iosr-JMCE   National Conference on Research Initiative in Science and Technology – 2K16

Abstract: This study has been carried outto find out the details of development of variousphysical properties of geopolymer. Compressivestrength, water absorption and sorptivity are some ofthe most important physical properties which are broadly discussedhere. Grey Fly Ash (Class F) is the main constitute material of this geopolymer. Potassium hydroxide and sodiumsilicate are used here as activator. Percentages of alkali changes in grey fly ash have made anobvious impact on it. This below investigation is broadly depends upon the variation in silicate modulus and also percentage of K2O but with fixed sample of fly ash. The details and discussion of the experimented properties are discussed below broadly.

Keywords - Geopolymer, Fly ash, Potassium hydroxide, Sodium silicate, Alkali activator.

[1]. Hermann E, Kunze C, Gatzweiler R, Kiebig G, Davitovits J, 1999, "Solidification of various radioactive residues by geopolymere with special emphasis on long term stability",In Proceedings of Geopolymers, pp 211.
[2]. J. Temuujin, R.P.Williams, A. van Riessen, 2009, Effect of mechanical activation of fly ash on the properties of geopolymer cured at ambient temperature. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 209, pp 5276–5280
[3]. Malhotra, V. M., "Introduction: Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology," Concrete International, V. 24, No. 7, July 2002, p. 22.
[4]. J. Davitovits, "Properties of geopolymer cements", Proceedings of the first International conference on alkaline cements and concretes vol.1, SRIBM, Kiev, 1994, pp. 131-149.

Abstract: From the year 1999, the PMGSY under Govt. of Republic of India is sanctioned project on in each part of the country for better communication system and transportation facilities. Under such circumstances a big amount of road construction is needed, specially in rural areas. Considering the poor subsoil condition in some of the districts of state, is extremely poor. Now the major parts of the roads are made over the sub grade soil. Sub grade is used as the bottom most layer of the pavement like Rigid or Flexible........

KEYWORDS - UCS, CBR, Subgrade soil, Flexible Pavement, Rigid Pavement.

[1]. Dr. ROBERT M. BROOKS (2009), "soil stabilization with flyash and rice husk ash", International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, ISSN: 2076-734X, EISSN: 2076-7366 Volume 1, Issue 3(December 2009).
[2]. Gyanen. Takhelmayum, Savitha.A.L, Krishna Gudi(2013), "Laboratory Study on Soil Stabilization Using Fly ash Mixtures", IJESIT, ISSN: 2319-5967, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013.
[3]. Scott M. Mackiewicz, E. Glen Ferguson, "Stabilization of soil with self cementing Coal Ashes", World of Coal Ash(WOCA), April 11-15, 2005, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
[4]. Neeraj Kumar Sharma, S. K. Swain & Umesh C. Sahoo, "Stabilization of a Clayey Soil with Fly Ash and Lime: A Micro Level Investigation", Geotechnical and Geological Engineering An International Journal, ISSN 0960-3182, Volume 24, number 2, 2006.

Abstract: Specifically in India, Soil generally present is Clay. Where in Various construction works are sincerely proves intricate because of swelling and shrinkage traits of Clayey soil. In this situation, frequently we do not have some other options other than Stabilizing the Soil. In modern-day technology, lot's of Chemical stabilizers are frequently practiced, however these are often high-priced and unhygienic in terms of environmental sustainability. The prevailing investigation has therefore been completed by using Rice Husk Ash(RHA) and Lime.........

Keywords -CBR (California Bearing Ratio), MDD (Maximum Dry Density), OMC (Optimum Moisture content), PI (Plasticity Index), UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength).

[1]. Akhtar, J.N. , Alam,J , Ahmad,S(2008). "The influence of randomly oriented hair fibre and lime on the CBR value of Dadri flyash."Article Department of Civil Engineering Aligarh University.
[2]. AllenLunzhuli.R.KerryRowe(2008)."Effects of viscous behavior of geosynthetic reinforcement And foundation soils on the performance of reinforced embankments". Geotextile and geomembranes Vol 126, pp: 317- 334.
[3]. Athanasopoulou, A. (2014)."Addition of lime and fly ash to improve highway sub-grade soils". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(4), 773-775.
[4]. Arvind Kumar., Deepak Gupta., (2015) "Behavior of Cement –stabilized fiber-reinforced Pond Ash, Rice Husk Ash-soil mixtures". ELESVIER. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, pp-1-9.

Abstract: Spintronics or Spin based electronics is a new emerging technology which has revolutionized in device research in the end of CMOS-topology. The resurgence of Spintronics in post CMOS era has provoked the researchers to explore and to implement the concept of Single Spin Logic (SSL) in digital circuits. In SSL circuits the information is encoded in binary bits '1& 0' in parallel and anti-parallel spin polarization of single electron confined in quantum dot placed in magnetic field........

Keywords -Spintronics, Single Spin Logic, Programmable Logic Array, Quantum Dot

[1]. S Bandyopadhyay, B Das, and A E Miller, "Supercomputing with Spin polarized single electrons in a quantum coupled architecture"Nanotechnology,113-133,5(1994),
[2]. T.K.Bhattacharya, A.Neogy, D.Bhowmik,"Single Spin implementation of a multiplexer",1184–1186.Physica E 41 (2009)
[3]. S.N.Molotkov,S.S.Nazin,"Single electron computing: Quantum dot logic gates"JETP 83(4),October 1996
[4]. T.Basu, S.K.Sarkar,S.Bandyopadhyay, "Arithmetic logic unit of a computer based on the spin-polarised single electrons", Vol . 1, No. 3, 194-199, June 2007.

Abstract: 'Imaging' is utmost pivotal in e-commerce and particularly in online trading. The commercial viability of 'Imaging' is indispensible as emerging online trends are captivating the minds of consumers. Thus all trading now offers online modus and the integrity of 'Imaging' has doubled manifold. In this regard Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a driving force in postulating 'Imaging' and it involves numerous pragmatic visualizations. Fuzzyfying HMM leads to augmentation of 'Imaging' and the e-commerce popularized extensively. Another substantial methodology omnipresent........

Keywords -E-commerce, Fuzzy logic, Imaging, Hidden Surface Removal Model, Hidden Markov Model.

[1]. dipp.nic.in/English/Discuss_paper/Discussion_paper_ecommerce_07012014.pdf.
[2]. www.assocham.org/upload/event/recent/event_1113/Baqckground_Paper_Future_of_e-Commerce_web.pdf.
[3]. DeMenthon, D.F., VuilleumierStuckelberg, M., and Doermann, d., "Hidden Maekov Models for Images", Int. Conf. on Pettern Recognition, Barcelona, Spain, 2000.
[4]. A.V. Nefian, "Hidden Markov model in face recognition", in ICASSP98,pp. 2721-2724, 98.
[5]. Samaria, "HMM based architecture for face identification, Image and Vision Computing, vol. 12 no. 8, 1994".

Abstract: This paper presents a novel proposal for the design of a double layered Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) for broadband applications. The structure of the proposed FSS has been designed using two different steps. The first step comprises of designing two separate FSS structures to resonate at 10.97 GHz and 7.53 GHz, with a percentage bandwidth of 34.73% and 55.77% respectively. In the second step these two structures are cascaded in order to attain broadband characteristics........

Keywords -Broadband, Double layered, Frequency Selective Surface, Percentage bandwidth and Resonating Frequency.

[1]. Ben A. Munk, Frequency selective surface Theory and design ( New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc,2000).
[2]. B. Munk, Finite Antenna Arrays and FSS (New York, Wiley & Sons, 2003).
[3]. T. K. Wu, Frequency Selective Surface and grid array (New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995).
[4]. Kamal Sarabandi, Fellow, IEEE, and Nader Behdad, Member, IEEE, A Frequency Selective Surface With Miniaturized Elements, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 55, NO. 5, MAY 2007.
[5]. L. Peng, L. Ke, and X. Hou, Design of an absorber with high impedance surfaces, in Proc. Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. EM Theory (ISAPE), 2010, pp. 1097–1100.

Abstract: The objective of this manuscript is to study the strength & deflection performance of bamboo reinforced concrete member under flexural loading. Bamboo is used as an alternative of steel as a reinforcing material to confirm its tensile strength and bond strength. This is an empirical study oriented, time consuming and rigorous attempt and the documentation involved previous case studies as reported in civil engineering journals of repute. The consequences are categorically tested and the authors advocate for the use of bamboo reinforced concrete member under flexural loading.

[1]. Publications of The Brazilian Association Of The Sciences Of Non-Conventional Material Technologies.
[2]. Guidelines for building bamboo-reinforced masonry in Earthquake-prone areas in india By Sreemathi iyer
[3]. Masani, "Studies on Bamboo Concrete Composite Construction", 1997.
[4]. IS 383-1970; Specification For Coarse And Fine Aggregates From Natural Sources For Concrete.
[5]. IS:2386 ( Part I) – 1963 Indian Standard Methods of Test For Aggregates For Concrete Part I Particle Size And Shape.

Abstract: Owing to its low initial cost, flexible pavements have been preferred in compare with rigid pavement. In the recent era, the insufficiency of raw materials and growing rates of bitumen are become a great problem. Now the benefits of rigid pavement is well recognized. But only disadvantage for concrete rigid pavement is the initial cost which is around 30% more than flexible pavement. For rigid pavement LCC (lifecycle cost) is much lesser than flexible pavement. Our industry is seeking for a true substitute which is sustainable and economic. In this study a typical non- conventional composite is developed by presenting Class C Flyash and Black cotton soil in alkaline medium.........

Keywords -Dark Cotton Soil, Class C Flyash, Kankar Nodules, Polymer, steam curing

[1] P. Duxson, J.L. Provis, G.C. Lukey, J.S.J. van Deventer, "The role of inorganic polymertechnology in the development of 'Green concrete'", Cement and Concrete Research 2007,37(12), 1590–1597p.
[2] Davitovits J (1991) J Therm Anal 37:1633
[3] Van Jaarsveld JG S. Van Deventer JSJ. Lorenzen L. "The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobolise toxic metals: Part I. Theory and applications" [J. Miner. Eng., 1997. 10: 659 一669
[4] Hardjito D, Wallah SE, D.M.J Sumajouw, Rangan BV In: George Hoff Symposium, ACI, Las Vegas USA, 2003.
[5] A. Palomo and F. P. Glasser, "Chemically- Bonded Cementitious Materials Based on Metakaolin," Brit. Ceram. Trans. J., 91, 1992, 107–12 p.

Abstract: This research represents the development of various physical properties of alkali activated fly ash (AAFA) prepared by various types of fly ash with different combination of alkali activators. Here three types of fly ash have been used as the base material of research experiment. Those are from Class F and Class C category respectively. The alkali activator has been prepared by the mixing of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3).........

Keywords -Potassium Hydroxide, Alkali Activator, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Sorptivity.

[1] P. Duxson, J.L. Provis, G.C. Lukey, J.S.J. van Deventer, "The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of "Green concrete‟", Cement and Concrete Research 2007, 37(12), 1590–1597p.
[2] Van Jaarsveld, J.G.S., J.S.J. Van Deventer, and G.C. Lukey, The effect of composition and temperature on the properties of fly ash- and kaolinite-based geopolymers. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2002. 89 (1-3): p. 63-73.
[3] Microstructure of Fly Ash Geopolymer Paste with Blast Furnace Slag, Debabrata Dutta*1, Somnath Ghosh2,CACE Volume 2, Issue 3 Jul. 2014 PP. 95- 101 www.cace.org © American V-King Scientific Publishing.
[4] Rovnanik, P., "Effect of curing temperature on the development of hard structure of meta kaolin based geopolymer." Construction and Building Materials,2010. 24(7): p. 1176-1183.
[5] Davitovits J (1991) J Therm Anal 37:1633.

Abstract: This research paper highlights the details of development of variousphysical properties of geopolymer with respect to time. Compressivestrength and sorptivity arethe most important physical properties which are broadly discussedbelow. Fly ash is the main constitute material of this Geopolymer. Sothis investigation here is basically based on the three types of thefly ash which is Class F (Black), Class F (Gray) and Class C (White)respectively........

Keywords -Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), Geopolymer,Silicate Modulus, Percentage of K2O, Compressive Strength.

[1]. Sourav Kr. Das1, Amarendra Kr. Mohapatra2 and A.K. Rath*, ―Geo-polymer Concrete–Green Concrete for the Future—A Review‖, International Journal of Civil Engineering Research,ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 5, Number 1 (2014), pp. 21-28,© Research India Publications, http://www.ripublication.com/ijcer.htm.
[2]. Tejas Ostwal1, Manojkumar, V Chitawadagi, ―EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON STRENGTH, DURABILITY, SUSTAINABILITY & ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE BLOCKS‖,IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308.
[3]. J. Davidovits, ―Properties of geopolymer cements‖, Proceedings of the first International conference on alkaline cements and concretes vol.1, SRIBM,Kiev, (1994), pp.131-149.
[4]. A.Palomo, M.W. Gruztek, M.T. Blanco, ―Alkali activated fly ashes. A cement for the future‖, Cement and Concrete Research 29,(1999), pp. 1323-1329.

Abstract: This research paper involves the development ofalkali activated fly ash paste resulting from different combinationapproach of KOH and Na2SiO3 as prime activator. In this experimental study an investigation was carried out to check the compressive strength, sorptivity water absorption & apparent porosity of the specimens. The type of fly ash, incorporated here for checking its physical and chemical properties of it, is class F (black)........

Keywords -Geopolymer, Activator, Fly Ash,Compressive Strength, Sorptivity

[1] P. Duxson, J.L. Provis, G.C. Lukey, J.S.J. van Deventer, "The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of "Green concrete‟", Cement and Concrete Research 2007, 37(12), 1590–1597p.
[2] Xu H, Van Deventer JSJ (2000) Thegeopolymerisation of aluminosilicate minerals Int J Miner Process 59:247-266(2000).
[3] Song X.J , Marosszeky M , Brungs M , Munn R , Durability of fly ash based Geopolymer concrete against sulphuric acid attack , 10 DBMC International Conferences on Durability of Bulding Materials and Components, Lyon, France, (2005) 17-20 April .
[4] J. Davidovits, Properties of geopolymer cements, Proceedings of the first International conference on alkaline cements and concretes, 1 (1994) 131-149.

Abstract: This investigation explores the comparative studies of harden properties of typical fly ashes i.e. black, grey and white. This research shows that the parametric study of geo-polymer paste resulting from controlled percentage of alkali activator. The activator is prepared by mixing of Na2SiO3 and KOH solution. For every case activator subjected to a constant temperature 27°C stands for 24 hours. The geopolymer sample were mixed in a predetermine mix proportion. Then the sample were casted in a mould and it was cured for 24hours 85°C. To know the parameters like characteristic strength, water absorption, sorptivity the experiment was conducted.

Keywords -Geo-polymer, Fly-ash, Alkali activator, characteristic strength, water absorption, sorptivity.

[1]. Compressive strength of GPBF fly ash sample is higher than GPGF and GPWF fly ash sample. The strength of GPBF fly ash is 36Mpa. The strength of GPGF and GPWF fly ash sample 12Mpa and 10Mpa respectively. Gained strength is propotional to polymerization while the rate of polymerization directly depends on the presence of reactive silica.

[2]. Water absorption valueof GPBF and GPGF are 4.6% and 6.4% respectively.Geopolymer of Black fly ash is consuming less amount of water than geo-polymer of grey fly ash.It indicates less permeable pores for sample GPBF.
[3]. The apparent porosity is less for GPBF which again supports the lower intrusion of moisture through pores.
[4]. The geo-polymer specimen of black fly ash exihibits lowersorptivity index 0.144 than that made of grey and white.Sorptivity value is higher forgeopoymer made from gray and white fly ash.In fact higher calcium content in geopolymer induce secondary CSH product which makes reduction in meann median pore size, which in fact affect surface tension as well as sorptivity.

Abstract: This research is an outcome of the development of alkali activated fly ash paste obtained from various combinations of KOH and Na2SiO3 as prime activator. Test data are used to identify the effects of salient factors that influence the properties of the geopolymer. The geopolymer specimens were kept for a heat curing below 85oCtemperature for 48 hours. The different tests like compressive strength, water sorptivity, water absorption were carried out to compare different properties of geopolymer.......

Keywords -geopolymer, sorptivity, fly ash, compressive strength

[1] J. Davitovits, "Properties of geopolymer cements," Proceedings of the first International conference on alkaline cements and concretes vol.1, SRIBM, Kiev, 1994, pp. 131-149.
[2] S.E. Wallah, B.V. Rangan, "Low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete: Long term properties," Research report GC2, Curtin University of Technology, Australia, 2006.
[3] Frantisek skvara, Jan slosar, Jan Bohunek and Alena Markova, "Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Geopolymeric Materials"
[4] Davidovits J., Mineral Polymers and Methods of Making them, US Patent 4,349,386 (1982); Synthetic Mineral Polymer Compound of the Silicoaluminates Family and Preparation Process, US Patent 4,472,199 (1984). See also, Davidovits, J. and Sawyer, J.L., Early High-Strength Mineral Polymer, US Patent 4,509,985 (1985).

Abstract: In recent years of wireless communication, wireless sensor network (WSN) is a most interested field of research due to some powerful applications but at the same time pose formidable challenges, such as the fact that energy is a scarce and usually non-renewable resource. To minimize energy usage we propose an Energy Efficient Clustering scheme to Maximize Network Lifetime (EECMNL) which is basically a modification of existing routing scheme Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH).Similar to LEACH the clusters is formed.........

Keywords -Cluster Heads (CH), Energy-Efficiency, LEACH, Responsible Cluster Head (RCH), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN);

[1]. DasBit, S. and Raghupati, R., "Routing in MANET and Sensor Network – A 3D Position Based Approach", International Journal of Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2008, pp. 211-239
[2]. F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, YogeshSankarasubramaniam, and ErdalCayirci, "A Survey on Sensor Networks", IEEECommunication Magazine 40(8) 2002, pp. 393- 422.
[3]. J. N. Al-Karaki and A. E. Kamal, "Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey", IEEE Wireless Communication Vol.11, No.6, Dec.2004, pp. 6-28..
[4]. SoheilGhiasi, AnkurSrivastava, Xiaojian Yang, and MajidSarrafzadeh, "Optimal Energy Aware Clustering in Sensor Networks", SENSORS Journal, Vol. 2, No. 7, 2002, pp. 258-269.