of red mud obtained for construction. Five test groups were constituted with the replacement percentages 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% of red mud and 5% of hydrated lime with cement in each series. To achieve Pozzolanic property of red mud, hydrated lime was added. This paper points out another promising direction for the proper utilization of red mud.
Key Words: Cement mortars, Red mud, hydrated lime, monotonic load and Deflection.

[1]. L. G. Yang, Z. L. Yao, and D. S. Bao, ―Pumped and cemented red mud slurry filling mining method,‖ Mining Research and Development, vol. 16, pp. 18–22, 1996.
[2]. (2). Premchand, Rakesh Kumar, J.P. Srivastava, ―Utilization of iron values of red mud for metallurgical applications‖, Environmental and Waste Management (ISSN: 0971-9407), pp. 108-119, 1998.
[3]. N. Yalc¸in and V. Sevinc¸, ―Utilization of bauxite waste in ceramic glazes,‖ Ceramics International, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 485–493, 2000.
[4]. S. Srikanth, A. K. Ray, A. Bandopadhyay, B. Ravikumar, and A. Jha, ―Phase constitution during Sintering of red mud and red mud-fly ash mixtures,‖ Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 2396–2401, 2005.
[5]. Tim Newson, Tom Dyer. Chris Adam, Sandra Sharp, ―Effect of Structure on the Geotechnical Properties of Bauxite Residue‖, journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, pp. 143-151 2006.
[6]. WANG Xing, QU Yuan-yuan, HU Wei-wei, CHEN Jie,ZHAO Xue-yi, WU Miao, ―Particle characteristics and rheological constitutive relations of high concentration red mud‖, J China Univ Mining & Technol, volume-18 pp. 0266–0270, 2008.
[7]. V. Jobb´agy, J. Somlai, J. Kov´acs, G. Szeiler, and T. Kov´acs, ―Dependence of radon emanation of redmud bauxite processing wastes on heat treatment,‖ Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 172, no. 2-3, pp. 1258–1263, 2009.
[8]. Daniel Véras Ribeiro, João António Labrincha, Marcio Raymundo Morelli, ― Potential Use of Natural Red Mud as Pozzolan for Portland Cement‖ 2010.
[9]. X. F. Zheng, ―Recycling technology of aluminum and sodium from low temperature bayer progress red mud,‖ Shandong Metallurgy, vol. 32, pp. 16–17, 2010.
[10]. RibeiroD.V, Rovere.C.A.D, SouzaC.A.C, Kuri.E.S, J.A.Labrincha, Abrantes.J.C.C, and Morelli.M.R, ―Effect of RedMud on the Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy‖, International Scholarly Research Network, ISRN Materials Science, Article ID 365276, 2011.

Abstract: In today's increasingly competitive world, it is important to constantly improve, be it a manufacturing or service industry. Quality with quantity is a main characteristic which helps a company stay in the competition. Technology has taken leaps of development lately and this has brought about an increase in the customer demands. The main aim is to study the current capacity, analyze it to find areas of improvement and make an improvement proposal to meet the forecasted increase in demand. This thesis presents the current performance of outputs and capacity of the plant calculated using continuous data collected in shop floor. In each workstation the processing time is different and the longest time consumption workstation will be identified as a bottleneck workstation. The identified bottleneck station will be analyzed to reduce the processing time which increases production rate.
Keywords : Productivity, Cause and effect analysis, MTBF, MTTR, Capacity Management

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Abstract: Aviation field always come across a common issue throughout the world while planning their materials in inventory. Cost of maintaining unwanted inventory can hit the revenue of the airline operations. So a near optimal solution is preferred for achieving this. Materials planning can be divided into two models i.e. stochastic and forecasted model. Most of the airlines throughout the world follow stochastic models such as Max-Min, Reorder point (ROP) method, etc. with the aid maintenance software packages widely available in market. It is found that they try to fit the same methodology in almost complex dependent demand products in aviation where demand is discrete. The appropriate method for this scenario i.e. Material Requirement Planning (MRP) is found to be not considered. MRP is nothing but a computerized inventory control and production planning system which helps in scheduling the planned order releases along with appropriate lot sizing.
Keywords : Inventory control, Maintenance, Materials, Material Requirement Planning (MRP), ABC analysis.

[1] Kirsten Trachta, Florian von der Hagenb, Daniel Schneidera, "Applied repairable-item inventory modeling in the aviation industry" a. Bremen Institute for Mechanical Engineering, University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany b. Lufthansa Technik AG, Weg beim Jäger 193, 22335 Hamburg, Germany.
[2] OlovCandell a,1, RaminKarim b, , PeterSo¨ derholm c,2 "eMaintenance—Information logistics for maintenance support" a Saab Aerotech,AircraftServicesDivision,SE-58188Linko¨ping, Sweden b Division of Operation and Maintenance Engineering, Lulea˚ UniversityofTechnology,SE-97187Lulea˚, Sweden c Division ofQualityTechnology,EnvironmentalManagementandSocialInformatics,Lulea˚ UniversityofTechnology,SE-97187Lulea˚, Sweden
[3] Adel A. Ghobbar∗, Chris H, "An Integrated Logistics Model of Spare Parts Maintenance Planning within the Aviation Industry Evaluation of forecasting methods for intermittent parts demand in the field of aviation: a predictive model", Friend City University London, School of Engineering, ACME, Northampton Square, London, EC1V OHB, UKReceived 1 September 2001; received in revised form 1 March 2002
[4] Adel A. Ghobbar∗, Chris H. "Evaluation of forecasting methods for intermittent parts demand in the field of aviation: a predictive model" Friend City University London, School of Engineering, ACME, Northampton Square, London, EC1V OHB, UKReceived 1 September 2001; received in revised form 1 March 2002
[5] A.A. Ghobbar*, C.H. Friend "Sources of intermittent demand for aircraft spare parts within airline operations", Department of Aeronautical, Civil and Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, City University London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0OB, UK
[6] Adel A. Ghobbar*, Chris H. Friend "The material requirements planning system for aircraft maintenance and inventory control: a note", School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, City University London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK

Abstract: In Scheduling is one of the most important issues in the planning and operation of manufacturing system, but the generation of consistently good schedules is more difficult. The difficulty of finding the optimal schedule depends on the shop environment, process constraints and performance indicator. One of the most difficult problems in this area is the job shop scheduling problem (JSSP), which has been proved to be a Non-deterministic Polynomial-time (NP)-complete problem. In this paper, a genetic algorithm based solution methodology has been presented and the algorithm is implemented using powerful Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) environment to solve and to find a schedule that has lowest possible value of makes pan, where the makes pan is the time required for all jobs to be processed according to a given schedule by using Genetic algorithms.
Keywords - Job shop, scheduling, genetic algorithm.

[1] El-Bouri, N. Azizi, and S. Zolfaghari,"A comparative study of a new heuristic based on adaptive memory programming and simulated annealing: the case of job shop scheduling," European Journal of Operational Research, vol.177, pp. 1894-1910, March 2007.
[2] J. P. Watson, A. Howe and L. Whitley, "Deconstructing Nowicki and Smutnicki's i-TSAB tabu search algorithm for the job-shop scheduling problem," Computers & Operations Research, vol. 33, pp. 2623-2644, September 2006.
[3] S. Esquivel, S. Ferrero, R. Gallard, C. Salto, H. Alfonso, and M. Schtz, "Enhanced evolutionary algorithms for single and multiobjective optimization in the job shop scheduling problem," Knowledge-Based Systems, vol.15, pp. 13-25, January 2002.
[4] Makoto Asano, Hiroshi Ohta, "A Heuristic for Job Shop Scheduling to Minimize Total Weighted Tardiness", Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 2-4 No 42 pp: 137-147，2002.
[5] R. Qing and Y. Wang, "A new hybrid genetic algorithm for job shop scheduling problem," Computer &Operations Research, vol. 39, pp.2291-2299, October 2012.
[6] S. French, Sequencing and Scheduling: An Introduction to the Mathematics of the Job Shop, New York, USA: John Willey & Sons Inc., 1982.
[7] M. T. Jensen and T. K. Hansen, "Robust solutions to job shop problems," in Proc. of Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Washington DC, 1999, pp 1138-1144.
[8] D.E.Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning, New York, Addison Wesley, 1989, pp. 41
[9] D. J. Hoitomt, P. B. Luh and K. R. Pattipati, "A practical approach to job shop scheduling problems," IEEE Trans. on Robotics and Automation, vol. 9, pp. 1-13, February 1993.
[10] T. Bäeck, D. B. Fogel, Z. Michalewicz (Eds.), Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, New York, Bristol: Oxford University Press, Institute of Physics, 1997, ch. F1.5.

Abstract: This paper deals with the improvement of productivity of a multi product manufacturing industry. The authors identified the obstacles which make the improvement in the productivity of a Manufacturing Industry as infeasible. The authors instructed some suggestions with IE tools and techniques for removing those obstacles.
Keywords- Productivity, Batch production, Work sampling, Time study, Cause and Effect Diagram

[1] Hannu Rantanen, Internal obstacles restraining productivity improvement in small Finnish industrial enterprises, Int. J. Production Economics 69 (2001) 85}91.
[2] M Hannula et al Research Report 1/97, Tampere University of Technology, Institute of Industrial Management, Tampere, 1997, 106 p (inFinnish).
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[7] M.H. Bala Subrahmanya, Labour productivity, energy intensity and economic performance in small enterprises: A study of brick enterprises cluster in India, Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006) 763–777.
[8] DCSSI, Small scale industries in India: an engine of growth, ministry of small scale industries, Government of India, New Delhi, 2002.
[9] Masato Mogaki et al, A Layout Improvement Method Based on Constraint Propagation for Analog LSI's, 28th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, 1991.
[10] UK Higher Education Space Management Project, Space utilisation: practice, performance and guidelines, Sep.2006.

Abstract: The Conventional machining processes were developed to machine the different kind of reinforcements. But they lost their competitive edge to non-conventional machining because of poor surface finish, high tool wear rate and high tooling cost. To Increasing the weight ratio of Copper in has high tensile strength, electrical conductivity and low resistance. The machinability of copper composites with respect to cost effective non-conventional machining like EDM have yet been studied. Powder metallurgy has been an effective method of producing copper composite material. This performance analysis and optimizing the machining parameters of mild steel and Inconel 625 for EDM process. Tool can be made up of copper and tungsten material. So increase production rate, reduced machining cost, tool wear rate (TWR) is decreased and improved surface finish of the composite materials.
Keywords : EDM; Powder additives; machining; optimization.

Journal Papers:
[1] Rajeev Kumar, "Research is oriented on newer aspects of EDM in the field of analysis and optimization", International journals of emerging technology 3(1):33-40,2012.
[2] 2. Norliana Mohd Abbas, Darius G. Solomon, "A review on current research trends in electrical discharge machining" International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 47 (2 1214–1228,2007.
[3] 3. Jambeswar Sahu, Chinmaya P. Mohanty, " A DEA approach for optimization of multiple responses in Electrical Discharge Machining of AISI D2 steel", Procedia Engineering, 51,585 – 591, 2013.
[4] 4. T. TAMURA, "Development of on-the-machine surface modification technology in EDM", Procedia CIRP 6 117 – 122,2013.
[5] 5.VineetSrivastava, Pulak M. Pandey, " Effect of process parameters on the performance of EDM process with ultrasonic assisted cryogenically cooled electrode, Journal of Manufacturing Processes 14, 393–402,2012.
[6] 6.O. Malek, J. Vleugels, K. Vanmeensel, W. Van Renterghem, B. Lauwers, "Electrical discharge machining of (NbxZr1-x)B2-SiC composites", Procedia CIRP 6 ,186 – 191,2013.
[7] 7. M. Munza, M. Ristoa, "Machinability of ZTA-TiC ceramics by electrical discharge drilling", Procedia CIRP 6, 77 – 82,2013.
Books:
[8] ASTM Hand book for mechanical engineering

Abstract: Within the last few years there has been a rapid increase in the utilization of aluminum-silicon alloys, particularly in the automobile industries, due to their high strength to weight ratio, high wear resistance, low density and low coefficient of thermal expansion. The advancements in the field of application make the study of their hardness and tensile behavior of utmost importance. In this present investigation, Aluminum based alloys containing 12% weight (eutectic range) of Silicon were synthesized using casting method. Compositional analysis and tensile studies of same amount of samples in different composition have shown near uniform distribution of Si in the prepared alloys. The idea behind this work was to see the effect of addition of immiscible alloys for the refinement of microstructure.
Keywords: Al-Si Alloy, microstructure, grain refinement, casting, high strength alloy

[1]. Mohanty P.S., Gruzleski J.E.,; Grain refinement mechanisms of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys, McGill University, Canada, H3A2A7. (Received 20 October 1994; in revised form 6 november 1995).
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[3]. Kori S., Murty B., Chakraborty M.; Development of an efficient grain refiner for Al-7% Si alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, Volume 280, Issue 1 (2000): pp. 58-61.
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[9]. D. Apelian, G.K. Sigworth, K.R. Whaler, Assessment of Grain Refinement and Modification of Al–Si Foundry Alloys by Thermal Analysis, American Foundrymen's Society Inc., 1984, pp. 99297–99307.
[10]. D.G. McCartney, Grain refining of aluminium and its alloys using inoculants, Int. Mater. Rev. 34 (1989) 247–260.

Abstract: The experiments are carried out to investigate the wear performance in the coconut shell powder (CSP) and coir fibre reinforced polyester resin composites. Pin-on-disc machine is used to investigate the abrasive wear property of the polymer matrix composites against 400μm grit size abrasive paper with the velocity of 2.0 m/s and the varying load conditions are applied like 5N, 10N, 15N, 20N and 25N. The effect of the coconut shell powder and coir fibre concentration and sliding distance on the weight loss of composites has been analyzed. The result shows that the coefficient of friction increases with the increase of load in the CSP and coir fibre containing polymer matrix composites. It is observed that the wear rate is increases with the increases in the applied load. The wear rate is decreases with the addition of CSP and coir fibre. Whenever the applied load is increases, the friction at the contact surface of the material and rotating disc is also increases. The addition of the CSP and coir fibre is act as reinforcement in the polymer matrix composites. Due to this addition, the wear resistance increases.
Keywords - Coconut shell powder, coir fibre, polyester, composite, abrasive wear.

[1] Mohanty A.K., Khan M.A. and Hinrichsen G, "Surface modification of jute and its influence on performance of biodegradable jute fabrics polyester amide composites," Composite Science and Technology, vol.60, pp. 1115-1124, 2000.
[2] Mohanty A.K., Khan M.A. and Hinrichsen G, "Influence of chemical surface modification on the properties of biodegradable jute fabrics polyester amide composite," Composites, Part-A: Appl.Sci Manufact. vol.31, pp. 143-150, 2000.
[3] Li H.X. Meng Y.Z. Wang S.J.Rajulu A.V. and Tjong S.C, "Completely biodegradable composites of polypropylene carbonate and short, lingocellulose fabric hildegradia populifolia," Journal of Polymer Science, Part-B, vol.42, pp. 666-675, 2004.
[4] Shibata,M. , Takachiyo K ,Ozawa K Yosomiya R and Takeishi H, "Biodegradable polyester composites reinforced with short abaca fiber," Journal of Appl Polym Sci. vol.85, pp. 129-138, 2002.
[5] Kim H.S, Yang H.S. and Kim H.J, "Biodegradability and mechanical properties of agroflour- filled polybuttylene succinate biocomposites," J Appl Polym Sci. vol.97, pp. 1513-1521, 2005.
[6] Luo S and Netravali A.N, "Interfacial and mechanical properties of environment friendly green composites made from pineapple fiber and poly resin," Journal of Material Science, vol.34, pp. 3709-3719, 1999.
[7] Rout J, Mishra M, Tripathy S S Nayak S.K. and Mohanty A.K., "The influence of fiber treatment on the performance of coir-polyester composites," Compos Sci Technol., vol.61, pp. 1303-1310, 2001.
[8] Bisanda, E.T.N., "The effect of alkali treatment on the adhesion characteristics of sisal fibers," Appl Compo Mater., vol.7, pp. 331-339, 2000.
[9] Gassan J. and Bledzki A.K. "Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibers," Compos Sci Technology, vol.59, pp. 1303-1309, 1999.
[10] Gross R.A. and Karla B, "Biodegradable polymers for environment," Science, vol.297, pp. 803-807, 2002.

Abstract: A Multibody system consists of mechanical linkages and these linkages are interconnected with Rigid Bodies or Flexible Bodies approach and due to linkages dynamic behaviour they may experience translational and rotational displacements. Multibody Dynamic analysis is used to evaluate a Multibody system. It is extensively used in Automotive, Aerospace, and Robotics domain for investigating the dynamic behaviour of the system. This study deals with design and development of new seat slider mechanism and simulation by using the Multibody Dynamics. In this study, the behaviour of seat mechanism is predicted and corrected to increase the performance of the seat mechanism. The study includes theoretical calculation, tolerance stack-up, Multibody Dynamic simulation study using ADAMS (extraction of forces) and validated with the experimental data.
Keywords— Seat Slider, Multibody Dynamics, friction, stiction

[1] A.Siefert, S. Pankoke and H.P Wolfel, 2007, Virtual optimization of car passenger seats: Simulation of static and dynamic effects on drivers seating comfort, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 38, 2008, pp 410–424.
[2] M. Grujicic, B. Pandurangan, G. Arakere, W.C. Bell, T. He and X. Xie, 2009, Seat-cushion and soft-tissue material modeling and a finite element investigation of the seating comfort for passenger-vehicle occupants, Materials and Design 30, 2009 pp 4273–4285.
[3] Taichi Shiiba, Kotaro Obana and Naoya Machida, 2012, Comparison of linearized vs non-linearized multibody vehicle model for real-time simulation, International Journal of Non-LinearMechanics53, 2013, pp 32–40.
[4] Leon Lo, Mohammad Fard,Aleksandar Subic and Reza Jazar, 2012, Structural dynamic characterization of a vehicle seat coupled with human occupant, Journal of Sound and Vibration 332, 2013, pp 1141
[5] Lei Wang and Bert Sweetman, 2012, Multibody dynamics of floating wind turbines with large-amplitude motion, Applied Ocean Research 43,2013, pp 1–10.
[6] C. Martin Saravia, Sebastian P. Machado, and Victor H. Cortinez, 2013,A composite beam finite element for multibody dynamics: Application to large wind turbine modeling, Engineering Structures 56, 2013, pp 1164–1176.
[7] Li-Xin Guo, Hui Chen, and Jin-Li Li , 2011, Endergonic property analysis of vehicle seat pillow under heads crash loads, Procedia Engineering 15, 2011, pp 3046 – 3050.
[8] 1152Kuang-Hua Chang and Sung-Hwan Joo, 2004, Design parameterization and tool integration for CAD-based mechanism optimization, Advances in Engineering Software 37, 2006, pp 779–796.
[9] P. Betsch and N. Sanger, 2012, On the consistent formulation of torques in a rotationless framework for multibody dynamics, Computers and Structures 127, 2013, pp 29–38.
[10] Qiang Tian, Yanlei Sun, Cheng Liu, Haiyan Hu and Paulo Flores,2012, ElastoHydroDynamic lubricated cylindrical joints for rigid-flexible multibody dynamics, Computers and Structures 114–115,2013, pp 106–120.

Abstract: Power transmission through wires is possible now. We try to transmit the power through Bluetooth, it is wireless one .Here we omit the wires also we use Bluetooth switches for transmission. It is non conventional method. Bluetooth is transmit the power between particular distance with low efficiency, then little amount of power will be transmitting through this method. so we increase the frequency of signals then we get the required output.
Keywords— Wireless power bluetooth switches particular distance efficiency low non conventional method

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Abstract: CaCO3 nanoparticles with an average size of 285 nm were synthesized via the carbonation method. The tribological properties of the CaCO3 nanoparticles as an additive in lithium grease were evaluated with a four-ball tester. The results show that these CaCO3 nanoparticles exhibit good performance in anti-wear and friction-reduction, load-carrying capacity, and extreme pressure properties. The action mechanism was estimated through analysis of the worn surface with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicate that a boundary film mainly composed of CaCO3, CaO, iron oxide, and other organic compounds was formed on the worn surface during the friction process.
Keywords— CaCO3 nanoparticles, Lubricant additives, Nanotribology, Lithium grease.

[1]. Xianbing Ji • Yinxia Chen • Gaiqing Zhao • Xiaobo Wang • Weimin Liu "Tribological Properties of CaCO3 Nanoparticles as an Additive in Lithium Grease" (2011) 41.
[2]. Libo Wanga b, Bo Wanga, Xiaobo Wanga, Weimin Liua "Tribological investigation of CaF2 nanocrystals as grease additives", 20 December 2006, Tribology International (2007) , vol.40, pp.1179–1185.
[3]. Libo Wang, Ming Zhang, Xiaobo Wang, Weimin Liu, "The preparation of CeF3 nanocluster capped with oleic acid by extraction method and application to lithium grease", Materials Research Bulletin (2008), vol.43, pp.2220–2227.
[4]. Dabo Liu, Gaiqing Zhao, Xiaobo Wang "Tribological Performance of Lubricating Greases Based on Calcium Carbonate Polymorphs Under the Boundary Lubrication Condition", Tribol Lett (2012), vol.47, pp.183–194.
[5]. Dabo Liu, Ming Zhang, Gaiqing Zhao, Xiaobo Wang "Tribological Behavior of Amorphous and Crystalline Overbased Calcium Sulfonate as Additives in Lithium Complex Grease", Tribol Lett (2012), vol.45, pp.265–273.
[6]. Jiguo Chen "Tribological Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene, Nano-Titanium Dioxide, and Nano-Silicon Dioxide as Additives in Mixed Oil-Based Titanium Complex Grease"(2010) 38.
[7]. Kwangho Lee, Yujin Hwang, Seongir Cheong , Youngmin Choi, Laeun Kwon, Jaekeun Lee, Soo Hyung Kim "Understanding the Role of Nanoparticles in Nano-oil Lubrication" ,Tribol Lett (2009) , vol.35, pp.127–131.

Abstract: In the rapidly changing world the source of power production is mainly established on the conventional source of energy. But due its depletion and its impact on the environment the prevailing source of energy does not meet the energy required for the forthcoming decades. There arises a need of finding an alternate source of energy. This physical exertion focuses on cost effective method of utilizing the renewable and clean energy. Study has been done on different existing flat plate collector's behaviors and compared to reduce the cost of collector. To carry out this the ceramic coated tiles are used to diminish the cost of panel, insulation, maintenance, durability and its life considerations. The investigation presents optical and thermal properties of the collector, which are calculated by using experimentation. The cost of prepared flat collectors is economical and beneficial which is designed, fabricated and tested on the base of the locally available materials and presented in this critique.
Keywords— Solar Energy, Flat Plate Collector, Ceramic Coated Tiles, Solar Radiation, Productivity, Cost, Reliability

[1] Y. Tian, C.Y. Zhao, "A Review of Solar Collectors and Thermal Energy Storage in Solar Thermal Applications", Applied Energy, Elsevier,Volume 104, April 2013, Pages 538–553
[2] Veer Singh, "Ceramics: Manufacturing, Properties &Applications" Department of Applied Sciences.
[3] Yuguo Yang Qichun Wang, Dapengxiu, Zhibin Zhao, Qizheng Sun "A Building Integrated Solar Collector: All-Ceramic Solar Collector" Energy and Buildings , Elsevier,Volume 62, July 2013,Pp 15-17.
[4] B.K. Gond1, M. K. Gaur2, C. S. Malvi3 "Manufacturing and performance analysis of solar flat plate collector with phase change material" International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2012
[5] Sunil.K.Amrutkar1, Satyshree Ghodke2, Dr. K. N. Patil "Solar Flat Plate Collector Analysis" IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN)Vol. 2 Issue 2, Feb.2012, pp.207-213
[6] F.F. Mammadov, "Estimation of flat plate solar collector productivity" International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering, March 2012 Issue 10 Volume 4 Number 1 Pages 35-40
[7] Akachukwu Ben Eke Prediction of optimum angle of inclination for flat plate solar collector in Zaria, Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.
[8] Ho-Ming Yeh and Tong-Tshien Lin "Efficiency improvement of flat-plate solar air heaters"Pergamon Elsevier Science Ltd1996 Energy Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 435-443,
[9] Anuj Mathur, G. D. Agrawal, MevinChandel, " Recent developments in the field of solar water heater using flat plate collector- a review", International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology Research Article technical journals online.com E-ISSN 0976-3945
[10] BAA Yousef, NM Adam "Performance analysis for flat plate collector with and without porous media" ,Journal of Energy in Southern Africa • Vol 19 No 4, 2008

Abstract: Globally, industrial technologies are shifting toward the development of new products that are greenhouse gas-neutral, cleaner burning, and more environmentally sustainable. This is being driven by a variety of factors including tremendous advances in science and technology, climate change policies, consumer demand for green products, the rising price of oil, and the discovery of new functionalities of petroleum replacements. In order for the growing interest in developing the replacement of the combustion engine fuel that mainly consider on physical and chemical properties of the fuel change. The combustion of fuel will mainly based on physical and chemical properties of the fuel .The fuel generally having high carbon content and carbon nanotubes also having high carbon content her our idea goes to the fuel and carbon nanotubes mix to produce alternate fuel. The changes of properties will result the fuel burning temperature increases. The fuel having higher calorific value, engine performance increases and emission of co and nox level decreases. and also the fuel will be renewable, sustainable and alternative for compression ignition engines. Combustion engine fuel instead of diesel using biofuels mixing with carbon nanotubes what are all the physical and chemical properties changes refer to the standard fuel value. .Keywords Carbon nanotubes, physical-chemical properties, performance, standard fuel value

[1]. Shashi Kumar Jain, Sunil Kumar, and Alok Chaube ― Technical Sustainability of Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel in C.I. Engines‖ International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2011
[2]. Leon D. Perez,1,2 Manuel A. Zuluaga,1 Thein Kyu,3 ―Preparation, Characterization, and Physical Properties Of Multiwall Carbon Nanotube‖ Composites Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301
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